Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Atmosphere atmosphere	2.5	4.6	2010	15.8 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Land land	3.2	4.9	2012	17.8 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Remote Sensing remotesensing	4.2	8.3	2009	24.7 Days	CHF 2700	Submit
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	20 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Water water	3.0	5.8	2009	16.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Earth earth	2.1	3.3	2020	21.7 Days	CHF 1200	Submit
Hydrology hydrology	3.1	4.9	2014	18.6 Days	CHF 1800	Submit

21 pages, 14626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogeochemical Insights into the Sustainable Prospects of Groundwater Resources in an Alpine Irrigation Area on Tibetan Plateau

by Shaokang Yang, Zhen Zhao, Shengbin Wang, Shanhu Xiao, Yong Xiao, Jie Wang, Jianhui Wang, Youjin Yuan, Ruishou Ba, Ning Wang, Yuqing Zhang, Liwei Wang and Hongjie Yang

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9229; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219229 - 24 Oct 2024

Viewed by 519

Abstract

The Tibetan Plateau is the “Asia Water Tower” and is pivotal for Asia and the whole world. Groundwater is essential for sustainable development in its alpine regions, yet its chemical quality increasingly limits its usability. The present research examines the hydrochemical characteristics and [...] Read more.

The Tibetan Plateau is the “Asia Water Tower” and is pivotal for Asia and the whole world. Groundwater is essential for sustainable development in its alpine regions, yet its chemical quality increasingly limits its usability. The present research examines the hydrochemical characteristics and origins of phreatic groundwater in alpine irrigation areas. The study probes the chemical signatures, quality, and regulatory mechanisms of phreatic groundwater in a representative alpine irrigation area of the Tibetan Plateau. The findings indicate that the phreatic groundwater maintains a slightly alkaline and fresh status, with pH values ranging from 7.07 to 8.06 and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) between 300.25 and 638.38 mg/L. The hydrochemical composition of phreatic groundwater is mainly HCO₃-Ca type, with a minority of HCO₃-Na·Ca types, closely mirroring the profile of river water. Nitrogen contaminants, including NO₃⁻_, NO₂⁻, and NH₄⁺, exhibit considerable concentration fluctuations within the phreatic aquifer. Approximately 9.09% of the sampled groundwaters exceed the NO₂⁻ threshold of 0.02 mg/L, and 28.57% surpass the NH₄⁺ limit of 0.2 mg/L for potable water standards. All sampled groundwaters are below the permissible limit of NO₃⁻ (50 mg/L). Phreatic groundwater exhibits relatively good potability, as assessed by the entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI), with 95.24% of groundwaters having an EWQI value below 100. However, the potential health risks associated with elevated NO₃⁻ levels, rather than NO₂⁻ and NH₄⁺, merit attention when such water is consumed by minors at certain sporadic sampling locations. Phreatic groundwater does not present sodium hazards or soil permeability damage, yet salinity hazards require attention. The hydrochemical makeup of phreatic groundwater is primarily dictated by rock–water interactions, such as silicate weathering and cation exchange reactions, with occasional influences from the dissolution of evaporites and carbonates, as well as reverse cation-exchange processes. While agricultural activities have not caused a notable rise in salinity, they are the main contributors to nitrogen pollution in the study area’s phreatic groundwater. Agricultural-derived nitrogen pollutants require vigilant monitoring to avert extensive deterioration of groundwater quality and to ensure the sustainable management of groundwater resources in alpine areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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25 pages, 6907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geoenvironmental Effects of the Hydric Relationship Between the Del Sauce Wetland and the Laguna Verde Detritic Coastal Aquifer, Central Chile

by Blanca Gana, José Miguel Andreu Rodes, Paula Díaz, Agustín Balboa, Sebastián Frías, Andrea Ávila, Cecilia Rivera, Claudio A. Sáez and Céline Lavergne

Hydrology 2024, 11(10), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11100174 - 16 Oct 2024

Viewed by 852

Abstract

In the central region of Chile, the Mega-Drought together with the demographic increase near the coast threatens groundwater availability and the hydrogeological functioning of coastal wetlands. To understand the hydric relationship between an aquifer and a wetland in a semi-arid coastal region of [...] Read more.

