Multiplicity of Homoclinic Solutions for Fractional Hamiltonian Systems with Subquadratic Potential

In this paper, we study the existence of homoclinic solutions for the fractional Hamiltonian systems with left and right Liouville–Weyl derivatives. We establish some new results concerning the existence and multiplicity of homoclinic solutions for the given system by using Clark’s theorem from critical point theory and fountain theorem.


Introduction
In this paper, we consider the following fractional Hamiltonian system t D α ∞ ( −∞ D α t u(t)) + L(t)u(t) = ∇W(t, u(t)), t ∈ R, u ∈ H α (R), where −∞ D α t and t D α ∞ are left and right Liouville-Weyl fractional derivatives of order α ∈ ( 1 2 , 1) on the whole axis R respectively, u ∈ R n , W(t, u) is of indefinite sign and subquadratic as |u| → +∞ and L(t) is positive definite symmetric matrix for all t ∈ R.
As usual, we say that a solution u(t) of ( 1) is homoclinic (to 0) if u(t) → 0 as t → ±∞.In addition, if u(t) = 0 then u(t) is called a nontrivial homoclinic solution.
In particular, if α = 1, (1) reduces to the standard second order Hamiltonian system of the following form u (t) − L(t)u(t) + ∇W(t, u(t)) = 0, t ∈ R. ( The existence of homoclinic solutions for Hamiltonian systems and their importance in the study of behavior of dynamical systems can be recognized from Poincaré [1].Since then the investigation of existence and multiplicity of homoclinic solutions has become one of most important areas of research in dynamical systems.The existence of homoclinic orbits of (2) has been studied by several researchers by using critical point theory.Examples and details can be found in a series of papers [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] and the references cited therein.
It is important to study the multiplicity of homoclinic solutions for Hamiltonian systems.Moreover, ones can show that Hamiltonian system has rich dynamics, in particular a positive entropy.In [5,15] a more complete description of the dynamics is given.Precisely Séré proved the existence of a class of solutions, called multibump solutions.The existence of such a class of solutions implies that the dynamics of the system is chaotic (in particular that its topological entropy is positive).Such a result has been obtained under a nondegeneracy condition which is verified when the set of homoclinic solutions is countable.Bolle and Buffoni [16] show that the existence of a homoclinic orbit that is the transverse intersection of the stable and unstable manifolds, implies the existence of an infinite number of 'multibump' homoclinic solutions.In particular the topological entropy of the system is positive.
On the other hand, fractional calculus is playing a very important role in various scientific fields in the last years.In fact, fractional calculus has been recognized as an excellent instrument for description of memory and hereditary properties of various physical and engineering processes.Fractional-order models are interesting not only for engineers and physicists, but also for mathematicians.There is an increasing interest in the generalization of the classical concepts of entropy.Tenreiro Machado [17] studied several entropy definitions and types of particle dynamics with fractional behavior where traditional Shannon entropy has presented limitations.These concepts allow a fruitful interplay in the analysis of system dynamics.Indeed, applying fractional calculus theory to entropy theory has become a significant research work [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], since the fractional entropy could be used in the formulation of algorithms for image segmentation and in the analysis of anomalous diffusion processes and fractional diffusion equations [22][23][24][25][26].
It should be noted that critical point theory has become an effective tool in studying the existence of solutions to fractional differential equations by constructing fractional variational structures.Hamiltonian systems driven by fractional Laplacian operators have been considered by Dipierro, Patrizi and Valdinoci in [27].In such paper, the fractional setting was motivated by problems atom dislocation in crystals, according to the so-called Peierls-Nabarro model.A throughout discussion on this motivation can be found in Section 2 of [28].In this paper, we instead consider a fractional framework due to memory effect in the time evolution of the system.For the first time, Jiao and Zhou [29,30] showed that the critical point theory is an effective approach to tackle the existence of solutions for the following fractional boundary value problem Inspired by this work, Torres [31], Zhang and Yuan [32], Zhou [33], Nyamoradi and Zhou [34], Zhou and Zhang [35] considered the fractional Hamiltonian system (1).The authors [31,32] recently established the following results on the existence of solutions of system (1).Theorem 1 ([31]).Suppose that L and W satisfy the following assumptions: (L) L(t) is a positive definite symmetric matrix for all t ∈ R and there exists an l ∈ C(R, (0, +∞)) such that l(t) → +∞ as |t| → +∞ and Then system (1) possesses at least one nontrivial solution.
