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15 pages, 2155 KB

Open AccessArticle

Consistent Regularized Non-Negative Tucker Decomposition for Three-Dimensional Tensor Data Representation

by Xiang Gao and Linzhang Lu

Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 1969; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111969 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Non-negative Tucker decomposition (NTD) is one of the general and prominent decomposition tools designed for high-order tensor data, with its advantages reflected in feature extraction and low-dimensional representation of data. Most NTD-based methods only apply intrinsic and different constraints to the last factor [...] Read more.

Non-negative Tucker decomposition (NTD) is one of the general and prominent decomposition tools designed for high-order tensor data, with its advantages reflected in feature extraction and low-dimensional representation of data. Most NTD-based methods only apply intrinsic and different constraints to the last factor matrix that is a low-dimensional representation of the original tensor information. This processing procedure may result in the loss of the relationship between the factor matrices in all dimensions. To enhance the representation ability of NTD, we propose a consistent regularized non-negative Tucker decomposition for three-dimensional tensor data representation. Consistent regularization is symmetrically presented and mathematically expressed by intrinsic cues in multiple dimensions, that is, manifold structure and orthogonality information. The paired constraint constructed by the double parameter operator is utilized to unlock hidden semantics and maintain the consistent geometric structure of the three-dimensional tensor. Moreover, we develop the iterative updating method based on the multiplicative update rule to solve the proposed model and provide its convergence and computational complexity. The extensive numerical results of unsupervised image clustering experiments on eight real-world datasets demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of the new method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

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14 pages, 371 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound Elastography and Tonometry as Predictive Tools for Capsular Contracture After Breast Implant Surgery: Over a 12-Month Prospective Study

by Mikołaj Kubasik, Alicja Rzymska, Beata Pięta and Paweł Rzymski

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 8084; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228084 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Capsular contracture remains the most common complication after breast augmentation. The Baker score is a classical, yet subjective method to assess the contracture, therefore more objective and reproducible measures are necessary to not only evaluate but also to predict a capsule [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Capsular contracture remains the most common complication after breast augmentation. The Baker score is a classical, yet subjective method to assess the contracture, therefore more objective and reproducible measures are necessary to not only evaluate but also to predict a capsule formation. The aim of the prospective study was to assess the predictive value of sonoelastography, tonometry and physical examination at different time points after the surgery and with association with Baker score, since this early period is considered critical for the initiation of capsular formation. Methods: 28 patients (range of age 21.0–40.0) after breast augmentation completed the study protocol. A total of 56 breasts underwent clinical (modified Baker score), tonometric, and elastographic evaluation before surgery, on postoperative days 7 and 14, and after one year. Measurements were taken at the boundaries of the four breast quadrants and included adipose, glandular, muscular and fascial tissues. Results: At long-term follow-up, tonometric and elastographic values were lower than on postoperative days 7 and 14. Early measurements in certain quadrants and tissue regions showed some association with Baker scores at one year. All tissues increased in stiffness postoperatively and remained stiffer at the 1-year follow-up. No significant differences in tissue stiffness were observed between days 7 and 14, except for higher values in adipose tissue in the inner quadrant and lower values at the peri-implant region in the outer quadrant. Conclusions: Sonoelastography is a precise and objective tool for detecting capsular changes after breast augmentation and may improve early prediction of contracture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery/Aesthetic Medicine)

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5 pages, 168 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Polysaccharide-Based Materials: Developments and Properties

by Andrés Gerardo Salvay

Polymers 2025, 17(22), 3028; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223028 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The growing concern for environmental sustainability and the urgent demand to reduce dependence on non-renewable resources have placed bio-based materials at the centre of materials science innovation [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharide-Based Materials: Developments and Properties)

10 pages, 469 KB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment Options for Critically Ill Patients with Infections Caused by Metallo-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

by Konstantinos Mantzarlis, Vassilios Vazgiourakis, Dimitrios Papadopoulos, Asimina Valsamaki, Stelios Xitsas, Masumi Tanaka, Achilleas Chovas and Efstratios Manoulakas

Antibiotics 2025, 14(11), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14111156 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has increased significantly over the years, contributing to a real challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU). The emergence of metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) has contributed to the protection of pathogens against all current beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLIs), including the newer [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has increased significantly over the years, contributing to a real challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU). The emergence of metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) has contributed to the protection of pathogens against all current beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLIs), including the newer ceftazidime–avibactam (CAZ-AVI), meropenem–vaborbactam, and imipenem–relebactam. Treatment of such infections is challenging. In vitro and clinical data suggest that combinations of CAZ-AVI with aztreonam (ATM) and the use of two different carbapenems (double carbapenem therapy, DCT) may be an option for MBL-producing pathogens. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination CAZ-AVI + ATM and the effectiveness of DCT against MBL-producing K. pneumoniae infections in the critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in the two ICUs of hospitals in central Greece. Mechanically ventilated patients admitted to the ICU were included in the study if they developed an infection by MBL-producing K. pneumoniae. Patients were divided into three groups: the first one consisted of patients who were treated with CAZ-AVI plus ATM (CAZ-AVI + ATM group), and the second group consisted of patients who received DCT (DCT group). The third group included patients who received appropriate antibiotic therapy other than CAZ-AVI + ATM and DCT (control group). The primary outcome of the study was the evolution of the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, and secondary outcomes were duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), ICU length of stay (LOS), and, finally, ICU mortality. Results: 108 patients were included in the study. 35 (32%) in the CAZ-AVI + ATM group, 31 (29%) in the DCT group, and the remaining 42 (39%) patients in the control group. The SOFA score was not statistically different on day 1, day 4, and day 7 of the infection among the three groups (p > 0.05). Duration of MV and ICU LOS were also similar. Finally, mortality did not differ between the groups [20 patients (57.1%) vs. 18 (58.1%) vs. 25 (59.5%) for CAZ-AVI + ATM, DCT and control group, respectively, p = 0.98]. Comparison between survivors and non-survivors revealed that independent risk factors for mortality were SOFA score at day 1 of infection and medical cause of admission (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Treatment with CAZ-AVI + ATM or DCT presented similar efficacy with appropriate antibiotic therapy for infections caused by MBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains. Larger studies are required to confirm the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacologic Management of MDR Respiratory and Bacteraemic Infections)