In the central region of Chile, the Mega-Drought together with the demographic increase near the coast threatens groundwater availability and the hydrogeological functioning of coastal wetlands. To understand the hydric relationship between an aquifer and a wetland in a semi-arid coastal region of Central Chile (Valparaíso, Chile), as well as its geoenvironmental effects, four data collection campaigns were conducted in the wetland–estuary hydric system and surroundings, between 2021 and 2022, including physical, hydrochemical, and isotopic analyses in groundwater (n = 16 sites) and surface water (n = 8 sites). The results generated a conceptual model that indicates a hydraulic connection between the wetland and the aquifer, where the water use in one affects the availability in the other. With an average precipitation of 400 mm per year, the main recharge for both systems is rainwater. Three specific sources of pollution were identified from anthropic discharges that affect the water quality of the wetland and the estuary (flow from sanitary landfill, agricultural and livestock industry, and septic tank discharges in populated areas), exacerbated by the infiltration of seawater laterally and superficially through sandy sediments and the estuary, increasing salinity and electrical conductivity in the coastal zone (i.e., 3694 µS/cm). The Del Sauce subbasin faces strong hydric stress triggered by the poor conservation state of the riparian–coastal wetland and groundwater in the same area. This study provides a detailed understanding of hydrological interactions and serves as a model for understanding the possible effects on similar ecosystems, highlighting the need for integrated and appropriate environmental management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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14 pages, 4407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Brine Chemical Composition in Cambrian Carbonate-Dominated Succession in the Northeastern Region of Chongqing, Southwestern China

by Zhi-lin Zheng, Bin Xie, Chun-mei Wu, Lei Zhou, Ke Zhang, Bin-chen Zhang and Ping-heng Yang

Water 2024, 16(19), 2859; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192859 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 629

Abstract

Deeply situated brine is abundant in rare metal minerals, possessing significant economic worth. To the authors’ knowledge, brine present within the Cambrian carbonate-dominated succession in the northeastern region of Chongqing, Southwestern China, has not been previously reported. In this investigation, brine samples were [...] Read more.

Deeply situated brine is abundant in rare metal minerals, possessing significant economic worth. To the authors’ knowledge, brine present within the Cambrian carbonate-dominated succession in the northeastern region of Chongqing, Southwestern China, has not been previously reported. In this investigation, brine samples were collected from an abandoned brine well, designated as Tianyi Well, for the purpose of analyzing the hydrochemical characteristics and geochemical evolution of the brine. Halide concentrations, associated ions, and their ionic ratios within the sampled brine were analyzed. The brine originating from the deep Cambrian aquifer was characterized by high salinity levels, with an average TDS value of 242 ± 11 g/L, and was dominated by a Na-Cl facies. The studied brine underwent a moderate degree of seawater evaporation, occurring between the saturation levels of gypsum and halite, accompanied by some halite dissolution. Compared to modern seawater evaporation, the depletion of Mg²⁺, HCO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻ concentrations, along with the enrichment of Ca²⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, and Sr²⁺, is likely primarily attributed to water–rock interactions. These interactions include dolomitization, combination of halite dissolution, upwelling of lithium- and potassium-bearing groundwater, calcium sulfate precipitation, biological sulfate reduction (BSR), and the common ion effect within the brine system. This research offers valuable insights into the genesis of the brine within the Cambrian carbonate succession and provides theoretical backing for the development of brine resources in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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24 pages, 22709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Ecological Security Patterns Incorporating Multiple Types of Ecological Service Functions for Developed Coastal Regions: A Case Study in Jinjiang Watershed, China

by Yuchen Zhu, Yaci Liu, Yong Xiao, Jiahuan Liu, Zihui Zhao, Yasong Li, Qichen Hao, Chunlei Liu and Jianfeng Li

Land 2024, 13(8), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081227 - 7 Aug 2024

Viewed by 580

Abstract

An ecological security pattern is an essential natural solution for promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of urban growth and the ecological environment within a given region. This study aims to develop a comprehensive ecological security pattern (ESP) for the Jinjiang watershed by [...] Read more.

An ecological security pattern is an essential natural solution for promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of urban growth and the ecological environment within a given region. This study aims to develop a comprehensive ecological security pattern (ESP) for the Jinjiang watershed by integrating multiple ecological service functions: ecological regulation, eco-product provisions, and human settlement services. Using a well-established methodology of “source identification—resistance surface construction—ecological corridor extraction”, we identified 322 ecological source areas and delineated 321 ecological corridors spanning 1941.67 km, with key corridors connecting ecological regulation sources and ordinary corridors primarily linking eco-product provisions and human settlement sources. Our results show that the northern hilly regions are significant for ecological regulation, Anxi County is key for eco-product provisions, and human settlement services are scattered across urban areas and river valleys. This integration enhances regional ecological sustainability and provides a model for similar coastal regions globally. Our findings offer scientific guidance for balancing urban growth with ecological preservation, contributing to sustainable development worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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14 pages, 3474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Hydrological Relationship between the North Taihang Tunnel and Tianshengqiao Nine Falls

by Xinfeng Wang, Lei Gong, Yuanqing Liu, Yan Wang, Qingang Wang, Mian Song, Pan Xiao and Zheming Shi

