Polyphenolic Profile and Bioactivity Study of Oenothera speciosa Nutt. Aerial Parts

Two new flavonol glycosides, myricetin 4'-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (1) and quercetin 3'-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (2), together with a novel biflavonol compound, speciin (3), as well as eleven phenolic metabolites, namely myricitrin (4), europetin 3-O-α-l-1C4-rhamnopyranoside (5), quercitrin (6), hyperin (7), rhamnetin 3-O-β-galacto-pyranoside (8), caffeic acid (9), caffeic acid methyl ester (10), chlorogenic acid (11), chlorogenic acid methyl ester (12), gallic acid (13) and gallic acid methyl ester (14), were identified from the 80 % methanol extract of the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Oenothera speciosa Nutt. (Onagraceae). In addition myricetin (15), quercetin (16) and ellagic acid (17) were identified from the chloroform extract. The structures were established depending on their chemical and physical analyses (UV, HR-ESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR). It was found that 80 % aqueous methanol extract of O. speciosa is non-toxic to mice up to 5 g kg-1b.wt. The investigated extract exhibited significant antihyperglycaemic and anti-inflammatory activities in a dose dependant manner. Also, the 80 % methanol extract, myricitrin (4) and hyperin (7) showed potent antioxidant activity in vitro using 1,1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay.


Introduction
The genus Oenothera (Onagraceae), also known as Evening Primrose, is native to North and South America [1]. O. speciosa Nutt (syn. pink primrose, pinkladies and showy evening primrose) is a perennial herb native to the Southeastern United States and Mexico and cultivated in Egypt [2]. Some species are used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases due to their contents of evening primrose oil, which contains a high percentage of γ-linoleic acid [3]. Methanol extracts of different Oenothera species have been used as antioxidant [4] and antitumour [5] agents due to their high content of flavonoids and tannins. In the previous literature, tannins [6][7][8][9], phenolic acids [7,[10][11][12], flavonoids [7,[13][14][15][16] and triterpenes [13] were reported from different Oenothera species. The present study aims at isolation and identification of the polyphenols in the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of O. speciosa and evaluation of the antihyperglycaemic and anti-inflammatory effects of the total extract, in addition to the antioxidant activity of both the total extract and its major constituents.
Based on the chromatographic properties and UV spectral data, 1 and 2 were expected to be myricetin and quercetin O-glycosides, respectively [17]. Bathochromic shift in band I (~ + 50 NaOMe) was indicative for substitution of 4'-OH in 1 and 3'-OH in 2 with free 3-OH in both, due to the decomposition in band I [17]. In 1 and 2, the aglycone moieties were confirmed as by acid hydrolysis that resulted in L-rhamnose in the aqueous phase of both (CoPC). Negative HRESI-MS spectra revealed a molecular ion peak at m/z 463.08820 indicating a MF C 21 H 20 O 12 for 1 and 447.09328 for a MF C 21 H 20 O 11 for 2. The 1 H-NMR of 1 showed a two proton singlet at δ 7.18 for H-2'/6' of 3',4',5'-trihydroxy B-ring, while that of 2 showed an ABX spin coupling system at δ ppm 7.63 (d, J = 2.1), 7.53 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1) and 6.87 (d, J = 8.4) for H-2', H-6' and H-5' for 3',4'-dihydroxy Bring and an AM spin coupling system of two meta coupled protons at ~ 6.41 and ~ 6.17, ascribable to H-8 and H-6 of a 5,7-dihydroxy A-ring in both. The location of the rhamnose moiety at 4'-OH in 1 and 3'-OH in 2 was concluded through the intrinsic upfield location of H-1" (δ < 5, [19]) as a broad singlet at 4.9 and CH 3 -6" at 1.08 (d, J = 6). These results were further confirmed by 13 C-NMR, which showed the expected 13 C-resonances, including the key signals at  175.61 (C-4), 145.68 (C-3'/5'), 107.16 (C-2'/6'), for myricetin aglycone in case of 1 [18,21]. The glycosidation of OH-4' was confirmed from the alternative α-up/β-downfield effects as upfield of C-4' (135.87, Δ -2 ppm), slight downfield of C-3'/5' (145.68, Δ +1.5 ppm), upfield of C-2'/6' (107.16, ~ Δ -2 ppm) and downfield of C-1' at (120.71, Δ +1.5 ppm) [21]. The characteristic upfield location of C-2 at 146.74 (Δ -10 ppm) and downfield location of C-3 at 135.87 (Δ +2.5 ppm) relative to the corresponding 3-O-glycosylmyrcetin (4, 5) [18], gave a diagnostic evidence that 1 has a free 3-OH. In case of 2, the location of rhamnose moiety at 3'-OH was followed from the upfield location of C-3' (145.39) and downfield location of both C-4' (148.22) and C-2' (116.11). As in case of 1, the presence of a free 3-OH was explained by the intrinsic upfield location of both C-2 (146.23) and C-4 (176.34) and downfield of C-3 (136.22) [18] in comparison with those of myricitrin. Accordingly, 1 was identified as the new myricetin 4'-O-α-L-1 C 4rhamnopyranoside, and 2 was established as quercetin 3'-O-α-L-1 C 4 -rhamnopyranoside. This information led us to assign to compound 3 a biflavonol ether structure containing 10 free hydroxyl groups. The corresponding 1 H-NMR spectrum displayed a splitting pattern of totally aromatic protons of a symmetric biflavonol structure. This was explained as two meta coupled doublets, each for two equivalent protons at δ 6.17 and 6.36 with characteristic Jvalue for meta coupling (2.3 Hz). These two meta doublets were assigned to two H-6 and two H-8, respectively of two A-rings having free 5,7-dihydroxy function. In addition, a singlet at 6.91 integrated to two equivalent protons (2 x H-2') of the two B-rings, that upfield shift by the anisotropic effect of diphenyl structure. Also, a singlet integrated to two equivalent protons assigned at δ 7.23 for the two H-6' on both B-rings that hidden by aromatic hydroxyl groups. Depending on all above discussed documents, 3 was expected to be 3',3'-bimyricetin ether. Further confirmation of the structure was achieved from 13 C-NMR, that showed 15 carbon resonances (each of 2 C) for symmetric biflavonol ether. The presence of free 3-OH groups in both monomeric moieties followed from the characteristic upfield location of C-4 at δ 176.11 and C-2 at 147.62 and downfield location of C-3 at 136.22 [18,21]. These data were completely consistent with the same structural features in 13 C-NMR spectra of 1 and 2. The attachment of the two monomers through a 3',3'-di-ether structure was explained due to the upfield location of the signal representing C-3' at 145.75 and downfield of both C-2' and C-4' at 109.06 and 146.10 on both monomer units, respectively. Accordingly, 3 was confirmed as 3',3'-bimyricetin ether (speciin). The structure elucidation was assisted by the comparison with the stimulated 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectra created using the ACD 3.0 NMR program.
The result of LD 50 determination revealed that the examined extract was non toxic up to a dose of 5 g kg -1 b.wt. It was found that the extract exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 500 and 1000 mg kg -1 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after carrageenan injection. At a dose of 1000 mg kg -1 , the extract potency was more or less the same as that of indomethacin (0.92-0.96, Table 1). Data represent the mean value ± S.E. of six rats/group; Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Dunnett's multiple comparison test* P<0.05; Percent oedema inhibition (the value in between parenthesis) was calculated as regard to saline control group; Potency was calculated as regard the percentage change of the indomethacin treated group.
The examined extract also exhibited a significant dose dependant antihyperglycaemic effect in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. This occurs after 2 and 4 weeks treatment at a dose of 250 and 500 mg kg -1 , as compared with control pre-drug (zero time) for each group and diabetic control in the same time (Table 2). In addition, the examined extract, myricitrin (4) and hyperin (7)