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32 pages, 2080 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Hyetograms and Rainfall Patterns in Southern Amazonia

by Brenda Buose, Daniela Roberta Borella, Frederico Terra de Almeida and Adilson Pacheco de Souza

Hydrology 2025, 12(11), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12110302 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The variability of rainfall, mainly convective, in the southern Amazon remains poorly understood due to the limited number of studies examining the relationships between the intensities and durations of rainfall events in this region. This study aimed to characterize the intensity patterns—hyetograms (advanced, [...] Read more.

The variability of rainfall, mainly convective, in the southern Amazon remains poorly understood due to the limited number of studies examining the relationships between the intensities and durations of rainfall events in this region. This study aimed to characterize the intensity patterns—hyetograms (advanced, intermediate, delayed, and constant, as well as observations of new patterns)—in the northern state of Mato Grosso (southern Amazon). Generally, most research in Brazil on this topic has focused on other regions of the country or used simulations or data disaggregation processes, limiting the representation of the regional reality. Historical data series from five conventional stations (with pluviograms) and ten automatic stations with data obtained by tipping rain gauges were analyzed. The analysis involved classifying 6187 events into four main patterns: Advanced (53.52%), Intermediate (31.74%), Delayed (14.58%), and Constant (less than 1%), with 93 events unclassified. The hourly distribution of rainfall revealed greater occurrence in the afternoon and evening periods, suggesting a predominance of thermal convection in regional dynamics. The results offer valuable insights for water planning, agricultural security, and adaptive infrastructure, in addition to promoting integration between science, engineering, and public policies aimed at environmental management and risk prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Variations in Hydroclimatic Variables: 2nd Edition)

16 pages, 1519 KB

Open AccessArticle

Zero-Shot Elasmobranch Classification Informed by Domain Prior Knowledge

by Ismael Beviá-Ballesteros, Mario Jerez-Tallón, Nieves Aranda-Garrido, Marcelo Saval-Calvo, Isabel Abel-Abellán and Andrés Fuster-Guilló

Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2025, 7(4), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/make7040146 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The development of systems for the identification of elasmobranchs, including sharks and rays, is crucial for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, as they represent one of the most threatened marine taxa. This challenge is constrained by data scarcity and the high morphological similarity [...] Read more.

The development of systems for the identification of elasmobranchs, including sharks and rays, is crucial for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, as they represent one of the most threatened marine taxa. This challenge is constrained by data scarcity and the high morphological similarity among species, which limits the applicability of traditional supervised models trained on specific datasets. In this work, we propose an informed zero-shot learning approach that integrates external expert knowledge into the inference process, leveraging the multimodal CLIP framework. The methodology incorporates three main sources of knowledge: detailed text descriptions provided by specialists, schematic illustrations highlighting distinctive morphological traits, and the taxonomic hierarchy that organizes species at different levels. Based on these resources, we design a pipeline for prompt extraction and validation, taxonomy-aware classification strategies, and enriched embeddings through a prototype-guided attention mechanism. The results show significant improvements in CLIP’s discriminative capacity in a complex problem characterized by high inter-class similarity and the absence of annotated examples, demonstrating the value of integrating domain knowledge into methodology development and providing a framework adaptable to other problems with similar constraints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Learning)

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13 pages, 624 KB

Open AccessReview

Immunology and Biologics in the Treatment of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis in Cystic Fibrosis

by Esther S. Kim and Janice Wang

J. Respir. 2025, 5(4), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jor5040019 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is mediated by hypersensitivity reactions to Aspergillus fumigatus, which is ubiquitous in the environment. People with Cystic Fibrosis (PwCF) are at an increased risk for developing ABPA, which can lead to frequent pulmonary exacerbations and progressive decline in [...] Read more.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is mediated by hypersensitivity reactions to Aspergillus fumigatus, which is ubiquitous in the environment. People with Cystic Fibrosis (PwCF) are at an increased risk for developing ABPA, which can lead to frequent pulmonary exacerbations and progressive decline in lung function. In the age of highly effective modulator therapies (HEMT), PwCF have improved clinical outcomes and overall life expectancy, but they continue to suffer from comorbidities such as ABPA, which may be difficult to diagnose and treat. Establishing the diagnosis of ABPA in PwCF requires high clinical suspicion due to similarities in symptoms with the underlying disease. First-line treatment involves corticosteroids and anti-fungals, which have multiple side effects and drug interactions, especially with HEMT. Given this challenge, biologics have gained attention as potential agents directly targeting the Th-2 inflammatory pathway of ABPA with good tolerability and without significant drug interactions with HEMT. In this review, we discuss the diagnostic process and management of ABPA in PwCF, including a brief overview of the current literature on biologic agents. Full article

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21 pages, 1211 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seed Priming as a Tool for Optimizing Sugar Beet Canopy Traits, Root Yield and Technological Sugar Yield

by Beata Michalska-Klimczak, Zdzisław Wyszyński, Vladimír Pačuta, Marek Rašovský, Jan Buczek and Chrystian Chomontowski

Agriculture 2025, 15(22), 2366; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15222366 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Seed priming is a proven method for enhancing early plant development and stress resilience, yet its field-level effects on sugar beet performance remain underexplored. This study evaluated the impact of seed priming on emergence dynamics, canopy traits, root yield, and sugar productivity over [...] Read more.