Theorem 2 ([32]).Suppose that (L) is satisfied.Moreover, assume that (H4) W(t, 0) = 0 for t ∈ R and W(t, u) ≥ a(t)|u| ν , and Then system (1) has infinitely many nontrivial solutions {u j } such that In [31,32], the authors worked on X α which is compactly embedded in L q (R, R n ) for q ∈ [2, +∞).However, in this paper, , which is the novelty of the present work.
The paper is organized as follows.In Section 2, we give preliminary facts and provide some basic properties which are needed later.Section 3 contains our results on existence and multiplicity of homoclinic solutions.

Preliminaries
Here we present some basic concepts and lemmas that we need in the sequel.Definition 1 ([36]).The left and right Liouville-Weyl fractional integrals of order 0 < α < 1 on the whole axis R are defined by respectively, where x ∈ R.
The left and right Liouville-Weyl fractional derivatives of order 0 < α < 1 on the whole axis R are defined by respectively, where x ∈ R.
The Definitions ( 6) and ( 7) may be written in an alternative form as follows: According to the results in [37,38], we note that solutions of equations with fractional derivatives (differently from the classical setting) can approximate any smooth function.Also, we define the Fourier transform F (u)(ξ) of u(x) as For any α > 0, we define the semi-norm and norm respectively as [31] |u| and let the space with the norm and semi-norm Observe that the spaces H α (R) and I α −∞ (R) are isomorphic and have equivalent norms (see [31]).Therefore, we define Now we recall the following results of critical point theory.

Lemma 1 ([39]
).Let E be a real Banach space and I ∈ C 1 (E, R) satisfy Palais-Smale condition.If I is bounded from below, then c = inf E I is a critical value of I.
Lemma 2 (Clark Theorem [40]).Let E be a real Banach space and I ∈ C 1 (E, R) with I even, bounded from below, and satisfy Palais-Smale condition.Suppose that I(0) = 0, there is a set K ⊂ E such that K is homeomorphic to S d−1 (unit sphere) by an odd map, and sup K I < 0. Then I possesses at least d distinct pairs of critical points.

Proofs of Theorems
In order to establish our results via variational methods and the critical point theory, we firstly describe some properties of the space on which the variational associated with (1) is defined.Let The space X α is a Hilbert space with the inner product and the corresponding norm So by Lemma 3, there exists a constant C α > 0 such that By (L ν ), there exist integers T 0 > 0 and M 0 > 0 such that Lemma 4. Suppose that L satisfies (L ν ).Then, for 1 and where . Then ς > 0. For u ∈ X α and T ≥ T 0 , it follows from ( 14) and ( 17) together with the Hölder inequality that This shows that (15) holds.Hence, from ( 15) and ( 18) and the Hölder inequality, one can get This shows that ( 16) holds.Finally, we prove that X α is compactly embedded in L q (R, R n ).Let {u k } ⊂ X α be a bounded sequence.Then by (13), there exists a constant Λ > 0 such that Since X α is reflexive, {u k } possesses a weakly convergent subsequence in X α .Passing to a subsequence if necessary, we may assume that u k u 0 weakly in X α .It is easy to verify that lim For any given number ε > 0, we can choose T ε > 0 such that It follows from (20) that there exists k 0 ∈ N such that On the other hand, it follows from ( 15), ( 19) and ( 21) that Since ε > 0 is arbitrary, we obtain by ( 22) and ( 23) that This shows that {u k } possesses a convergent subsequence in L q (R, R n ).Therefore, X α is compactly embedded in L q (R, R n ) for 1 ≤ q ∈ (2/(3 − ν), 2).Therefore, the proof is complete.Also, by (L), since l ∈ C(R, (0, ∞)) and l is coercive, then l min = min t∈R l(t) exists, then we have Lemma 5. Suppose that L satisfies (L).Then for 2 ≤ q < ∞, X α is compactly embedded in L q (R, R n ); Proof.From ( 13) and ( 24), one can get and which, together with (27), shows that ( 25) and ( 26) holds.
We now can prove that X α is compactly embedded in L q (R, R n ) for 2 ≤ q < ∞ by (L).By Lemma 2.2 in [31], we know that the embedding of X α in L 2 (R, R n ) is continuous and compact.On the other hand, from Lemma 3, we know that if u ∈ H α with 1  2 So, it is easy to verify that the embedding of X α in L q (R, R n ) is also continuous and compact for 2 < q < ∞.Therefore, combining this with Lemma 2.2 in [31], we have the desired conclusion for 2 ≤ q < ∞.Therefore, the proof is complete.Now, we establish the corresponding variational framework to obtain solutions of (1).To this end, define the functional I : X α → R by Lemma 6. Assume that the conditions (L ν ), (W1) and (W2) hold.Then the functional I is well defined and of class C 1 (X α , R) with Furthermore, the critical points of I in X α are solutions of (1) with u(t) → 0 as t → ±∞.