Extraction and isolation
The air-dried and powdered leaves and stems (aerial parts) of O. speciosa (1.25 kg) were extracted with 80 % hot MeOH (5 x 6 L) under reflux (70 ˚C). After evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue (300 g) was extracted with CHCl 3 under reflux (5 x 1.5 L; 60 ˚C) to yield 5 g dry CHCl 3 extract and 270 g dry residue. This residue was desalted by precipitation with excess EtOH from water followed by drying of the filtrate in vacuo to give 210 g. This residue was suspended in water and chromatographed on a polyamide S (300 g, Fluka, Hannover, Germany) column (Ф 5 x 120 cm) and eluted with H 2 O followed by gradual increase of MeOH portions. Eight collective fractions I-VIII were collected, according to their chromatographic properties (fluorescence-UV light, and c responses towards different spray reagents on PC). Fraction I (0-10 % MeOH, 12 g) was phenolic free. Fraction II (20-30 % MeOH, 3.4 g) was fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column using H 2 O-MeOH (1:1, v/v) mixture, leading to desorption of two successive subfractions, which were separately collected. Crystallization from hot water of the dry material of the first subfraction yielded pure 13 (15 mg), while 17 mg of 14 were obtained by crystallization from the 2 nd subfraction. Fraction III (30-40 % MeOH, 2.1 g) was purified on a Sephadex column using 40-80 % aqueous MeOH for elution, to give two main subfractions. Each one, containing one major compound, was then purified on a Sephadex column using BIW (butanol-isopropyl alcohol-H 2 O; 4:1:5, upper layer) as eluent to give chromatographically pure samples of 9 (9 mg) and 10 (11 mg). Fraction IV (40-50 % MeOH, 1.89 g) was subjected to repeated CC on Sephadex with BIW, followed by MeOH to give pure samples of 11 (15 mg Compounds 15 (7 mg), 16 (15 mg) and 17 (5 mg) were isolated from the chloroform extract by prep-PC on Whatman paper sheets 3 MM (Whatman Ltd., Maidstone, Kent, England) using S 1 for elution, followed by purification of each desorbed band on a Sephadex column with MeOH as eluent. Sephadex LH-20 (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden), microcrystalline cellulose (E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used for CC separation, and the fractionation followed up by long UV-light and 2D-PC with solvent systems S 1 : n-BuOH-HOAc-H 2 O (4:1:5, upper layer) for first run and S 2 : 15 % aqueous HOAc for second one. All used solvents for separation processes were purchased from El-Nasr Co., Egypt (Analytical grades) except for the organic solvents used for last purification on Sephadex LH-20 columns were purchased from E. Merck (Absolute grades 99.9% MeOH and EtOH).

