Second Law Analysis of Laminar Flow In A Channel Filled With Saturated Porous Media

The entropy generation rate in a laminar flow through a channel filled with saturated porous media is investigated. The upper surface of the channel is adiabatic and the lower wall is assumed to have a constant heat flux. The Brinkman model is employed. Velocity and temperature profiles are obtained for large Darcy number (Da) and used to obtain the entropy generation number and the irreversibility ratio. Generally, our result shows that heat transfer irreversibility dominates over fluid friction irreversibility (i.e. 0 ≤ φ < 1), and viscous dissipation has no effect on the entropy generation rate at the centerline of the channel.


Introduction
Studies related to laminar flow in a channel filled with saturated porous media have increased significantly during recent years.This type of geometry and flow configuration are commonly observed in field of electronics cooling system, solid matrix heat exchanger, geothermal system, nuclear waste disposal, microelectronic heat transfer equipment, coal and grain storage, petroleum industries, and catalytic converters.Meanwhile, the improvement in thermal systems as well as energy utilization during the convection in any fluid is one of the fundamental problems of the engineering processes, since improved thermal systems will provide better material processing, energy conservation and environmental effects, (Makinde,[12]).
Another potential application of convection processes in porous media is found in thermoacoustic prime movers and heat pumps ( Rott [15], Swift [20]), where the fluid-gap within stacks of a thermoacoustic engine/refrigerator are treated as porous media.Thermoacoustic engines are devices which make use of the thermoacoustic phenomena and function as heat pumps or prime movers.They can provide cooling or heating using enviromentally benign gases (such as oxygen or nitrogen) as the working fluid.Despite recent developments in thermoacoustic engines (see Swift [20]), there are many areas requiring further investigation in order to better predict their performance and guide future designs for thermoacoustic engines.Any thermoacoustic device (system) can be divided into four basic components (resonant tube, speaker, heat exchangers, and regenerator or stacks);among them the stack serves as the heart of the thermoacoustic device.In engine and heat pump, stacks are finely subdivided into many parallel channels or pores.Starting from the single plate, stacks are available in different sizes and shapes.Multi-plate arrays, honeycombs, spiral roles, and pin arrays' are some example of stacks commonly used in thermoacoustics engines and refrigerators.(see Swift [20]).To improve the thermal contact and heat transfer area, a porous medium ( a fine wire mesh made of a material with moderate to good thermal conductivity) of moderate permeability may be embedded inside the fluid gap between two consecutive stacks.Most of the existing theories (of thermoacoustics engines/prime movers) consider a non-porous medium and very few of them use a single pore (of circular or square cross-section) to model thermoacoustic systems.In thermoacoustic devices, stacks are repeated along the transverse direction of fluid motion.The fluid gap between two consecutive stacks is usually kept constant.Two consecutive stacks plates and the fluid gap may be approximated as a unit-channel and inside the resonant chamber the stack (or regenerator) consists of many unit-channels.The fluid dynamics of all unit-channel must be similar (neglecting resonant chamber wall effects).Therefore, this present research can be applicable to one unit-channel.
One of the methods used for predicting the performance of the engineering processes is the second law analysis.The second law of thermodynamics is applied to investigate the irreversibilities in terms of the entropy generation rate.Since the entropy generation is the measure of the destruction of the available work of the system, the determination of the active sites motivating the entropy generation is also important in upgrading the system performances.This method was introduced by Bejan[2,3,4] and followed by many other investigators e.g.Arpaci [1], Sahin [14],Sahin [16],Narusawa [13], Erbay et al. [6],Mahmud and Fraser [9], Sahin [16], Salah et al. [18].In this present paper, special attention has been given to the effect of porous medium permeability on the entropy generation and irreversibility ratio.

Mathematical Formulation
For the steady-state hydrodynamically developed situation we have unidirectional flow in the x-direction between impermeable boundaries at ȳ = 0 and ȳ = a, as illustrated in Fig. 1.The channel is composed of a fixed lower heated wall with constant heat flux while the upper wall is fixed and adiabatic.Other physical properties of the fluid like viscosity and density are taken as constant.