Seed priming is a proven method for enhancing early plant development and stress resilience, yet its field-level effects on sugar beet performance remain underexplored. This study evaluated the impact of seed priming on emergence dynamics, canopy traits, root yield, and sugar productivity over three growing seasons with variable weather conditions in central Poland. We found that primed seeds consistently improved emergence uniformity, plant spacing, and early growth, resulting in a more regular canopy structure and greater biomass accumulation. Sugar beet root yield increased by 6.2–7.7%, primarily due to higher average root mass, while final plant density remained unaffected. Although sucrose content was not significantly altered, sugar beet roots from primed seeds exhibited lower concentrations of molasses-forming substances (Na⁺, K⁺, and α-amino nitrogen). As a result, biological and technological sugar yields increased by 5.9% and 6.1%, respectively. Our results illustrate how seed priming enhances both agronomic performance and processing quality of sugar beet under field conditions, offering a low-cost strategy for stabilizing yield in temperate environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)

21 pages, 7354 KB

Open AccessArticle

Catharanthus roseus Phytochemicals as Multi-Target Modulators of Disability-Linked Neurodegeneration: Bio-Computational Insights

by Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Ali H. Alharbi, Varish Ahmad and Khurshid Ahmad

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(11), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111734 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Disability-linked neurodegeneration involves cholinergic dysfunction, amyloidogenesis, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and dopaminergic imbalance, highlighting the need for multi-target modulation. Catharanthus roseus contains a diverse array of metabolites with potential polypharmacological properties. Methods: We curated 318 Catharanthus roseus metabolites and performed structure-based virtual screening [...] Read more.

Background: Disability-linked neurodegeneration involves cholinergic dysfunction, amyloidogenesis, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and dopaminergic imbalance, highlighting the need for multi-target modulation. Catharanthus roseus contains a diverse array of metabolites with potential polypharmacological properties. Methods: We curated 318 Catharanthus roseus metabolites and performed structure-based virtual screening against five CNS targets, namely BACE1, AChE, MAO-B, NMDAR, and D1, using target-specific positive controls. Cross-target intersection ranking nominated three hits. We assessed dynamic stability by 200 ns all-atom molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) and MM/PBSA; ADMET-AI profiled CNS-relevant properties. Results: The three metabolites (PubChem CIDs 485711, 56964592, and 162963996) repeatedly ranked among top binders across targets. All five protein–ligand complexes reached stable MD plateaus (RMSD < ~0.30 nm) with sustained key interactions; BACE1 and AChE showed the highest contact persistence and most favorable ΔG_total/ligand-efficiency. Conclusions: Convergent docking, MDS, and MM/PBSA support these metabolites as tractable multi-target leads, with BACE1/AChE prioritized for enzyme-level validation and the remaining targets for follow-up studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Product-Derived Treatments of Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders)

25 pages, 4674 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cooperative Path Planning for Autonomous UAV Swarms Using MASAC-CA Algorithm

by Wenli Hu, Mingyuan Zhang, Xinhua Xu, Shaohua Qiu, Tao Liao and Longfei Yue

Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 1970; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111970 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cooperative path planning for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms has attracted considerable research attention, yet it remains challenging in complex, uncertain environments. To tackle this problem, we model the cooperative path planning task as a heterogeneous decentralized Markov Decision Process (MDP), emphasizing the [...] Read more.

Cooperative path planning for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms has attracted considerable research attention, yet it remains challenging in complex, uncertain environments. To tackle this problem, we model the cooperative path planning task as a heterogeneous decentralized Markov Decision Process (MDP), emphasizing the symmetry-inspired role assignment between leader and wingmen UAVs, which ensures balanced and coordinated behaviors in dynamic settings. We address the problem using a Multi-Agent Soft Actor-Critic (MASAC) framework enhanced with a symmetry-aware reward mechanism designed to optimize multiple cooperative objectives: simultaneous arrival, formation topology preservation, dynamic obstacle avoidance, trajectory smoothness, and inter-agent collision avoidance. This design promotes behavioral symmetry among agents, enhancing both coordination efficiency and system robustness. Simulation results demonstrate that our method achieves efficient swarm coordination and reliable obstacle avoidance. Quantitative evaluations show that our MASAC-CA algorithm achieves a Mission Success Rate (MSR) of 99.0% with 2–5 wingmen, representing approximately 13% improvement over baseline MASAC, while maintaining Formation Keeping Rates (FKR) of 59.68–26.29% across different swarm sizes. The method also reduces collisions to near zero in cluttered environments while keeping flight duration, path length, and energy consumption at levels comparable to baseline algorithms. Finally, the proposed model’s robustness and effectiveness are validated in complex uncertain environments, underscoring the value of symmetry principles in multi-agent system design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

24 pages, 5057 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomimicry of Echinocactus grusonii Spines as a Source of Inspiration for Design Principles and Implantation Strategies of Self-Inserting Intraneural Interfaces

by Pier Nicola Sergi

Biomimetics 2025, 10(11), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10110773 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cactaceae are plants equipped with spines and adapted to extremely arid environments. In particular, Echinocactus grusonii spines are almost cylindrical structures, which may occasionally present an enlargement of their proximal cross sectional area. In this work, the spines of Echinocactus grusonii were explored [...] Read more.