Animals
Adult male pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats (120-130 g) and Swiss mice weighing (20-30 g) were purchased from the animal house of National Research Centre and used. The animals were housed in standard metal cages in an air conditioned room at 22 ± 3˚C, 55 ± 5% humidity, and 12 h light and provided with standard laboratory diet and water ad libitum. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guide for care and use of laboratory animals and in accordance with the Local Animal Care and Use Committee. Distilled water was used as a vehicle for extract, while 5 % sodium bicarbonate was used for indomethacin and 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) used for streptozotocin (STZ).

Determination of median lethal dose (LD 50 )
The LD 50 of the 80 % aqueous methanol extract of O. speciosa aerial parts was determined using mice. No percentage mortality was recorded after 24 hours up to a dose of 5 g kg -1 and according to Semler [22], who reported that if just one dose level at 5 g kg -1 is not lethal, regulatory agencies no longer require the determination of an LD50 value. So the experimental doses used were 1/20, 1/10 and 1/5 of 5 g kg -1 of methanol extract of O. speciosa aerial parts (250, 500 and 1,000 mg kg -1 ).

Determination of anti-inflammatory activity
Anti-inflammatory activity in acute model was carried out according to the convenient reported method [23]. Rats were divided into five groups each of six, 1 st group received orally saline and served as control, 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th groups were given 80 % aqueous methanol extract of O. speciosa (250, 500, 1,000 mg kg -1 ), and 5 th group was given indomethacin (25 mg kg -1 , orally) one hour before induction of oedema by subplanter injection of 100 L of 1% carrageenan (Sigma, USA) in saline into the pad of right paw. The difference in hind footpad thickness was measured immediately before carrageenan injection and 1, 2, 3, 4 h after carrageenan injection with a micrometer caliber [24]. The oedema was expressed as a percentage of change from the control group.

Determination of antihyperglycaemic activity
The animals were divided into five groups, each of six rats, 1 st group received 1 mL saline and served as normal control. Induction of diabetes in the remaining four groups using intra-peritoneal injection of a single dose of 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) (MB Biomedical, Inc. France) [25][26], followed by an overnight fast. Diabetes was assessed by determining the blood glucose levels after 72 hrs. The 1 st diabetic group received 1 mL saline and served as diabetic control, while the 2 nd and 3 rd diabetic groups received 80 % aqueous methanol extract (250, 500 mg kg -1 , orally), the 4 th group was treated with the reference antidiabetic drug, rosiglitazone (orally 0.5 mg kg -1 , GlaxoSmithKline, UK). All groups were treated for four weeks. The blood glucose levels were measured at zero time and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment by using Biodiagnostic kit of enzymatic colorimetric method, according to Trinder [27].

Determination of antioxidant activity
The 1,1-Diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of O. speciosa 80 % aqueous methanol extract (20-100 mg), myricitrin (20-100 mg) and hyperin (2-10, 20-100 mg) was investigated in vitro. A methanolic solution of DPPH (2.95 mL) was added to 50 μL samples dissolved in methanol at the different concentrations in a disposable cuvette. The absorbance was measured at 517 nm at regular intervals of 15 seconds for 5 minutes. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard (0.1 M) as described by Govindarajan et al. [28]. Inhibition was calculated using the following formula: