Total Synthesis and Anti-Viral Activities of an Extract of Radix isatidis

Radix isatidis (Banlangen), a famous traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for thousands of years in China due to its anti-viral activity. Through our research, we inferred that the anti-viral activity of Radix isatidis depended on the water-soluble part. Among the components of this extract, the isoquinoline derivative 1 was isolated for the first time and has shown better anti-viral activity than other constituents. In this study, to solve the problem of sourcing sufficient quantities of compound 1, a total synthesis route is described, and several analogues are also evaluated for their anti-viral activities. Among them, compound 8 shown potent anti-viral activity with an IC50 value of 15.3 µg/mL. The results suggested that isoquinoline derivatives possessed potent anti-viral activity and are worthy further development.


Introduction
Radix isatidis had a clear anti-viral effect in the clinic and has been used for thousands of years in China [1,2]. The chemical constituents are the material basis of Radix isatidis's activities, but due to the complexity of its constituents, the mechanism of Radix isatidis's anti-viral activity is still unknown. The main constituents include alkaloids, nucleosides, amino acids, organic acids, flavonoids, volatile oils and polysaccharides. Our group has focused on this Traditional Chinese Medicine for several years and we inferred that the anti-viral activity of Radix isatidis depended on the water-soluble part [3][4][5]. The isoquinoline derivative 1 was isolated from Radix isatidis for the first time. The anti-viral activity of compound 1 was much better than that of the other chemical constituents isolated from Radix isatidis, which attracted our interest [3]. Now, the most important task is to get sufficient amounts of compound 1 for the further development. In this study, a total synthesis route was design and executed. Selected compounds were also evaluated for their anti-viral activities.

Biological Activity
Compounds 7, 8, 10 and 1 were first selected to study their cytotoxicity on Vero cells by an MTT assay. Based on the results of the MTT assay, non-cytotoxic concentrations of compounds were used to determine their inhibitory effects on HSV-1 replication in Vero cells by a MTT assay. The monolayers of Vero cells in 96-well plates were infected with HSV-1 at the multiplicity of infection of 100 TCID50/mL. The results are shown in Table 1.

Materials and Solutions
All reagents were purchased from commercial sources and were used without further purification unless otherwise noted. Melting points were determined by XT-4 melting point apparatus (Beijing Tech Instrument Co., LTD, Beijing, China) and are reported without any correction. The 1 H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV-300 instrument (Bruker, BioSpin AG, Faellanden, Switzerland) using deuterated solvents with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as internal standard. EI-MS was recorded on a Shimadzu GCMS-2010 apparatus (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). Each of the target compounds was purified by silica gel (100 mesh) column chromatography (Grace, Columbia, MD, USA). Concentration and evaporation of the solvent after reaction or extraction was carried out on a rotary evaporator (Buchi Laborterchnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland) operated at reduced pressure. (3): To a solution of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (1 g, 7.25 mmol) in concentrated sulfuric acid (3 mL) was added chloral hydrate (1.2 g, 7.25 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was poured into water, and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried to give compound 3 (1.    (6): Compound 5 (6 g, 30.6 mmol) was added to furoyl chloride (17.5 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 200 °C for 4 h. The mixture was cooled down and purified via fresh column to give compound 6 (7.7 g, 78%) as a yellow solid, mp 178-180 °C;  (7): To a solution of compound 6 (7.7 g, 23.9 mmol) in MeOH (105 mL), THF (310 mL) and water (105 mL) was added LiOH (5.1 g, 120 mmol), the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was then evaporated to give compound 7 (3.

Cytotoxic Effects of Compounds on Vero Cells
Test compounds were accurately weighed, fully dissolved in fresh RPMI1640 medium, filtered for sterilization, and saved at 4 °C. Vero cells were digested by trypsin, 1640 medium containing 10% NCS was added, and a 2 × 10 5 /mL cell suspension was prepared. Confluent cell monolayers in 96-well multidishes (0.1 mL per well) were prepared at 37 °C, 5% CO2, and the supernatants were removed. The sample solutions were diluted to seven concentrations: 2000, 1000, 500, 100, 20, 4 and 0.8 µg/mL. The above liquid was added to 96-well plates (0.2 mL per well, each concentration with four wells), two control groups of Vero cells were also set up. MTT (0.02 mL per well) was added after culturing for 72 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2, then the plates were placed in a 37 °C 5% CO2 incubator and incubated for 4 h. The culture medium was removed, DMSO (0.2 mL per well) was added, and shaken for 5-10 min. The absorbance value was measured at the wavelength of 570-630 nm, cell survival and half toxic concentration (TC50) were calculated by the Reed-Muench method.

Anti-HSV-1 Activity Assay
Maximum non-toxic concentrations were chosen as the initial concentration, and then they were diluted to several concentrations for the anti-viral experiments. Four groups were set up: normal cells control, viral infection control, test drug control, positive drug control. Acyclovir was chosen as positive drug. Monolayers of Vero cells prepared in microtiter plates were infected with 100 TCID50 HSV-1 diluted in PBS, 20 µL per well, while PBS 0.02 mL per well was added in the normal cell controls. After 1 h at 37 °C 5% CO2, residual inoculum was removed and cell monolayers were washed twice with PBS. Test compounds which had been diluted in assay medium were added to give 0.2 mL per well, and each concentration has four wells. Plates were incubated at 37 °C 5% CO2 for 72 h. Then MTT (0.02 mL per well) was added after culturing for 72 h at 37 °C 5% CO2, then the plates were placed in a 37 °C 5% CO2 incubator for 4 h, the culture medium was removed, DMSO (0.2 mL per well) was added and shaken for 5-10 min, and the absorbance value was measured at a wavelength of 570-630 nm. The rate of viral suppression and IC50 were calculated by the Reed-Muench method. The therapeutic index (TI) is calculated according to the formula TI = TC50/IC50.

Conclusions
In conclusion, this study presented a convenient total synthesis route of a new constituent (compound 1) from Radix isatidis, which solves the problem of the availability of this compound. Also, some isoquinoline derivatives were tested for their inhibitory effects against HSV-1. The results show that compound 8 had potent anti-viral activity with an IC50 value of 15.3 µg/mL, which suggested that isoquinoline derivatives might possess potent anti-viral activity and are worthy of further development.