Water 2024, 16(11), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111549 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 746

Abstract

The impact of a tunnel construction on the groundwater system depends on various parameters and cannot be easily predicted. Along these lines, a deep understanding of the hydrological relationship between tunnels and surface water is considered of vital importance for ensuring safety during [...] Read more.

The impact of a tunnel construction on the groundwater system depends on various parameters and cannot be easily predicted. Along these lines, a deep understanding of the hydrological relationship between tunnels and surface water is considered of vital importance for ensuring safety during railway construction. Upon completion, the North Taihang Tunnel will be one of four extra-long railway tunnels running through the natural ecotope and level-3 protection areas of the Tianshengqiao National Geological Park in Fuping County, Hebei Province. It will be 1 km away from the Tianshengqiao Nine Falls, which is known as a breathtaking landscape feature in Northern China. Local government, societies, and railway design units have raised concerns about whether the construction and operation of the North Taihang Tunnel will affect the Tianshengqiao Nine Falls. To effectively address this issue, in this work, hydrogeological mapping and hydraulic potential-energy calculations were performed in conjunction with hydrochemical and geological structure analyses. The groundwater system units in the study area were divided and the water source of the nine-level waterfall was determined retrospectively. In addition, the recharge of groundwater to the nine-level waterfall was calculated, the hydrogeological properties of the linear structure were analyzed, and the dominant channels of underwater discharge in surface water were compared and studied. The extracted results indicated that: (1) The Tianshengqiao Nine Falls represent a seasonal fall landscape, which is mainly supplied by surface water formed by precipitation and a low proportion of groundwater supply. (2) The water bodies of the North Taihang Tunnel project and Tianshengqiao Nine Falls belong to two independent groundwater systems. (3) No linear structure that connects these two groundwater systems has yet been discovered. It is widely accepted that a minor possibility of hydraulic connection might be present between the North Taihang Tunnel and Tianshengqiao Nine Falls. This work analyzed the water quantity of Nine Falls, determined the hydraulic relationship between the tunnel project and the waterhead of the Nine Falls, and addressed all stakeholder concerns. The conclusions could provide technological support for the scheduled construction projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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26 pages, 8165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrochemical and Isotopic Characteristics and the Spatiotemporal Differences of Surface Water and Groundwater in the Qaidam Basin, China

by Haijiao Yang, Jiahua Wei and Kaifang Shi

Water 2024, 16(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16010169 - 31 Dec 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1694

Abstract

In the context of climate change, precipitation and runoff in the arid inland basins of northwest China have undergone significant changes. The Qaidam Basin (QB) is a typical highland arid inland area. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations in surface water and groundwater [...] Read more.

In the context of climate change, precipitation and runoff in the arid inland basins of northwest China have undergone significant changes. The Qaidam Basin (QB) is a typical highland arid inland area. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations in surface water and groundwater chemistry and isotopes, as well as their causes, is crucial for future water resource management and ecological protection. Samples of river, lake, and groundwater, as well as others, were collected and tested in five typical watersheds in the summer and winter. The hydrochemistry and isotopic spatiotemporal differences in various water bodies were studied using the significant difference method, water vapor flux models, hydrochemistry, isotopes, and other methods for cause analyses. The results indicate the following: (1) There are differences in hydrochemistry between the southern and northern basins because the southern basin is more influenced by the dissolution of salt rocks and evaporation, whereas the northern basin is mainly affected by carbonate weathering. (2) The enrichment of δD and δ¹⁸O in the northern basin gradually increases from west to east, while in the southern basin, it is the opposite. This is because the southern basin receives a larger contribution of water vapor from the mid-latitude westerlies, while the northern basin primarily relies on local evaporation as its water vapor source. (3) Significant differences are observed in the total dissolved solids (TDS) and hydrochemical types of river water and groundwater between the summer and winter due to higher rates of rock weathering and evaporation in the summer. (4) The more pronounced seasonal differences in hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in the southern basin are due to higher rates of internal water vapor circulation in the summer. (5) The similarity in characteristics between river water and groundwater is the result of strong exchanges between river water and groundwater from piedmonts to terminals. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of terminal lakes is attributed to the accumulation of salts and groundwater replenishment from other sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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18 pages, 5420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Hydrochemical Characteristics, Spatial Evolution, and Driving Forces of River Water in Jinjiang Watershed, China

by Yuchen Zhu, Hongjie Yang, Yong Xiao, Qichen Hao, Yasong Li, Jiahuan Liu, Liwei Wang, Yuqing Zhang, Wenxu Hu and Jie Wang