Cactaceae are plants equipped with spines and adapted to extremely arid environments. In particular, Echinocactus grusonii spines are almost cylindrical structures, which may occasionally present an enlargement of their proximal cross sectional area. In this work, the spines of Echinocactus grusonii were explored as a possible source of biomimetic inspiration for the design and the implantation strategies of self-inserting intraneural interfaces. More specifically, the elastic stability of spines was theoretically studied for structures able to puncture the surface of an external object, as well as for structures unable to pierce it. The biomimicry of Echinocactus grusonii spines suggested an improved insertion strategy for self-inserting intraneural interfaces together with structural changes able to increase their elastic stability. The theoretical approach provided in this work was able to predict an increase of the first buckling threshold up to

39 %

for not puncturing self-inserting neural interfaces, and up to

59 %

for puncturing ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Biomimetics of Materials, Functions, Structures and Processes 2025)

12 pages, 558 KB

Open AccessArticle

Auditory Resource Redistribution in Audiovisual Integration: Evidence from Attribute Amnesia

by Zikang Meng, Ziyi Liu, Wu Jiang, Biye Cai, Zonghao Zhang and Haoping Yang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1557; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111557 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Auditory stimuli are known to enhance visual target recognition in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) tasks, yet the robustness and potential trade-offs of this audiovisual integration (AVI) effect remain debated. Attribute amnesia (AA) refers to the phenomenon in which individuals successfully identify a [...] Read more.

Auditory stimuli are known to enhance visual target recognition in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) tasks, yet the robustness and potential trade-offs of this audiovisual integration (AVI) effect remain debated. Attribute amnesia (AA) refers to the phenomenon in which individuals successfully identify a stimulus for a task, but fail to recall its basic attributes when unexpectedly tested. The present study investigates whether improvements in visual recognition through AVI occur at the expense of auditory information loss, as predicted by the AA framework. Across two RSVP experiments, participants were presented with letter targets embedded among digit distractors. In Experiment 1, an auditory pitch (bass, alto, treble) accompanied the second target (T2); in Experiment 2, an auditory syllable either matched or mismatched the semantic identity of T2. A surprise-test paradigm was used to assess participants’ ability to recall auditory stimuli. The results show that both pitch and semantic attributes were subject to AA, with semantic stimuli recalled more accurately than pitch. Moreover, semantic congruency enhanced T2 identification, highlighting the automatic processing advantage of semantic cues. Post-surprise trials revealed the improved recall of auditory attributes, consistent with the working memory reselection model. Together, these findings suggest that AVI enhances visual recognition by reallocating cognitive resources, but at the cost of a partial loss of irrelevant auditory information. Full article

26 pages, 5150 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Path-Following Control of Lizard-Inspired Single-Actuated Robot Utilizing Inverse Kinematics

by Shunsuke Nansai, Norihiro Kamamichi and Akihiro Naganawa

Automation 2025, 6(4), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation6040074 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to implement a path-following control system based on the kinematics of the Lizard-Inspired Single-Actuated robot (LISA). LISA is a new type of robot that mimics the quadrupedal walking morphology of lizards with a four-bar linkage mechanism and [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to implement a path-following control system based on the kinematics of the Lizard-Inspired Single-Actuated robot (LISA). LISA is a new type of robot that mimics the quadrupedal walking morphology of lizards with a four-bar linkage mechanism and can realize both propulsion and turning with 1 degree-of-freedom. To achieve this purpose, this paper takes 3 approaches: kinematics formulation, control system design, and experimental verification. In the kinematics formulation, we formulate LISA’s turning angle, stride length, posture, propulsive direction, curvature, and position coordinate. In control system design, we design a control system that converges not only the distance error but also the posture error and control input. Conditional equations that can achieve these 3 control targets are formulated using forward kinematics and reference path functions. The experimental verifications were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the designed path-following control system using three types of paths: linear, circular, and combined linear and circular. As a result, it was confirmed that the Root Mean Square values for the control input, the distance error, and the attitude error were sufficiently small in steady state. Therefore, it was confirmed that the 3 control objectives had been achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Robotics and Autonomous Systems)

23 pages, 978 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Epidemiological and Clinical Profiling of Heart Failure—A Retrospective and Comparative Analysis of Cases Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Romanian Emergency County Clinical Hospital

by Maria Cristina Tătar, Martin Manole, Iuliu Gabriel Cocuz and Alexandru-Constantin Ioniță

Medicina 2025, 61(11), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61112037 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Heart failure (HF) represents a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs such as fatigue, dyspnea, edema of the lower limb, or pulmonary rales. It usually occurs in elderly individuals due to decreased cardiac pumping function and/or increased diastolic [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Heart failure (HF) represents a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs such as fatigue, dyspnea, edema of the lower limb, or pulmonary rales. It usually occurs in elderly individuals due to decreased cardiac pumping function and/or increased diastolic ventricular filling pressures. The COVID-19 pandemic deeply altered many daily life habits, and one of the most affected groups of people were those with chronic diseases because of their need for regular medical follow-up. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection itself has been shown to exacerbate cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Materials and Methods: This retrospective, observational, and comparative study aimed to characterize and compare patients with chronic heart failure hospitalized in the Cardiology Department of Medical Clinic II, Mureș County Emergency Clinical Hospital, in Târgu Mureș, Romania, between January and December 2019 (pre-pandemic), January and December 2021 (pandemic), and January and December 2023 (post-pandemic). Results: A total of 406 patients were analyzed: 202 patients hospitalized in 2019, 101 patients hospitalized in 2021, and 103 patients hospitalized in 2023. Women with HF were significantly older (median age 72 years) than men (median age 65 years; p < 0.001). During the pandemic, the median length of hospitalization increased (8 days vs. 7 days in the other periods). The pandemic period was also associated with a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), as reflected by a higher incidence of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (42% during the pandemic; p < 0.01). Conclusions: During and after the pandemic, men exhibited significantly higher rates of right and left bundle branch blocks, as well as chronic obliterating artery disease of the lower limb. Left ventricular function declined during the pandemic in both men and women. Throughout the years, we observed distinct patterns between male and female patients regarding associated diseases or behaviours, suggesting lifestyle and psychological changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Heart Failure)

13 pages, 3165 KB

Open AccessArticle

Calcined Xerogels of C/TiO₂ Nanostructures for Solar-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

by Yong Li, Hongpeng Zhang, Canni Zhuo, Xixi Sun, Jiaqi Gao and Yali Zhao

Gels 2025, 11(11), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11110911 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The solar-driven water splitting for the production of renewable green hydrogen fundamentally relies on the exploration of efficient photocatalysts. Nanostructured TiO₂ is widely recognized as a promising material for photocatalysis, yet it remains hindered by inadequate light harvesting and fast photogenerated carrier [...] Read more.

