Synthesis and Anti-Tumor Activities of 4-Anilinoquinoline Derivatives

Twenty-two 7-fluoro (or 8-methoxy)-4-anilinoquinolines compounds were designed and synthesized as potentially potent and selective antitumor inhibitors. All the prepared compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against the HeLa and BGC823 cell lines. Ten compounds (1a–g; 2c; 2e and 2i) exhibited excellent antitumor activity superior to that of gefitinib. Among the ten compounds; seven (1a–c; 1e–1g and 2i) displayed excellent selectivity for BGC823 cells. In particular; 1f and 2i exhibited potent cytotoxic activities against HeLa cells and BGC823 cells with better IC50 values than gefitinib.


Introduction
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its closely related family member HER2 play a critical role in mediating growth factor signaling, which make them interesting drug targets for oncology. EGFR and HER2 have been extensively investigated, and various classes of small molecule kinase inhibitors have emerged as promising strategies to inhibited EGFR and HER2 kinase activity.
A considerable number of 4-anilinoquinazoline-based kinase inhibitors are known, including gefitinib (1), erlotinib (2) [1,2], lapatinib (3) [3,4], and afatinib (4) [5,6] (Figure 1). Previous SAR studies suggest that the quinazoline core was the best scaffold for the development of EGFR inhibitors and the quinazoline N3 interacts with the kinase domain via a water-mediated hydrogen bond to the side chain of the gatekeeper Thr790 of EGFR [7,8]. The quinazoline-based kinase inhibitors are widely used in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology research. For instance, Some C2 position modification of quinazoline-based compounds resulted in potent cytotoxic activities [9,10]. On the basis of the SAR studies of quinazolines, a series of compounds were developed where the N3 of the quinazoline was replaced by a C-CN group, such as neratinib (5, Figure 1) [11,12]. However, Rauh et al. have found that there was no evidence with the existence of a water molecule mediating the binding of N3 of the quinazoline core to the side chain of Thr790 by calculating the corresponding electron density maps. Quinolines 6 and 7 ( Figure 1) were found to be highly active kinase inhibitors in biochemical assays and were further investigated for their biological effect on EGFR-dependent Ba/F3 cells and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines [13]. Furthermore, studies have shown that the 4-anilino group can interact with the hydrophobic pocket of EGFR, the introduction of electron-donating groups in benzene ring of 4-anilinoquinazoline can increase the density of electron cloud on the quinazoline N1, and follow by increase the interaction with EGFR [14].
The aforementioned findings stimulated our interest in designing and synthesizing a series of 7-fluoro or 8-methoxy 4-anilinoquinolines which were acticipated to be as potent as their quinazoline The aforementioned findings stimulated our interest in designing and synthesizing a series of 7-fluoro or 8-methoxy 4-anilinoquinolines which were acticipated to be as potent as their quinazoline counterparts. The activity of the target compounds were evaluated by human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human gastric carcinoma cell line (BGC-823), and both of the cell lines had been proved to be highly expressed cell line of EGFR [15,16].

Chemistry
The target compounds 1a-h and 2a-n were synthesized via a convenient six-step reaction depicted in Scheme 1 and the respective experimental details are given in Section 4.1. Twenty-two compounds were obtained and their MS, 1 H-NMR spectroscopy data are provided in Section 4.1.

Chemistry
The target compounds 1a-h and 2a-n were synthesized via a convenient six-step reaction depicted in Scheme 1 and the respective experimental details are given in Section 3.1. Twenty-two compounds were obtained and their MS, 1 H-NMR spectroscopy data are provided in Section 3.1. The aforementioned findings stimulated our interest in designing and synthesizing a series of 7-fluoro or 8-methoxy 4-anilinoquinolines which were acticipated to be as potent as their quinazoline counterparts. The activity of the target compounds were evaluated by human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human gastric carcinoma cell line (BGC-823), and both of the cell lines had been proved to be highly expressed cell line of EGFR [15,16].

Chemistry
The target compounds 1a-h and 2a-n were synthesized via a convenient six-step reaction depicted in Scheme 1 and the respective experimental details are given in Section 4.1. Twenty-two compounds were obtained and their MS, 1 H-NMR spectroscopy data are provided in Section 4.1.

Biological Evaluation
The biological activities of all the target compounds 1a-h and 2a-n were evaluated in vitro by MTT assay against HeLa and BGC-823 cell lines with gefitinib (1) as the positive control. Their inhibition rate and IC 50 values are listed in Table 1.