Water 2024, 16(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16010045 - 21 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1430

Abstract

Rivers are an important source of water in humid regions, but their availability is greatly limited by water chemistry. In order to accurately identify the changes in river water chemical composition, the compositional analysis method (CoDA) is proposed from the perspective of compositional [...] Read more.

Rivers are an important source of water in humid regions, but their availability is greatly limited by water chemistry. In order to accurately identify the changes in river water chemical composition, the compositional analysis method (CoDA) is proposed from the perspective of compositional data analysis theory, which considers the geochemical riverine system as a whole and detects the compositional changes of the entire watershed. The basic data analysis is carried out by traditional analysis methods, and the results show that the hydrochemical characteristics of different sections of the basin have significant features. The water chemistry of Dongxi River is of the HCO₃⁻ Ca type. The water of the Xixi River shows a gradual evolution from the HCO₃-Ca type and high SO₄²⁻ content in the upper reaches to the Cl-Ca type in the lower reaches. The hydrochemistry of river water in the watershed is mainly affected by rock weathering leaching (PC1) and agricultural and domestic pollutant discharge (PC2), with a contribution rate of 48.4% and 19.7%, respectively. Rock weathering, mining, and agricultural pollution are the main factors affecting the chemical composition of river water in different regions. The spatial composition of a single sample at different scales is monitored by the Mahalanobis distance approach in an iterative manner to minimize the influence of a single anomaly on the composition center. The results show that the main reasons for the change in river water chemical composition along the Xixi River are attributed to mine pollution, domestic pollution, and tea plantation and that along the Dongxi River is caused by domestic pollution. The hydrochemical composition changes after the confluence of the Xixi River and Dongxi River are mainly affected by human activities and seawater in urban areas. This research could provide new perspectives and methods for detecting the influences of human and natural factors on the hydrochemistry of river water in humid regions worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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18 pages, 7443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Runoff Changes in the Wei River Basin, China: Confronting Climate Change and Human Activities

by Ruirui Xu, Chaojun Gu, Dexun Qiu, Changxue Wu, Xingmin Mu and Peng Gao

Water 2023, 15(11), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15112081 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1815

Abstract

Abrupt runoff reduction in the Wei River Basin (WRB) has attracted extensive attention owing to climate change and human activities. Nevertheless, previous studies have inadequately assessed the respective contributions of climate variability and human activities to runoff change on different spatial scales. Using [...] Read more.

Abrupt runoff reduction in the Wei River Basin (WRB) has attracted extensive attention owing to climate change and human activities. Nevertheless, previous studies have inadequately assessed the respective contributions of climate variability and human activities to runoff change on different spatial scales. Using Mann–Kendall and Pettitt’s methods, this study identified long-term (1970–2018) changes in hydro-meteorological variables. Furthermore, the Budyko-based method was used to quantify the influence of climate change and human activities on runoff change at different spatial scales of the WRB, including the whole WRB, three sub-basins, and sixteen catchments. The results show that a significant decrease trend was identified in runoff at different spatial scales within the WRB. Runoff in almost all catchments showed a significant downward trend. Temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and the parameter n showed significant increases, whereas no significant trend in precipitation was observed. The change in runoff was mainly concentrated in the mid-1990s and early 2000s. Anthropogenic activities produced a larger impact on runoff decrease in the WRB (62.8%), three sub-basins (53.9% to 65.8%), and most catchments (–47.0% to 147.3%) than climate change. Dramatic catchment characteristic changes caused by large-scale human activities were the predominant reason of runoff reduction in the WRB. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the dominate factors causing runoff change and contribute to water resource management and ecosystem health conservation in the WRB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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16 pages, 9166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Controlling Mechanisms of Groundwater in the Coastal Aquifer

by Guangnan An, Hao Kang, Rongbing Fu, Damao Xu and Jia Li

Water 2023, 15(9), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091710 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1798

Abstract

Groundwater contamination in coastal areas has attracted widespread attention. However, studies on the hydrogeochemical characteristics and controlling mechanisms in coastal aquifers are still lacking. In this study, 71 sets of groundwater samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons in a coastal [...] Read more.