Proof.We firstly show that I : X α → R. For T ≥ T 0 , in view of (W1) and ( 26), we have where . Combining this with (28), it follows that where It is easy to check that I 1 ∈ C 1 (X α , R), and that Then, it is sufficient to show that I 2 ∈ C 1 (X α , R).So, we have By (W2), one can choose a constant ϕ 0 > 0 such that For any u, v ∈ X α , there exists T 1 > 0 such that |u(t)| + |v(t)| < 1 as |t| > T 1 .Then for any function θ : R → (0, 1) and any number h ∈ (0, 1), by (W2), (33) and Lemma 4, we have Then by ( 28) and ( 34), the mean value theorem and Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem, we get This shows that (32) holds.
It remains to prove that I 2 is continuous.Suppose that u k → u 0 in X α , then, by the Banach-Steinhaus theorem, there exists a constant > 0 such that In view of ( 13), we have Now, by (W2), we can choose a constant ϕ 1 > 0 such that Thus by ( 15), ( 29), ( 35)-( 37), (W2) and the Hölder inequality, we obtain which shows the continuity of I 2 .Finally, by a standard argument, it is easy to show that the critical points of I in X α are solutions of (1) with u(±∞) = 0. Therefore, the proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem 3. In view of Lemma 6, I ∈ C 1 (X α , R).We show that I satisfies the hypotheses of Lemma 1.
Claim 2. We show that I satisfies the Palais-Smale condition.Assume that {u k } k∈N ⊂ X α is a sequence such that {I(u k )} k∈N is bounded and I (u k ) → 0 as k → +∞.So by ( 13) and ( 39), there exists a constant Hence, passing to a subsequence if necessary, one may assume that u k u weakly in X α .It is easy to verify that lim So, it follows from ( 40) and ( 41) that By (W2), we can choose ϕ 2 > 0 such that For any given number ε > 0, we can choose T 3 > 0 such that ρ(γ m+1 ) It follows from (41) and the continuity of ∇W(t, x) on x that there exists k 1 ∈ N such that Therefore, in view of ( 15), ( 40), ( 43)-( 45) and (W2), we obtain Since ε > 0 is arbitrary, so by ( 46) and (47), we get On the other hand, we have Hence, it follows from ( 42), ( 48) and (49) that u k − u X α → 0 as k → +∞.Therefore, I satisfies Palais-Smale condition.
Then, by Lemma 1, c = inf X α I(u) is a critical value of I, that is, there exists a critical point e such that I(e) = c.
Proof of Theorem 4. In view of Lemma 6 and the Proof of Theorem 3, I ∈ C 1 (X α , R) is bounded from below and satisfies the Palais-Smale condition.It is obvious that I is even and I(0) = 0.In order to apply Lemma 2, we show that there is a set K ⊂ X α such that K is homeomorphic to S d−1 by an odd map, and sup K I < 0.
By (W4), there exist an open set D ⊂ R with t 0 ∈ D, σ 1 > 0 and η > 0 such that For any d ∈ N, we take d disjoint open sets [41]) and u i X α = 1, and For a u ∈ X d , there exist λ i ∈ R, i = 1, 2, . . ., d such that So and As all norms of a finite dimensional normed space are equivalent, there is a constant Note that W(t, 0) = 0, and so according to (52), (54), ( 55)-(57), one can get and sufficiently small s > 0. In this case (52) is applicable, since u is continuous on D and so |sλ i u i (t)| ≤ σ 1 for any t ∈ D, i = 1, 2, . . ., d can be true for sufficiently small s.Hence, it follows from (58) that there exist ε > 0 and σ 2 > 0 such that Let Then it follows from (56) that By (52), we define a map Ψ : S σ 2 d → S d−1 as follows It is easy to verify that Ψ : S σ 2 d → S d−1 is an odd homeomorphic map.On the other hand, by (59), we have and thus sup S σ 2 d I < −ε < 0. By Lemma 2, I has at least d distinct pairs of critical points, and so system (1) possesses at least d distinct pairs of nontrivial homoclinic solutions.The proof is complete.
. Then ζ > 0. For u ∈ X α and T ≥ T 0 , it follows from ( 14) and ( 62) and the Hölder inequality that This shows that (60) holds.Hence, from (60) and ( 18) and the Hölder inequality, one can get This shows that (61) holds.Finally, by similar argument in the proof of Lemma 4, it is easy to show that X α is compactly embedded in L q (R, R n ).Therefore, the proof is complete.
