Antiprotozoal Activity of (E)-Cinnamic N-Acylhydrazone Derivatives

A series of 14 (E)-cinnamic N-acylhydrazone derivatives, designed through molecular hybridization between the (E)-1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one and (E)-3-hydroxy-N'-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)-7-methoxy-2-naphthohydrazide, were tested for in vitro antiparasitic activity upon axenic amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani and bloodstream forms of Trypamosoma brucei rhodesiense. The derivative (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-N'-[(1E)-phenylmethylene]acrylohydrazide showed moderate antileishmanial activity (IC50 = 6.27 µM) when compared to miltefosine, the reference drug (IC50 = 0.348 µM). However, the elected compound showed an excellent selectivity index; in one case it was not cytotoxic against mammalian L-6 cells. The most active antitrypanosomal compound, the derivative (E)-N'-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)cinnamohydrazide (IC50 = 1.93 µM), was cytotoxic against mammalian L-6 cells.


Introduction
African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis continue to cause significant public health problems. These parasitic diseases are responsible for a high rate of mortality and morbidity each year in tropical and subtropical countries [1].
African sleeping sickness is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei exclusively in sub-Saharan Africa. The number of reported cases is decreasing and currently at less than 8000 per year but the estimated number is likely to be around 25,000 [2].
Leishmaniasis is a complex not contagious infectious disease that presents diverse clinical and epidemiological characteristics in each geographic area. The main forms of leishmaniasis are-visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous. It is an endemic disease in many parts of the world and its estimated 1.3 million new cases and 20,000 to 30,000 deaths occur annually [3,4]. Drugs currently in use, such as pentavalent antimony compounds, pentamidine, miltefosine or amphotericin B, are inadequate due to their toxicity, lack of efficacy, availability and affordability, and the inability to eliminate all parasite life cycles stages from the host [5].
In recent years, trans-cinnamic acid derivatives have attracted much attention due to their antimycobacterial [6], antimalarial [7], leishmanicidal [8] and antimicrobial activity [9]. It is often employed in the design of bioactive substances [10] due to the presence of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety, which can be considered as a Michael acceptor unit, as the pharmacophoric group.
Recently, we reported the synthesis and trypanocidal profile of new (E)-cinnamic N-acylhydrazones (NAH). These derivatives were evaluated against both amastigote and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and lead us to identify two compounds that were approximately two times more active than the reference drug, i.e., benznidazole, and present with good selectivity index [11].
Trypanosoma sp. and Leishmania sp. are protozoan parasites of the order kinetoplastida. Although they're different kinetoplastid pathogens have a similar genomic organization and cellular structures [12]. This evolutionary resemblance and the previous results obtained by our research group with T. cruzi encouraged us to evaluate a series of fourteen of these derivatives upon axenic amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani and also against bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei.
The new (E)-cinnamic N-acylhydrazones were designed by molecular hybridization of two potent inhibitors cysteinyl proteases; the functionalized chalcone 1 [13], a potent inhibitor of cruzipain (IC50 = 20 μM), and the bis-naphthyl-N-acylhydrazone compound 2 [14], a potent inhibitor of L. major cathepsin L-like cysteine protease (IC50 = 0.5 μM) (Figure 1), to thereby enhance the inhibitory profile of the target enzyme by offering another electrophilic group capable to interact with the nucleophilic cysteine residue at the active site of the protozoan protease.

-16 A B
A + B
On the other hand, the most active trypanocyde compound was 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl derivative (5), which present an IC50 = 1.93 μM. This remarkable activity profile in comparison to the other derivatives could be explained by the pharmacophoric character of the cathecol subunit for the trypanocidal activity [25], which can act as a radical scavenger group interfering in the redox metabolism of the parasite. This result differs from our previously work, where this derivative showed poured activity against T. cruzi. The o-hydroxyphenyl derivative (15) also presented acceptable trypanocidal activity profile, IC50 = 6.72 μM, in comparison to the other N-acylhydrazone derivatives, and it could be explained by the inhibition of cysteinyl protease, corroborating the in vitro trypanocidal activity for this compound described earlier against amastigote and tripomastigote form of T. cruzi [11]. Despite to show a good inhibitory potency against Trypanosoma brucei strains compounds (5) and (15) were cytotoxic against L-6 rat myoblast cells, with an IC50 of 14.0 and 14.9 μM respectively, not demonstrating an appropriate safety profile for a drug candidate.