The solar-driven water splitting for the production of renewable green hydrogen fundamentally relies on the exploration of efficient photocatalysts. Nanostructured TiO₂ is widely recognized as a promising material for photocatalysis, yet it remains hindered by inadequate light harvesting and fast photogenerated carrier recombination. Herein, calcined C/TiO₂ xerogels with yolk–shell and core–shell nanostructures (denoted as YS-C/TiO₂ and CS-C/TiO₂) were designed and fabricated via a typical sol–gel–calcination assisted approach. Thanks to the encapsulation of carbon nanospheres into TiO₂, it effectively enhances light absorption, improves carrier separation, and lessens carrier recombination, making the well-designed YS-C/TiO₂ composite display a remarkable hydrogen evolution rate of 975 µmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under simulated solar light irradiation and without the use of any co-catalyst, which is approximately 21.7 times that of the commercial TiO₂. The work provides an efficacious design concept in developing nanostructured TiO₂-based photocatalysts and in boosting broad photocatalytic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gel Chemistry and Physics)

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23 pages, 4371 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization and Functional Effect on Canine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of an Uncharacterized Major Egg Antigen EGR-01664 from Echinococcus granulosus

by Juncheng Huang, Xinwen Bo, Xuke Chen, Jiaxin Zhao, Jianan Zhao, Linying Wei, Yanyan Zhang, Yan Sun and Zhengrong Wang

Genes 2025, 16(11), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16111384 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally distributed zoonosis triggered by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), impacting humans and an extensive array of mammalian intermediate hosts. EGR-01664 is the major egg antigen of E. granulosus, but almost [...] Read more.

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally distributed zoonosis triggered by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), impacting humans and an extensive array of mammalian intermediate hosts. EGR-01664 is the major egg antigen of E. granulosus, but almost nothing is currently known about the function of EGR-01664 from E. granulosus. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the E. granulosus EGR-01664 gene (GenBank ID: 36337379), and the recombinant EGR-01664 protein was expressed successfully. Next, the transcription of the EGR-01664 gene across various developmental stages of E. granulosus was analyzed. Its spatial expression patterns in adult worms and protoscoleces were characterized using both quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence assays. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory effects of rEGR-01664 on cell proliferation, nitric oxide production, and cytokine secretion were examined by co-culturing the recombinant protein with canine PBMCs. Results: The rEGR-01664 could be recognized by sera from dogs infected with E. granulosus. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) localization revealed the protein’s presence in the epidermis of protoscoleces, the adult epidermis, and some parenchymal tissues. qPCR revealed that EGR-01664 mRNA levels were significantly higher in protoscoleces compared to adults (p < 0.0001). At a concentration of 20 μg/mL, rEGR-01664 could significantly activate the transcription and expression of IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-17A, and Bax in canine PBMCs. However, with an increase in concentration, it inhibited the expression of IFN-γ, Bcl-2, GSDMD, IL-18, and IL-1β. These results suggest that the EGR-01664 gene plays a crucial role in the development, parasitism, and reproduction of E. granulosus. In vitro studies have shown that rEGR-01664 protein regulates the immune regulation function of canine PBMCs, suggesting its potential as a vaccine adjuvant or immunotherapy target. Conclusions: EGR-01664 may modulate canine PBMC functions to regulate host immune responses, thereby facilitating our understanding of how E. granulosus EGR-01664 contributes to the mechanism of parasitic immune evasion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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31 pages, 2822 KB

Open AccessEssay

Creative Flow in Musical Composition—How My Studies in Chi Energy Shaped My Creativity as a Composer

by Frank Jens-Peter Berger

Arts 2025, 14(6), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts14060141 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

This article was born from an artistic collaboration between a Sámi textile artist and me as a composer. At the heart of our work, Spirit Land/Vuoiŋŋalaš Eanadat, three woven triptychs inspired by Sámi cosmology, met newly composed music shaped through my engagement [...] Read more.

This article was born from an artistic collaboration between a Sámi textile artist and me as a composer. At the heart of our work, Spirit Land/Vuoiŋŋalaš Eanadat, three woven triptychs inspired by Sámi cosmology, met newly composed music shaped through my engagement with chi-based practices of flow and awareness. The creative process unfolded as a spiritual journey; a path of listening, learning, and standing with indigenous knowledge while acknowledging my position as a non-Sámi artist. Drawing on decolonial research, autoethnography, and relational methodologies, I describe how embodied practices, attention to breath, body, and energy flow, opened space for creativity and for dialogue. Rather than presenting measurable outcomes, I trace small yet significant shifts in how moments where music, weaving, and improvisation re-coded church spaces marked by colonial inheritance, and where relational gestures carried possibilities of reconciliation. The article contributes to current discussions in artistic research by showing how composition can be both intellectual and corporeal, both personal and political. In doing so, it suggests that creative flow, when rooted in collaboration and relationship with fellow artists and more-than-human entities, can contribute to a decolonial practice. The results are fragile and partial, but filled with resonance and hope. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artistic Imagination and Social Imaginaries–Polysemous Readings of Historical Travelling Accounts)

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14 pages, 1024 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Reduced Iron Chelate Fertilization on Photosynthesis, Stress Parameters, and Yield of Mandarin Trees

by Ana Hernández-Cánovas, Carmen Jurado-Mañogil, Pedro Diaz-Vivancos and José A. Hernández

Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2622; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112622 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of reducing Fe chelate fertilization (50% and 25% reduction) on soil nutrient content and on different physiological and biochemical parameters in mandarin leaves. The reduction in Fe fertilization efficiently decreased soil Fe content, [...] Read more.

