Entropy Generation Analysis for a CNT Suspension Nanofluid in Plumb Ducts with Peristalsis

The purpose of the current investigation was to discuss the entropy generation analysis for a carbon nanotube (CNT) suspension nanofluid in a plumb duct with peristalsis. The entropy generation number due to heat transfer and fluid friction is formulated. The velocity and temperature distributions across the tube are presented along with pressure attributes. Exact analytical solution for velocity and temperature profile are obtained. It is found that the entropy generation number attains high values in the region close to the walls of the tube, while it attains low values near the center of the tube.


Introduction
Peristalsis is a series of muscle contractions that occur in your digestive tract.Peristalsis is also seen in some organs that connect the kidneys to the bladder.Peristalsis is an automatic and important process.It moves food through the digestive system, urine from the kidneys into the bladder, bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum.After the first study done by Latham [1], analysis of this process become an interesting topic for researchers, and many theoretical, experimental and numerical studies have been done on this phenomenon [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratios of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than for any other material.These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for OPEN ACCESS nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology.In particular, owing to their extraordinary thermal conductivity and mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find applications as additives to various structural materials.For instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some (primarily carbon fiber) baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].
In thermodynamics, entropy is a measure of the number of specific ways in which a thermodynamic system may be arranged, often taken to be a measure of disorder, or a measure of progress towards thermodynamic equilibrium.Non-Newtonian fluid flow in a pipe system with entropy generation is considered by Pakdemirli and Yilbas [17].According to them the entropy number increases with increasing Brinkman number.Souidi et al. [18] discussed the entropy generation rate for a peristaltic pump.Entropy generation due to heat and fluid flow in backward facing step flow with various expansion ratios was studied by Abu-Nada [19].Further analysis can be found [20][21][22][23][24].
Entropy generation for peristaltic flow has not been explored so far, and to fill this gap the author has investigated the analysis of the peristaltic flow of a CNT suspension nanofluid in a plumb duct with entropy generation.The coupled differential equations are simplified under long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions.Exact solutions are obtained for the reduced coupled differential equations.The entropy generation is computed by evaluation of the thermal and fluid viscosity contributions.The physical features of pertinent parameters have been discussed by plotting the graphs of velocity, temperature, entropy number and stream functions.

Mathematical Formulation
Let us consider the peristaltic flow of an incompressible, peristaltic flow of a CNT suspension nanofluid in a horizontal tube (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Geometry of the problem.
A sinusoidal wave is propagating along the walls of the tube.We choose a cylindrical coordinate system ( ) , R Z (, where the Z -axis lies along the center line of the tubes and the R -axis is normal to it.The wave is propagating with a velocity c along the walls of the tube.Keeping in view the analysis geometry of the wall surface it is defined as: ( ) In the fixed coordinates system ( ), , Z R flow between the two tubes is unsteady.It becomes steady in a wave frame ( ) z r , moving with the same speed as the wave moves in the Z direction.The transformations between the two frames are: The governing equations for the flow of an incompressible nanofluid can be written as: , ) , In component form the above equations can be written as follows: ( ) , ( ) ( ) where r and z are the coordinates.z is taken as the center line of the tube and r transverse to it, u and w are the velocity components in the r and z directions respectively, T is the local temperature of the fluid.Further, nf ρ is the effective density, nf μ is the effective dynamic viscosity, α is the effective thermal diffusivity, and nf k is the effective thermal conductivity of the nanofluid: ( ) With the help of Equation ( 11), Equations (7-10) can be written as follows under the long wave length (δ = 0) and low Reynold's number Re ≪ 1 assumption: ( ) The non-dimensionless boundary conditions are defined as follows: Thermal properties of the fluid are defined as follows [13][14][15][16]:

Entropy Generation Analysis
Entropy generation can be defined as follows [16,17]: The dimensionless form of the entropy generation with the help of Equation ( 11) due to fluid friction and magnetic field is given as: The dimensionless form of SG is known as entropy generation number NS which is the ratio of actual entropy generation rate to the characteristic entropy transfer rate 0 G S , which is defined as follows: The total entropy generation in Equation ( 14) can be written as the sum: , where H N is the entropy generation due to heat transfer, F N is the local entropy generation due to fluid friction irreversibility and M N is the entropy generation due to magnetic field caused by the motion of electrically conducting fluids under the magnetic field inducing electrical currents that circulate in the fluid.Further, the sum of second and third term in Equation ( 20) can be treated as the entropy generation B N due to combined effects of fluid friction and magnetic field: .
In order to see whether the one term is dominant over another a criterion is used, namely the irreversibility ratio, which is the ratio between entropy generation due to fluid friction and Joule dissipation to the total entropy generation due to heat transfer.The irreversibility ratio ξ is defined as: .
Note that heat transfer irreversibility dominates in the range 1 0 < < ξ whereas 1 > ξ indicates that irreversibility is solely due to the sum of fluid friction and magnetic field irreversibility, The contribution of heat transfer to entropy generation is the same as the combined effects of fluid friction and magnetic field when ξ = 1.
Alternatively, another irreversibility parameter is the Bejan number which is the ratio of heat transfer irreversibility to the total irreversibility due to heat transfer, fluid friction and magntic field.Mathematically: From Equation (19), it is clear that Bejan number ranges from 0 to 1.Here 0 Be → is the limiting case when the entropy generation due to combined effects of fluid friction and magnetic field is dominant, 1 → Be is the opposite limit where heat transfer irreversibility dominates and

Exact Solutions
Exact solutions have been evaluated for velocity, temperature and pressure gradient using the Undetermined Coefficients Method from Equations (12)(13)(14)(15).
Velocity of the fluid flow is: The temperature distribution is given as:

