Isolation and Structure Elucidation of a Novel Yellow Pigment from the Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata

The marine environment is a major source for many novel natural compounds. A new yellow pigment has been isolated from the marine bacterium P. tunicata and identified as a new member of the tambjamine class of compounds. The structural identification was achieved by a combination of 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry data.


Introduction
Members of the bacterial genus Pseudoalteromonas are commonly found associated with living and inert surfaces in the marine environment [1]. Pseudoalteromonas species produce a wide range of biologically active compounds that have activity against common fouling organisms. These include compounds that target bacteria, invertebrate larvae, algal spores, protozoan grazing and fungi, and are believed to provide protection for host marine organisms colonised by Pseudoalteromonas species [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].
In a preliminary screen of ten Pseudoalteromonas species, Holmström et al. [6] found that P. tunicata has the highest and broadest range of biological activities. These activities are linked to the production of unidentified yellow and purple pigments [8]. As part of our ongoing research on biologically active compounds produced by P. tunicata, we report the isolation and identification of a novel yellow pigment produced by P. tunicata. This pigment is a new member of the tambjamine class of compounds.
The tambjamine alkaloids have been isolated previously from bacteria and marine invertebrates including bryozoans, nudibranchs and ascidians [9][10]. They comprise a 2,2'-bipyrrole ring system containing an enamine moiety at the C2 position of the pyrrole ring, and an adjacent methoxy group at C3. The enamine nitrogen is normally substituted with a two to four carbon saturated alkyl chain. Furthermore, a tambjamine analogue, BE-18591, containing a saturated twelve carbon alkyl chain has been isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces sp [11]. Other members of this class, which include triand tetra-pyrrole compounds, possess a range of biological activities including antimicrobial [12], antitumour [13] and immunosuppressive activities [14]. BE-18591 has also been shown to inhibit immunoproliferation and gastritis in rabbits [15].

General
High resolution mass spectra were acquired in methanol using a Bruker BioApex IIe 7 T Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance mass spectrometer with an Analytica electrospray ionisation source. Samples were run in positive-ion mode under high resolution conditions (<2 ppm). 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectra were run in neutralized CDCl 3 (prepared by passing CDCl 3 through a pad of anhydrous potassium carbonate) on a Bruker AMX300 spectrometer, while two-dimensional NMR experiments were conducted on a Bruker DMX600 spectrometer.
Bacterial culture conditions and isolation of the yellow pigment P. tunicata [16] (100 litres) was cultured in VNSS medium [17] to stationary phase (12 hours) and harvested by centrifugation. The cells were freeze dried and extracted with methanol. The methanol extract was reduced under vacuum and partitioned using a dichloromethane-water (1:1 v/v) mixture. The DCM fraction was separated, evaporated and loaded onto an Altec SPE column using diethyl ether. The column was eluted using steps of 100% hexane, 10% ethyl acetate/hexane, 100% chloroform, and 4% isopropanol/chloroform. The pigmented yellow fractions (90 mg) (in the 100% chloroform fraction) were further fractionated on another Altec SPE column. The sample was loaded using DCM and eluted with 2% isopropyl alcohol (IPA)/chloroform. The resultant yellow fraction was chromatographed on preparative thin layer glass plates coated with silica gel to remove the large amounts of oleic acid that co-eluted with the yellow pigment. In some cases preparative plates containing silica gel mixed with 12% sodium acetate were employed.The yellow pigmented band was scraped from the silica plate, and eluted with dichloromethane. Evaporation of the solvent in vacuo yielded a compound as a yellow oil (11 mg). A purple band was also isolated from the crude mixture. The purple compound was identified as violacein by comparison, and the yellow pigment as a novel tambjamine alkaloid (1). The structure of the yellow compound was elucidated as follows.

Results and Discussion
An 1 The presence of a 2,2'-bipyrrole ring system was established from the COSY, TOCSY and NOESY experiments ( Figure 1, Table 1) and comparison with the reported 1 H and 13 C chemical shifts for tambjamines [9,10]. The 1 H-NMR spectrum of 1 showed signals for the bipyrrole protons at δ 7.06, 6.25, 6.70 and 5.95 ppm corresponding to protons H5', H4', H3' and H4 respectively ( Table 1). The presence of a methoxy group at C3 was confirmed by a proton singlet at δ 3.90 ppm and the C3 carbon at 163.9 ppm. The enamine CH appeared at δ 7.29 ppm in the proton spectrum with the corresponding carbon signal at 141.1 ppm. The enamine nitrogen was found to be substituted with an unsaturated twelve carbon alkyl chain. Comparison of the spectral data of the new tambjamine with reported tambjamine structures indicated the presence of a longer chain and a double bond between C10 and C11 carbon atoms. The C8 CH 2 group next to an enamine nitrogen appeared at δ 3.46 ppm and showed through space coupling to H6 and direct through bond correlation to C9 CH 2 . The large coupling constant between C6 proton and the enamine NH (J = 14 Hz) further confirmed the trans-antiplanar arrangement of the enamine [18].
Furthermore, protons at C8 and C9 showed long range 1 H-15 N couplings to N7 confirming the linkage of the alkyl chain ( Figure 1). The double bond between C10 and C11 in the alkyl chain was located through COSY/TOCSY experiments and assigned a cis configuration with a coupling constant J 10,11 = 10.8 Hz and a NOESY correlation between H9 and H12. Both H8 and H9 showed 3-bond heteronuclear correlations to the double bond, with H8 showing coupling to C10 and H9 to C11. The CH 2 at C12 showed long range couplings to both double bond carbons. A large broad multiplet at δ 1.21-1.70 ppm accounted for the C13-C18 methylene protons with the terminal methyl group appearing at δ 0.86 ppm as a triplet.

Conclusions
The isolation and characterisation of a new yellow pigment from the marine bacterium P. tunicata is described. This is the first reported isolation of a tambjamine with an unsaturated alkyl chain from nature. Furthermore, the isolation and structural similarity of 1 to tambjamines isolated from sponges and bryozoans suggests that these compounds may be of bacterial origin and related to the presence of Pseudoaltermonas either within tissue or on the surface of the organism as is the case with P. tunicata.