In this case Lemma 7 holds again with replacing (W1) and (W2) by (W6) and (W7), and in view of (W6) and (61), we have where Therefore, the proof of Theorems 5 and 6 are similar to Theorems 3 and 4, respectively, and are omitted.
Let X be a Banach space with the norm • and X = ⊕ j∈N X j , where X j are finite-dimensional subspace of X, for each k ∈ N, assume that Y k = ⊕ k j=0 X j and Z k = ⊕ ∞ j=k X j .The functional Φ is said to satisfy the Palais-Smale condition if any sequence {u j } j∈N ⊂ X such that {Φ(u j )} n∈N is bounded and Φ (u j ) → 0 as j → +∞ has a convergent subsequence.Now, let us recall, for the reader's convenience, a critical point result as follow: Theorem 9 ([42,43]).Suppose that the functional Φ ∈ C 1 (X, R) is even.If, for every k ∈ N, there exist Then Φ possesses an unbounded sequence of critical values.
Proof of Theorem 7. Let {e j } ∞ j=1 be the standard orthogonal basis of X α and define X j := Re j , then Z k and Y k can be defined as that in Theorem 9. From ( 29) and (W5), we can obtain that Φ ∈ C 1 (X α , R) is even.Let us prove that the functionals Φ satisfy the required conditions in Theorem 9.
We firstly verify condition (F2) in Theorem 9. Let u L γ j , for any j = 1, . . ., l, then λ k → 0 and β j k → 0 as k → +∞ for any j = 1, . . ., l. Clearly the sequence {λ k } is nonnegative and nonincreasing, so we assume that λ k → λ ≥ 0, k → +∞.For every k ≥ 0, there exists Then, up to a subsequence, we may assume that u k u weakly in X α .Noticing that Z k is a closed subspace of X α , by Mazur's theorem, we have u ∈ Z k , for all k > n.Consequently, we get u ∈ ∞ k= n Z k = {0}, which implies u k 0 weakly in X α .By Lemma 5, we have Thus we have proved that λ = 0. Similarly, we can prove that β j k → 0 as k → +∞ for any j = 1, . . ., l.In view of ( 28) and (W3), one can get Since λ k → 0 as k → +∞, there exists a positive constant N 0 such that By ( 64) and (65), we have Since β k → 0 as k → ∞ and γ j > 2 for any j = 1, . . ., l, we can obtain b k → +∞, as k → ∞.
We now verify condition (F1) in Theorem 9. Since dim Y k < ∞ and all norms of a finite-dimensional normed space are equivalent, there exists a constant M 0 > 0 such that (68) By (W1), for ε 1 = 1 + l −1 min M 2 0 where is given in (W2), there exists δ = δ(ε 1 ) > 0 such that Then, for any u ∈ Y k , in view of ( 26), ( 28) and ( 69), one has Hence, we can choose u X α = k large enough ( k > r k > 0) such that Finally, We prove that Φ satisfies the Palais-Smale condition.Let {u i } i∈N ⊂ X α be a Palais-Smale sequence, that is, {Φ(u i )} n∈N is bounded and Φ (u i ) → 0 as i → +∞.Then there exists a constant for every i ∈ N, where (X α ) * is the dual space of X α .We now prove that {u i } is bounded in X α .In fact, if not, we may assume that by contradiction that u i X α → ∞ as i → +∞.Set v i = u i u i X α .Clearly, v i X α = 1 and there is v 0 ∈ X α such that, up to a subsequence v i v 0 , weakly in X α , as i → +∞.Since v i v 0 in X α , it is easy to verify that lim Now, we consider the following two cases: for some M 2 > 0. Divided by u i 2 X α on both sides of (83), noting that (82), we have It follows from ( 71) and (84) that v 0 = 0.This is a contradiction.
Case 2. v 0 = 0.The proof is the same as that in Theorem 4, and we omit it here.Hence, {u i } is bounded in X α .Similar to the proof of Theorem 4, we can prove that {u i } has a convergent subsequence in X α .Hence, Φ satisfies the Palais-Smale condition.The proof is completed.

Conclusions
Using variational methods, we have obtained homoclinic solutions for fractional Hamiltonian systems.The fractional component of the equation is due to a memory effect modeled by means of Liouville-Weyl type derivative in time.The introduction provides an overview about the state of the fractional Hamiltonian systems and authors' motivation.In Section 2, we have recalled some related preliminary concepts for the convenience of the reader.Section 3 contains main theorems, which are proved by applying Clark's theorem from critical point theory and fountain theorem.