M T I hM T hM T I hM T I hM T k M TI hM T M r T I Mr T Mr T I Mr T I Mr
where Flow rate is given by: where the mean flow rate Q is given as: Integrating Equation (26) over the interval [0,1], we can find the pressure rise given by the expression:

Results and Discussion
In this section, we present a brief graphical analysis of the exact analytical solutions of the governing problem. Figure 2 represents the magnitude of the horizontal velocity of the fluid inside the tube.We see that with the increase in the Hartmann number M, i.e., ratio of electromagnetic force to the viscous force, the velocity decreases in the center of the tube and increases near the walls of the tube, while as we increase the flow rate Q, the magnitude of velocity takes a positive shift all around the tube.In both cases, it is observed that MWCNTs have more variation as that of SWCNTd.Also we note that the velocity attains its highest values in the center of the tube at r = 0 while it sufficiently decreases at the walls of the tube.Copper particles, if they are added to CNTs makes the stomach and arteries more flexible and flow can easily move in it.Figure 3 depicts that with the addition of copper to the base fluid, the pressure gradually decreases.We note that the pressure gradient certainly decreases with a decrease in the Hartmann number.However a non-uniform behavior is seen in case of ε.In that case the pressure gradient seems to be directly proportional to ε for 0 < z < 0.25 and inversely proportional for 0.25 < z <0.75, this behavior of pressure gradient is oscillating.The magnitude of the pressure gradient for MWCNTs is more dominant as compared to SWCNTs.The pressure rise in the fluid is shown in Figure 4a,b.From the graphical demonstration, it is visible that the pressure rise is directly proportional to M, ε in the peristaltic pumping region and inversely proportional to the same in the augmented peristaltic region.In both cases, the change in case for MWCNTs is observed to be more rapid as compared to SWCNTs.The temperature of the fluid in the tube increases significantly with an increase in Brinkman number Br and a decrease in Hartmann number M. However, with less copper in the fluid, the temperature substantially decreases inside the tube.In comparison to the walls of the tube, higher temperature exists in the center where r = 0. We note that with higher values of the Brinkman number, i.e., the ratio of viscous heat generation to external heating, the conduction of heat produced by viscous dissipation will be lesser and hence larger the temperature rise, see Figure 5.The temperature for MWCNTs is observed to be higher as compared to SWCNTs. Figure 6 was prepared to analyze the entropy generation with respect to changes in the different physical constraints involved.Figure 6a,b depict that entropy generation is directly proportional to both Hartmann number and Brinkman number, and that entropy generation for MWCNTs is higher than that of SWCNTs.It has larger values near the walls of the tube as compared to the center of the tube.It is to be noticed that for significantly larger values of these two parameters, entropy generation can be larger in the center of the tube than at the walls.A similar behavior is seen if we increase the flow rate .Q Nevertheless, the higher the values of ε , Λ the smaller the entropy generation.Rapid change in this case is seen in the center of the tube.7 depict that with the increase in Hartmann number, Brinkman number, temperature difference, flow rate and amplitude ratio heat transfer irreversibility is high as compare to the total irreversibility due to heat transfer, fluid friction and magnetic field.Physical properties for SWCNTs and MWCNTs are presented in Table 1.

Conclusions
Analysis of peristaltic flow of a CNT suspension nanofluid in a plumb duct is investigated.Key points of the performed analysis are as follows: (1) With the increase in the Hartmann number the velocity decreases in the center of the tube and increases near the walls of the tube.(2) The pressure gradient certainly decreases with a decrease in the Hartmann number.
(3) Pumping for MWCNTs is observed to be more rapid as compared to SWCNTs.(4) Entropy generation is directly proportional to both Hartmann number and Brinkman number.(5) With the increase in Hartmann number, Brinkman number, temperature difference, flow rate and amplitude ratio heat transfer irreversibility is high as compare to the total irreversibility due to heat transfer, fluid friction and magnetic field.

2 1 =
Be is the case where the contributions of both heat and fluid friction to entropy generation are equal.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Velocity profile w(r,z) against the radial distance r.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Pressure rise P Δ against the flow rate Q.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Entropy NS against the radial distance r.

Figure 7
Figure7is prepared to analyze the Bejan number with respect to changes in the different physical constraints involved.Figure7depict that with the increase in Hartmann number, Brinkman number, temperature difference, flow rate and amplitude ratio heat transfer irreversibility is high as compare to the total irreversibility due to heat transfer, fluid friction and magnetic field.

Figure
Figure7is prepared to analyze the Bejan number with respect to changes in the different physical constraints involved.Figure7depict that with the increase in Hartmann number, Brinkman number, temperature difference, flow rate and amplitude ratio heat transfer irreversibility is high as compare to the total irreversibility due to heat transfer, fluid friction and magnetic field.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Variation of Bejan number Be against the radial distance r.

Figure 8
Figure 8 shows streamlines for SWCNTs and MWCNTs.It is seen that the size and number of the trapped bolus for SWCNTs is greater as compared to MWCNTs.Figures 9 and 10 present the streamlines for SWCNTs and MWCNTs with the variation of Hartmann number .M It is seen that with the variation of Hartmann number M size and number of trapped bolus for SWCNTs are greater as compared to MWCNTs.

Figure 9 .Figure10.
Figure 9. Streamlines for SWCNTs with the variation of Hartmann number M.

( 6 )
With the variation of Hartmann number M size and number of trapped bolus for SWCNTs are greater as compared to MWCNTs.

Table 1 .
Presents the thermal properties of the model.