Synthesis 1-Acyl-3-(2'-aminophenyl) thioureas as Anti-Intestinal Nematode Prodrugs

A series of 1-acyl-3-(2'-aminophenyl) thiourea derivatives were designed and synthesized. The structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were identified by IR, elemental analysis, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Their anti-intestinal nematode activities against Nippostrongylus brazilliensis were evaluated in rats by an oral route. Among these compounds, at concentrations of 10 mg/kg of rat, compound (1-(2'-furanyl)acyl-3- (2'-aminophenyl) thiourea) (5h) produced the highest activity with 89.4% deparasitization. The present work suggests that 1-acyl-3-(2'-aminophenyl) thiourea derivatives may become useful lead compounds for anti-intestinal nematode treatment.


Introduction
Mebendazole and albendazole have been used against human and animal helminth parasites for more than two decades [1][2][3][4][5]. They are derived from benzimidazole which has a broad spectrum of activity and is used to treat nematode and trematode infections in domestic animals. The limited solubility of benzimidazoles may have a major influence on their absorption and clinical efficacy [6,7]. Furthermore, when used in lengthy therapies, they can produce side-effects, such as severe headaches, fever, fatigue, hair loss, and liver degeneration [8] and hence are not recommended for patients with hepatic problems. A way to overcome these problems is to use prodrugs [9][10][11], such as 4-amino-3-(3'methoxycarbonyl-2'-thioureido)benzophenone [12]. It is a soluble prodrug, which is enzymatically OPEN ACCESS cyclized to mebendazole in vitro. On the other hand, thiourea derivatives also exhibit potent antiviral, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities [13,14]. Several works demonstrate their activity against parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum, Trichomonas vaginalis and Trypanosoma. cruzi [15,16]. Based on these reports, we report herein the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of anti-intestinal nematode activity of eight different novel thiourea derivatives bearing the o-aminobenzene moiety.

Anti-intestinal Nematode Activity
From Table 1, we can see that some of compounds showed significant anti-intestinal nematode activity in a two-day in vivo test in rats. At concentrations of 10 mg/kg of rat, compound 5h produced the highest activity against Nippostrongylus brazilliensis with 89.4 % deparasitization. For antiintestinal nematode activity, it appears that a variety of substituents can be introduced on the phenyl ring without significantly altering the activity relative to the unsubstituted phenyl analogue 5a. For example, the substituted F, CH 3 , Cl, and Br acyl derivatives all have the almost same activity as 5a. Moreover, the 3'-pyridylacyl derivative 5g is slightly more active than the corresponding 2'-isomer 5f. On the other hand, the structural variation between compounds 5b and 5f results in different activity. Compound 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d and 5e contains benzene moieties, while 5f and 5g have a pyridyl group moiety. This pyridyl group appears to be particularly responsible for anti-intestinal nematode activity. Compounds 5f and 5g, which contain a pyridyl moiety, and 5h that contains a furanyl moiety all seemed to be much more effective in terms of anti-intestinal nematode activity. Because compound 5h displayed anti-intestinal nematode potency that is comparable to albendazole (10 mg/kg), further anti-intestinal nematode activity assay was carried out for compound 5h. It was found that at concentrations of 18 mg/kg of rat, 5h produced the highest activity against Nippostrongylus brazilliensis with 100%, effectiveness, which implies further possibilities for lead compound development.

Conclusions
In summary, various types of 1-acyl-3-(2-aminophenyl) thioureas were synthesized and their varying biological activities towards the N. brazilliensis was demonstrated. Among these compounds, 5h produced the highest activity against N. brazilliensis with 89.4% deparasitization. The present work suggest that 5h may be a useful lead compound for anti-intestinal nematode medicine development. Further studies of the structure-biology activity relationships around the designed compounds are underway.

General
All the reagents and solvents were of the commercial quality and were used without purification. Elemental analysis was performed on a PE-2400 elemental analyzer, the C, H and N analysis were repeated twice. 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectra were obtained in DMSO-d 6 with TMS as internal standard on a Bruker AM-400 spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported as ppm. Melting points were determined by an X-6 micro-melting point apparatus and are uncorrected.

Biological Assays
All analogues were tested against N. brazilliensis to evaluate their anti-intestinal nematode activities using the screening method described by Cavier [18].. The compounds were dissolved in dimethyl formamide (DMF) and serially diluted with water containing Triton X-80 (0.1 mg/L) to get the required test concentrations. Each rat in the respective group received 10 mg/kg body weight using oral candle. These compounds were tested on ten groups of rats, each containing three rats. Evaluations were based on a percentage scale of 0-100, in which 100 was total kill and 0 was no activity. All results are shown in Table 1. The reference compound was albendazole, and water containing DMF (0.5 mg/L) and Triton X-80 (0.1 mg/L) was used as a negative control. The trials commenced on the 10th day after infecting each of 30 rats with 250 N. brazilliensis larvae. The percentage deparasitization was calculated using the following formula: where N = average number of worms found in the control animals and n = average number of worms found in the groups of treated animals (including worms in rats at post mortem).