The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of reducing Fe chelate fertilization (50% and 25% reduction) on soil nutrient content and on different physiological and biochemical parameters in mandarin leaves. The reduction in Fe fertilization efficiently decreased soil Fe content, even in the short-term, without affecting leaf Fe or chlorophyll contents. Reduced iron fertilization increased the accumulation of certain heavy metals in mandarin roots, indicating potential implications for phytoremediation. It is well-established that disturbances of foliar Fe homeostasis can impair the photosynthetic process. Nevertheless, reduction in Fe supply did not negatively affect photosynthetic performance (based on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters), nor did it influence the stress levels of the trees, as indicated by lipid peroxidation. In addition, reduced iron fertilization did not alter peroxidase activity, which is considered a biochemical marker of Fe nutrition in plants. Finally, mandarin production was evaluated over two consecutive years, with no significant variations among the different iron treatments, whereas only minor differences were observed in fruit quality. Overall, these results indicate that reducing Fe fertilization is a feasible strategy, as it does not adversely affect the physiological processes or yield of mandarin trees. Furthermore, this agricultural practice can enhance nutrient use efficiency, thereby contributing to the reduction in soil and aquifer contamination while providing economic benefits to farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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14 pages, 91563 KB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering the Morphology and Properties of MoS₂ Films Through Gaseous Precursor-Induced Vacancy Defect Control

by James Abraham, Nigel D. Shepherd, Chris Littler, A. J. Syllaios and Usha Philipose

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221723 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The morphology, structure, and composition of CVD-grown molybdenum disulfide (

{MoS}_{2}

) films were investigated under varying precursor vapor pressures. Increasing sulfur vapor pressure transformed the film morphology from well-defined triangular domains to structures dominated by sulfur-terminated zigzag edges. These morphological changes [...] Read more.

The morphology, structure, and composition of CVD-grown molybdenum disulfide (

{MoS}_{2}

) films were investigated under varying precursor vapor pressures. Increasing sulfur vapor pressure transformed the film morphology from well-defined triangular domains to structures dominated by sulfur-terminated zigzag edges. These morphological changes were accompanied by notable variations in both structural and electrical properties. Non-uniform precursor vapor distribution promoted the formation of intrinsic point defects. To elucidate this behavior, a thermodynamic model was developed to link growth parameters to native defect formation. The analysis considered molybdenum and sulfur vacancies in both neutral and charged states, with equilibrium concentrations determined from the corresponding defect formation reactions. Sulfur vapor pressure emerged as the dominant factor controlling defect concentrations. The model validated experimental observations, with films grown under optimum and sulfur-rich conditions, yielding a carrier concentration of

9.6 \times 10^{11}

cm

^{- 2}

and

7.5 \times 10^{11}

cm

^{- 2}

, respectively. The major difference in the field-effect transistor (FET) performance of devices fabricated under these two conditions was the degradation of the field-effect mobility and the current switching ratio. The degradation observed is attributed to increased carrier scattering at charged vacancy defect sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

22 pages, 2132 KB

Open AccessReview

Immune Age, Cardiovascular Disease, and Anti-Viral Immunity

by Kevin-Phu C. Le, Fahad Shuja, Jorg J. Goronzy and Cornelia M. Weyand

Cells 2025, 14(22), 1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14221793 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rise precipitously during the 6th–9th decades of life, identifying aging as a critical risk factor. Simultaneously, older individuals are susceptible to severe viral infection, raising the question whether shared mechanisms exist that predispose to both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rise precipitously during the 6th–9th decades of life, identifying aging as a critical risk factor. Simultaneously, older individuals are susceptible to severe viral infection, raising the question whether shared mechanisms exist that predispose to both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and failing anti-viral immunity. The aging process causes steady decline in immune fitness (immune aging), which undermines the ability to generate protective anti-viral immune responses. Paradoxically, the aging immune system supports unopposed inflammatory pathways (inflammaging), which exacerbates tissue inflammation in CVD, specifically atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current evidence of how innate and adaptive immune aging promotes tissue-destructive inflammation in atherosclerosis while failing to fight viral infections. Further, we consider how these two disease processes mutually influence each other. We propose that mounting an effective anti-viral response induces off-target bystander activation and exhausts immune cells, ultimately exacerbating CVD. Additionally, we explore how atherosclerotic CVD impacts innate immunity through epigenetic modification of hematopoietic precursors and metabolically conditioning immune cells, leading to a dysfunctional immune system that accelerates plaque inflammation while simultaneously impairing host defense. Full article

17 pages, 3178 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laser-Synthesized Plasmono-Fluorescent Si-Au and SiC-Au Nanocomposites for Colorimetric Sensing

by Yury V. Ryabchikov

Crystals 2025, 15(11), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15110982 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sensing represents one of the most rapidly developing areas of modern life sciences, spreading from the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in living systems, food, and beverages to hazardous substances in liquid and gaseous environments. However, the development of efficient and low-cost multimodal sensors [...] Read more.