Adiabatic wall
Heated plate y=0 y=a y−axis x−axis The Brinkman momentum equation is where µ e is an effective viscosity, µ is the fluid velocity, K is the permeability, and G is the applied pressure gradient.
We define dimensionless variables where M is the viscosity ratio, D a the Darcy number, P e the Peclet number, k the thermal conductivity and ρ the fluid density.
The dimensionless form of Eq. ( 1) is Using algebraic package (MAPLE), the solution of the equation ( 3) is given as where It will be noted that, M and D a appear only in the combination of M times D a , hence, without loss of generality, we take M = 1 in our analysis.
Using algebraic package (taylor()) in MAPLE the Taylor expansion of Eq.( 4) (for large D a ) yeilds The steady-state thermal energy equation for the problem is given as with the following inlet and boundary conditions: Constant heat flux at the lower wall ∂T ∂y Adiabatic wall where T is the absolute temperature and T 0 is the temperature at the inlet.The dimensionless energy equation is given as with where the dimensionless temperature θ = k(T − T 0 )/qa.
The problem is now to solve Eq. ( 11) subject to the conditions Eq.( 12) .We employed the analytical method of separation of variables.Let then where The above equation is solved completely and the integration constants were obtained from conditions (12).We obtain

Entropy Generation Rate
According to Mahmud and Fraser [10], the entropy generation rate is define as The dimensionless entropy generation number may be defined by the following relationship: In terms of the dimensionless velocity and temperature, the entropy generation number becomes where the dimensionless parameters B r = G 2 a 3 /qµ is the Brinkman number, Ω = qa/kT 0 the dimensionless temperature difference.N x and N y are the entropy generation by heat transfer due to both axial and transverse heat conduction respectively and N f is the entropy generation due to fluid friction.
In convective problem, both fluid friction and heat transfer contribute to the rate of entropy generation.In order to have an idea whether fluid friction or heat transfer entropy generation dominates, a criterion known as the irreversibility ratio defined by φ is utilised, where For 0 ≤ φ < 1 implies that heat transfer irreversibility dominates and fluid friction dominates when  Entropy generation Rate y "s=0" "s=0.6""s=0.9"Fig. 3 shows the temperature profiles across the channel for different axial distance.We observed that the fluid temperature increases downstream i.e. axially and decreases transversely across the channel.In   eters (B r /Ω).The group parameter is an important dimensionless number for irriversibility analysis.It determines the relative importance of viscous effects to temperature gradient entropy generation.Irreversibility ratio profile is asymmetric about the centerline of the channel due to the asymmetric temperature distribution.For all group parameters, each wall acts as a strong concetrator of irriversibility because of the high near-wall gradients of velocity and temperature.Maximum irreversibility ration occurs near the adiabatic wall fo all group parameters.Fluid friction irreversibility is zero at channel centerline(y = 0.5) due to zero velocity gradient (∂u/∂y).Also irreversibility ratio (φ) is independent of the group parameter at y=0.5.Therefore, the magnitude of irreversibility ratio is same at centerline of the channel for all group parameters.Minimum irreversibility ratio occur very near where the temperature gradient is zero.Generally, it is observed that an increase in group parameter strengthens the effect of fluid friction irreversibility, but heat transfer irreversibility dominates over fluid friction irreversibility (i.e.0 ≤ φ < 1).

Conclusion
This paper presents the application of the second law of thermodynamics to the flow in a channel filled with saturated porous media.The velocity and temperture profiles are obtained and use to compute the entropy generation number and the irreversibility ratio for large Darcy number (D a ) and group parameter (B r Ω −1 ).Generally, our result shows that heat transfer irreversibility dominates over fluid friction irreversibility and viscous dissipation has no effect on the entropy generation rate at the centerline of the

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Geometry of the problem

φ > 1 .
The case where both the heat transfer and fluid friction have the same contribution for entropy generation is characterised by φ = 1

Figure 2 :Figure 3 :Figure 4 :
Figure 2: Velocity profiles for different values of s

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Entropy generation number for different values of s ( P e = 20 and B r Ω −1 = 0.4)

Fig. ( 4 )
Fig. (4) we observed that the fluid temperature decreases in the transverse direction and increases with a decrease in porous media permeability.The spartial distribution of the entropy generation number for different values of s is plotted in Fig 5.It is interesting to note that entropy generation rate decreases in transverse direction and increases with a decrease in porous media permeability.Such result is expected because high restrictive medium would lead to more disorderliness in the fluid particle.Fig 6 shows the spartial distribution of the entropy generation number for different group parameters.For all values of the group parameters, the entropy generation rate decreases in the transverse direction from the lower wall towards the channel centerline and gradually increases towards the upper wall.This clearly implies that viscous dissipation has no effect on the entropy generation rate at the centerline of a channel filled with porous media.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Entropy generation number for different values of B = B r Ω −1 ( P e = 20 and s = 0.5)