Biological Evaluation
The biological activities of all the target compounds 1a-h and 2a-n were evaluated in vitro by MTT assay against HeLa and BGC-823 cell lines with gefitinib (1) as the positive control. Their inhibition rate and IC50 values are listed in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, 7-fluoro-4-anilinoquinolines 1a-g displayed better cytotoxic activities against BGC-823 cells than HeLa cells and exhibited IC50 values within the 3.63-11.10 μmol/L range (on BGC-823 cells). It seems that substituent changes on the quinoline ring at the C7 or C8 carbons have a great influence on the antiproliferactive activity. In general, 7-fluoro-4-anilino-quinolines of these twenty-two compounds, were more active than those of the corresponding 8-methoxy-4anilinoquinolines, as demonstrated by comparison of 1a-h and 2a-h. Thirdly, it was found that substituent changes on the benzene ring had little influence on antiprolifeactive activity, whether it was electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituent at any position (1a vs. 1b and 1d; 2g vs.  2b and 2d; 2g and 2m vs. 2l and 2n).  As shown in Table 1, 7-fluoro-4-anilinoquinolines 1a-g displayed better cytotoxic activities against BGC-823 cells than HeLa cells and exhibited IC 50 values within the 3.63-11.10 µmol/L range (on BGC-823 cells). It seems that substituent changes on the quinoline ring at the C7 or C8 carbons have a great influence on the antiproliferactive activity. In general, 7-fluoro-4-anilinoquinolines of these twenty-two compounds, were more active than those of the corresponding 8-methoxy-4-anilinoquinolines, as demonstrated by comparison of 1a-h and 2a-h. Thirdly, it was found that substituent changes on the benzene ring had little influence on antiprolifeactive activity, whether it was electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituent at any position (1a vs. 1b and  1d; 2g vs. 2b and 2d; 2g and 2m vs. 2l and 2n). Lastly, most of the 8-methoxy-4-anilinoquinolines exhibited moderate antiproliferactive activity against the HeLa and BGC-823 cell lines, except for compound 2i. It was noteworthy that compound 2i bearing a methoxy group on the quinoline ring and an isopropyl group on the benzene ring showed remarkable inhibitory effects on HeLa cells and

Chemistry
All reagents and solvents were commercially available and were used without further purification. The melting points were determined on an electrically heated X-4 digital visual melting point apparatus (Tech, Beijing, China) and were uncorrected. 1 H-NMR spectra were recorded on an ARX-300 or AV-600 spectrometer (Bruker, Fällanden, Switzerland) at room temperature, and chemical shifts were measured in ppm downfield from TMS as internal standard. Mass spectra were recorded on Thermo-Finnigan LCQ equipment (ThermoFinnigan, San Francisco, CA, USA) with the positive Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) mode and are reported as m/z. Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel plates containing UV indicator (YuHua, Gongyi, China) was routinely employed to follow the course of reactions and to check the purity of products.

Preparation of the Intermediates 1II-1VI
Diethyl (ethoxymethylene) malonate (6.48 g, 30.00 mmol) and m-fluroaniline (2.78 g, 25.00 mmol) was stirred in refluxing ethanol (10 mL) for 1.5 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized in petroleum ether, filtered off, and air-dried to get 1II. Compound 1II (2.80 g, 9.96 mmol) was stirred in Dowtherm-A (8 mL) for 0.5 h at 260˝C. After the reaction was over by TLC, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and petroleum ether was added to get the crude ester, which was further washed with petroleum ether to afford 1III, as a white solid. 1III was hydrolyzed in refluxing NaOH solution (10%, 20 mL) for 1.5 h to give 1IV. Compound 1IV (1.24 g, 6 mmol) was stirred in Dowtherm-A (10 mL) for 1 h at 240˝C. After the reaction was over as monitored by TLC, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the crude was washed with petroleum ether to afford 1V as a white solid. To a solution of 1V (1.20 g, 7.36 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (30 mL), POCl 3 (1.35 g, 8.83 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was refluxed for 1 h. Saturated NaHCO 3 solution was added to neutralize the reaction mixture, which was worked up with 1,2-dichloroethane. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel) using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate as an eluent (5:1) to produce 1VI as a white solid [17].

Preparation of the Title Compounds 1 and 2
A mixture of compound 1VI (0.040 g, 0.22 mmol), m-chloroaniline (0.036 g, 0.31 mmol) and pyridine hydrochloride was heated at reflux for 45 min in isopropanol (6 mL), after the reaction is over by TLC, it was cooled to room temperature and the petroleum ether (4 mL) and NaHCO 3 (10 mL) were added into the reaction mixture. The product was filtered and recrystallised from ethanol to give the title compound 1. Compound 2 was prepared in the same manner as 1.