Sensing represents one of the most rapidly developing areas of modern life sciences, spreading from the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in living systems, food, and beverages to hazardous substances in liquid and gaseous environments. However, the development of efficient and low-cost multimodal sensors with easy-to-read functionality is still very challenging. In this paper, stable aqueous colloidal suspensions (ζ-potential was between −30 and −40 mV) of ultrasmall (~7 nm) plasmonic Si-Au and SiC-Au nanocomposites were formed. Two variants of pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL)—direct ablation and laser co-fragmentation—were used for this purpose. The co-fragmentation approach led to a considerable decrease in hydrodynamic diameter (~78 nm) and bandgap widening to approximately 1.6 eV. All plasmonic nanocomposites exhibited efficient multi-band blue emission peaking at ~430 nm upon Xe lamp excitation. Co-fragmentation route considerably (~1 order of magnitude) increased the PL efficiency of the nanocomposites in comparison with the laser-ablated ones, accompanied by a negligible amount of dangling bonds. These silicon-based nanostructures significantly affected the optical response of rhodamine 6G, depending on the synthesis route. In particular, directly ablated nanoparticles revealed a stronger influence on the optical response of dye molecules. The observed findings suggest using such types of semiconductor-plasmonic nanocomposites for multimodal plasmonic and colorimetric sensing integrated with luminescent detection capability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Multi-Component Hybrid and Composite Nanostructures)

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29 pages, 6641 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of a Low-Loss Peanut Mechanized Shelling Technology Based on Moisture Content, Flexible Materials, and Key Operating Parameters

by Xuan Liao, Tao Liu, Jiannan Wang, Minji Liu, Chenyang Sun, Jiyou An, Huanxiong Xie, Zhichao Hu, Yi Shen and Hai Wei

Agriculture 2025, 15(22), 2365; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15222365 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

In order to address the problems of high mechanical damage rate (MDR) and poor variety adaptability in mechanical peanut shelling, this paper improves a small, flexible arc-plates drum–circular grid bar concave screen-type peanut-shelling device. Firstly, by combining the Hertz theory and [...] Read more.

In order to address the problems of high mechanical damage rate (MDR) and poor variety adaptability in mechanical peanut shelling, this paper improves a small, flexible arc-plates drum–circular grid bar concave screen-type peanut-shelling device. Firstly, by combining the Hertz theory and the Weibull distribution model, the shelling and separation models of drums of rigid rods and flexible arc-plates were established. Through comparative analysis, it was verified that the latter has a lower MDR and energy consumption and has excellent shelling performance. Then, through single-factor experiments and an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the influence laws of peanut moisture content, drum speed, shelling spacing, and hardness of flexible material (silicone) on the MDR and shelling efficiency (SE) were explored. Subsequently, Box–Behnken’s four-factor three-level regression experiments were carried out, and the optimal shelling operation parameters were obtained by using the response surface multi-objective optimization method (RSM) and verified experiments. The results show that when moisture content is 11%, drum speed is 227 rpm, shelling spacing is 24 mm, and silicone hardness is 40 HA, the kernel’s MDR after shelling is 4.73%, which is reduced by 5.51% and the SE is 95.21%, which is increased by 3%. The R² and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the actual value versus the predicted value of the model were 0.9921, 0.9624, 7.99 × 10⁻², and 3.1 × 10⁻³, respectively. The relevant research provides references for reducing losses, improving quality, and applying new materials for components in mechanical peanut shelling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

27 pages, 1200 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Circular Value Navigator: A Tool for Identifying and Transforming Linear Practices in the Circular Economy

by Michael Hamwi, Iban Lizarralde and Romain Allais

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10209; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210209 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The transition to a circular economy (CE) presents a significant challenge for firms, especially in the initial stages, where cognitive barriers can hinder the identification of linear practices and the development of circular solutions. One key approach to supporting business model innovation has [...] Read more.

The transition to a circular economy (CE) presents a significant challenge for firms, especially in the initial stages, where cognitive barriers can hinder the identification of linear practices and the development of circular solutions. One key approach to supporting business model innovation has been the use of visualization tools. While several tools facilitate circular innovation, most remain primarily descriptive or evaluative and do not bridge the gap between diagnosing linear practices and designing circular value propositions. This paper addresses this gap by introducing a conceptual tool—the ‘Circular Value Navigator’—designed to support managers in the early stages of CE transformation. The tool aims to facilitate a systemic process for identifying problems rooted in the dominant linear economy and converting them into actionable CE opportunities. Therefore, it supports the development of circular value propositions. The proposed tool integrates three core dimensions: Value Uncaptured, Innovation Perspectives, and Circularity Strategies. By systematically exploring the interplay among these dimensions, the tool helps users identify and map circularity hotspots and pathways for improvement. This research contributes to the literature on cognitive tools in the circular economy field by offering a framework that enhances managers’ abilities in systemic thinking, problem reframing, and the strategic design of circular business models—ultimately aiming to accelerate the adoption of sustainable practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Innovation, Circular Economy and Sustainability Transition)

12 pages, 254 KB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Effects of Rock Steady Boxing Exercise on the Balance Ability of People with Parkinson’s Disease: An Interventional Experimental Study

by Michał Staniszewski, Artur Kruszewski and Monika Lopuszanska-Dawid

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12107; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212107 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The occurrence of injuries due to unintentional falls becomes particularly dangerous in people with neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of the Rock Steady Boxing (RSB) program’s single training units on body stability changes [...] Read more.