Leishmanicidal Activity
Amastigotes of Leishmania donovani strain MHOM/ET/67/L82 were grown in axenic culture at 37 °C in SM medium at pH 5.4 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. One hundred microliters of culture medium with 10 5 amastigotes from axenic culture with or without the compound to test were seeded in 96-well microtiter plates. Serial drug dilution assay using seven 3-fold dilutions covering a range from 30 μg/mL to 0.041 μg/mL and determining the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50). Each drug was tested in duplicate and each assay was repeated at least once. After 72 h of incubation the plates were inspected under an inverted microscope to assure growth of the controls and sterile conditions. Ten microliters of Alamar Blue (12.5 mg resazurin dissolved in 100 mL phosphate buffered saline) [18] were then added to each well and the plates incubated for another 2 h. Then the plates were read in a Spectramax Gemini XS microplate fluorometer (Molecular Devices Cooperation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) using an excitation wave length of 536 nm and an emission wave length of 588 nm. Data were analyzed using the software Softmax Pro (Molecular Devices Cooperation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Decrease of fluorescence (=inhibition) was expressed as percentage of the fluorescence of control cultures. For the serial drug dilution assay inhibition values were plotted against the drug concentrations and IC50 values were calculated from the sigmoidal inhibition curves.

Trypanocidal Activity
Minimum essential medium (50 μL) supplemented according to a known procedure [19] with 2-mercaptoethanol and 15% heat-inactivated horse serum was added to each well of a 96-well microtiter plate. Serial drug dilutions were prepared covering a range from 90 to 0.123 μg/mL. Then 10 4 bloodstream forms of T. b. rhodesiense STIB 900 in 50 μL were added to each well and the plate incubated at 37 °C under a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 72 h. Ten microliters of Alamar Blue (containing 12.5 mg resazurin dissolved in 1000 mL distilled water) were then added to each well and incubation continued for a further 2-4 h. The Alamar Blue dye is an indicator of cellular growth and/or viability. The blue, non-fluorescent, oxidized form becomes pink and fluorescent upon reduction by living cells. The plate was then read in a Spectramax Gemini XS microplate fluorometer (Molecular Devices Cooperation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) using an excitation wavelength of 536 nm and emission wavelength of 588 nm [20]. Fluorescence development was measured and expressed as percentage of the control. Data were transferred into the graphic programme Softmax Pro (Molecular Devices,) which calculated IC50 values. Melarsoprol was used as standard.

Cytotoxicity
Exactly 100 μL RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 1% L-glutamine (200 mM) and 10% fetal bovine serum containing 4 × 10 4 L-6 cells (rat skeletal myoblasts) [20] were added to each well of a 96-well microtiter plate. After 24 h, the medium was removed from all wells and replaced by 100 μL of fresh medium containing a 3-fold serial drug dilution covering a range from 200 μg/mL to 0.274 μg/mL, except for the control wells. After 72 h of incubation 10 μL of Alamar Blue (12.5 mg resazurin dissolved in 100 mL phosphate buffered saline) were added to each well and the plates were incubated for another 2 h. Then the plates were read with a Spectramax Gemini XS microplate fluorometer as described for the leishmanicidal assay. Podophyllotoxin was used as standard drug.

Conclusions
Among the three most active antileishmanial compounds (3, 7 and 15) only the cinnamic N-acylhydrazone derivative (3) present an excellent selectivity index (>42) (in only one case it was not cytotoxic against L-6 rat myoblast cells). In vivo leishmanicidal efficacy of this compound is being investigated and it will be described in due course. The results obtained for the trypanocidal activity against T. brucei rhodesiense were not encouraging (in one case the most active N-acylhydrazones were cytotoxic against L-6 rat myoblast cells).