The occurrence of injuries due to unintentional falls becomes particularly dangerous in people with neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of the Rock Steady Boxing (RSB) program’s single training units on body stability changes in elderly people with PD. Data from 18 patients (PG) and a similar-age 15-person control group without PD (CG) were used to analyze the collected study material. Postural stabilography was used to assess balance ability in two 30-second tests of standing on both feet with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC). The EO_CoP path length was significantly (p = 0.007) longer in the PG (266 ± 105 mm) compared to the CG (172 ± 32 mm), and similar differences were obtained for other parameters. PG measurements were taken over four consecutive weeks of RSB, both before and after each 90-minute training session. The lack of relevant differences be-tween measurements before vs. after for the PG may indicate the appropriate adaptation of exercisers to the applied loads. The probability of the compared parameters ranged from p = 0.586 to p = 0.999. Participation in RSB-based physical activity resulted in a deterioration in balance ability in the majority of participants immediately after exer-cise, but the results were characterized by a large spread, and the changes varied indi-vidually. Therefore, sports activities for PD must be adapted accordingly, taking into account the stage of the disease or the duration of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Related Physical Activity for People with Parkinson’s Disease)

21 pages, 1208 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hetero-Aggregation of Nanoplastics with Freshwater Algae and the Toxicological Consequences: The Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances

by Jiannan Ding, Jiaxin Yang, Xiaojun Song, Shuo Liu, Zhenguo Wang and Hua Zou

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110980 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The presence of nanoplastics (NPs) in freshwater environments has received increasing attention in recent years. However, the hetero-aggregation behaviors of NPs with the co-existing algae and the influence on NP toxicity, especially the potential role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) during the entire [...] Read more.

The presence of nanoplastics (NPs) in freshwater environments has received increasing attention in recent years. However, the hetero-aggregation behaviors of NPs with the co-existing algae and the influence on NP toxicity, especially the potential role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) during the entire process, are poorly understood. In this study, the hetero-aggregations of polystyrene (PS) and polylactic acid (PLA) NPs with Chlorella vulgaris, along with their toxicological consequences, were investigated in EPS-containing and EPS-free conditions. The results in the 12 h settling experiments showed that the ΔOD_reduced values ranged from 0.33 to 0.74, and the PS NPs exhibited higher aggregation efficiency with algae than the PLA NPs, which was inconsistent with previous microplastic studies and the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek calculations. This can be attributed to the unique properties of NPs and the mediating effects of tightly bound and loosely bound EPS during the formation of stable heteropolymers. In the 96 h toxicological experiments, various endpoints for algal growth inhibition, pigment synthesis disturbance, cell membrane damage, and oxidative stress were measured. Both the ΔOD_reduced values and integrated biomarker responses were positively associated with membrane damage and superoxide dismutase activity, demonstrating a view that the hetero-aggregation behavior could affect the membrane integrity and oxidative stress of algal cells, and exacerbate the toxicity of NPs on algae. The present study underscores the material-specific uniqueness of NPs in interactions with freshwater algae. Further studies are needed to broaden our knowledge of the hetero-aggregation behaviors and toxicological effects of NPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Monitoring, Transformation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic Environments)

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20 pages, 4110 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of a Novel Single-Shank Drag Anchor Design

by Chuheng Wu, Peng Guo, Youhu Zhang, Xiangyu Wang and Di Lei

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2157; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112157 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Drag embedment anchor (DEA) constitutes a compelling anchoring solution for an array of floating structures, attributable to its exceptional efficiency in holding capacity and the comparatively modest expenditures incurred in manufacturing and installation. The holding capacity of DEAs is, to a large extent, [...] Read more.

Drag embedment anchor (DEA) constitutes a compelling anchoring solution for an array of floating structures, attributable to its exceptional efficiency in holding capacity and the comparatively modest expenditures incurred in manufacturing and installation. The holding capacity of DEAs is, to a large extent, dictated by the penetration depth achieved during installation. In hard soils, such as dense sand and stiff clay, the penetration depth of DEAs is often limited due to the large soil resistance acting on the shank structure, which in turn limits its holding capacity. In this paper, a novel anchor design with a single flat shank is proposed, which can greatly reduce the soil resistance on the shank during installation, in the hope of improving the penetration depth and consequently the holding capacity of DEAs. To verify this design assumption, a comprehensive suite of large deformation numerical simulations is carried out in both clayey and sandy soils. In addition, a series of physical model tests are performed in uniform sand. The results from both the numerical simulations and the model tests confirm the superior penetrability and holding capacity of the proposed single-shank anchor design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Geomechanics and Geotechnics)

15 pages, 5390 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Effect of Insulation Materials Used for Energy Conservation in Buildings on Indoor Radon—The Scale Model Room Approach

by Ilaria Rocchetti, Manuela Portaro, Paola Tuccimei, Gianfranco Galli, Michele Soligo, Cristina Longoni and Dino Vasquez

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12106; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212106 (registering DOI) - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates how external insulation materials used for energy efficiency affect indoor radon accumulation, using a scale model room built with ignimbrite, a highly radon-emitting volcanic rock. Two insulation materials—mineral wool (open-cell, 98% porosity) and extruded polystyrene (XPS, closed-cell, >95%)—were applied to [...] Read more.

This study investigates how external insulation materials used for energy efficiency affect indoor radon accumulation, using a scale model room built with ignimbrite, a highly radon-emitting volcanic rock. Two insulation materials—mineral wool (open-cell, 98% porosity) and extruded polystyrene (XPS, closed-cell, >95%)—were applied to the outer walls of the model room. Their effects were tested in combination with three internal radon barriers (silane-terminated membrane, silicone sealant, bitumen membrane) and under varying ventilation rates (0.11 h⁻¹ and 0.44 h⁻¹). Radon concentrations were measured using calibrated detectors over five experimental phases. Without ventilation, XPS increased indoor radon by up to +351%, while mineral wool showed a milder effect (+26%). The silicone sealant reduced radon by up to 90%, outperforming other barriers. Ventilation significantly lowered radon levels, simulating the “flushing” effect of wind. The combination of impermeable insulation and lack of air exchange led to the highest radon accumulation. High-performance insulation can compromise indoor air quality by trapping radon, especially in buildings with high geogenic radon potential. Effective mitigation requires pairing insulation with high-performing radon barriers and adequate ventilation. These findings highlight the need to balance energy efficiency with indoor environmental safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)

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