Groundwater contamination in coastal areas has attracted widespread attention. However, studies on the hydrogeochemical characteristics and controlling mechanisms in coastal aquifers are still lacking. In this study, 71 sets of groundwater samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons in a coastal city, Shandong Province. Correlation and principal component analyses were used to identify pollution sources. Meanwhile, Piper diagrams, Gibbs plots, ion ratios, and saturation indices were employed to investigate the hydrogeochemical controlling mechanisms. The results revealed that pollution components included Na⁺, NH₄⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, Pb, As, Se, TDS, TH, F⁻, and Mn. Pollution compositions in the study area were primarily derived from natural processes and anthropogenic activities. The contamination of nitrogen resulted primarily from agricultural activities. The exceedance of SO₄²⁻ was mainly due to the leaching of waste by rainfall. High Na⁺, Cl⁻, and F⁻ were related to sea intrusion. Pb and Se might have been caused by anthropogenic activities. The exceedance of As was caused by anthropogenic inputs and natural factors. The poor seepage conditions and anoxic conditions promoted the enrichment of Mn. The concentration of most components in the dry season was larger than that in the wet season. There were no significant differences in water chemistry type during the wet season and dry season. Groundwater chemical compositions were dominated by the dissolution of halite, gypsum, and anhydrite, as well as the cation exchange reaction. The influence of seawater intrusion on groundwater was not serious. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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14 pages, 1153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Soil-Water Characteristic Curves for Different Textural Soils Using Fractal Analysis

by Chunliu Yang, Jianhua Wu, Peiyue Li, Yuanhang Wang and Ningning Yang

Water 2023, 15(4), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040772 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3817

Abstract

The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an essential tool to determine hydraulic and mechanical properties of unsaturated soils. As an inherent influencing factor, soil texture controls the characteristics of SWCCs. Fractal theory can quantitatively describe the physical characteristics of soil. This study used [...] Read more.

The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an essential tool to determine hydraulic and mechanical properties of unsaturated soils. As an inherent influencing factor, soil texture controls the characteristics of SWCCs. Fractal theory can quantitatively describe the physical characteristics of soil. This study used particle size distribution data and water content data contained in the UNSODA2.0 database to explore the fractal characteristics of 12 soil types with different textures under different matrix suctions. The SWCC fractal model was adopted to characterize the hydraulic properties of soil with various soil textures. The findings revealed that the mass fractal dimensions of particles from these 12 different soil types significantly differed and were closely related to the clay content. Fractal dimension increased with increasing clay content. The fractal dimension established a good relationship between soil structure and hydraulic properties. Fractal analysis can be used to determine the connection between physical properties and soil hydraulic parameters. The estimated results of the SWCC fractal model indicated that it had a good performance regarding the description of SWCCs for the 12 soil textures. The soil structure could be described through fractal dimensions, which can effectively indicate soil hydraulic characteristics. The estimated fractal dimension of this model could be obtained by particle size distribution. Furthermore, using the SWCC fractal model, we found that the SWCC of coarse textured soil changed sharply in the low suction stage and its residual water content was small, and the SWCC of fine textured soil changed gently with a large residual water content. The water retention capacity followed the order clay > silty clay > sandy clay > clay loam > silty clay loam > sandy clay loam > loam > silt loam > sandy loam > silt > loamy sand > sand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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14 pages, 14471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism of the Metasilicate-Rich Groundwater in Ji’nan Rock Mass Area, Shandong Province, China

by Meng Xu, Caiping Hu, Lixin Zhu, Guangzeng Song, Wenquan Peng, Shijiao Yang and Jinyu Song

Water 2023, 15(4), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040713 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1824

Abstract

Metasilicate-rich groundwater could meet the high demand of the international community for high-quality water. In order to comprehensively analyze the genetic mechanism of metasilicate-rich groundwater, and help human communities effectively exploit and utilize high-quality water resources, taking the Ji’nan rock mass area as [...] Read more.

Metasilicate-rich groundwater could meet the high demand of the international community for high-quality water. In order to comprehensively analyze the genetic mechanism of metasilicate-rich groundwater, and help human communities effectively exploit and utilize high-quality water resources, taking the Ji’nan rock mass area as an example, this study carried out systematic research on the spatial distribution and genetic mechanism of the metasilicate-rich groundwater Based on the regional hydrogeological conditions, the influencing factors on the spatial distribution characteristics of the metasilicate-rich groundwater in the study area were systematically sorted out by means of petrogeochemistry, hydrochemistry, and chemical weathering index analysis, and the accumulation mechanism of the metasilicate-rich groundwater was discussed from the perspective of water-rock interaction. The results show that: (1) On the northwest side and part of the northeast side of Ji’nan rock mass, the metasilicate content of the groundwater samples exceeded 25 mg/L; the metasilicate content on the south, west, and east sides were relatively low; (2) Ji’nan rock mass is mainly composed of gabbro easily weathered, with high SiO₂ content and high weathering degree showing obvious characteristics of desilication. FeS₂ developing along the contact zones between the rock mass and surrounding rocks was easily oxidized to form H₂SO₄, which enhanced the solubility of silicate minerals in the groundwater. Ji’nan rock mass was located in the low-lying position of the monocline structure, which presented better water conservation and recharges conditions. The above factors resulted in the metasilicate-rich groundwater accumulating in the area of Ji’nan rock mass and showed different spatial distribution characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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21 pages, 10891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Oasis Land Use/Cover Changes and Impacts on Groundwater Resources in the Central Plain of the Shiyang River Basin

by Lifang Wang, Zhenlong Nie, Qinlong Yuan, Min Liu, Le Cao, Pucheng Zhu, Huixiong Lu and Bo Feng

Water 2023, 15(3), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030457 - 23 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2096

Abstract

The impacts of land use/cover changes (LUCCs) on groundwater resources are a global issue. The Shiyang River Basin of China is a typical, ecologically fragile area. Focusing on the Wuwei sub-basin of the central plain, this study analyzed typical remote sensing image data [...] Read more.

The impacts of land use/cover changes (LUCCs) on groundwater resources are a global issue. The Shiyang River Basin of China is a typical, ecologically fragile area. Focusing on the Wuwei sub-basin of the central plain, this study analyzed typical remote sensing image data for 17 specific dates since 1970. Before the Comprehensive Treatment Program in 2007, the area of natural oases decreased at a rate of 16.25 km²/year, while the area of farmland expanded at a rate of 13.85 km²/year. The farmland expansion preferentially occurred in low-vegetation-coverage oases, where the groundwater depth increased from 4 to 20 m. The consumption of groundwater increased from 7319.5 × 10⁴ m³/year to 12,943.2 × 10⁴ m³/year. During the period 2008–2018, the areas of both the natural oases and farmland decreased at rates of 2.57 km²/year and 8.99 km²/year, respectively. The groundwater level rose significantly in the south and west, as well as near the main river channel. Groundwater consumption has been restored to 7270.4 × 10⁴ m³/year. Only 0.12 km² of every 1.17 km² of the original natural oases were restored through the natural farmland–natural oases conversion process. Groundwater depth increased significantly with the continuous expansion of farmland. Since the farmland area was effectively controlled, the trend of groundwater-level decline was significantly improved. These findings provide scientific support for the ecological restoration and reconstruction of oases, as well as an efficient and balanced development of river basin water resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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20 pages, 2453 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Research on Surface Water Quality Assessment and Its Driving Factors: A Case Study in Taizhou City, China

by Sihe Deng, Cheng Li, Xiaosan Jiang, Tingting Zhao and Hui Huang

Water 2023, 15(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010026 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5775

Abstract

It is necessary to assess and analyze the factors that influence surface water since they are crucial to human activities such as agriculture, raising livestock, and industry. Previous research has mostly focused on how land use and landscape patterns affect the quality of [...] Read more.

It is necessary to assess and analyze the factors that influence surface water since they are crucial to human activities such as agriculture, raising livestock, and industry. Previous research has mostly focused on how land use and landscape patterns affect the quality of surface waters; it has seldom addressed the industrial and agricultural production activities that are directly connected to human society. Therefore, the research area’s surface water quality was assessed by single factor index (SFI) and composite water quality index (WQI), divided into flood and non-flood periods, and water quality indicators with severe pollution and significant seasonal variations were selected; A total of 28 indicators were selected from three main factors-topography, socio-economic, and land use type-and analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient model. (1) SFI data reveal substantial seasonal changes in pH, DO, NH₃-N, TN, and TP water quality indicators. The well-developed agricultural and aquaculture in the studied region is the primary cause of the excess TN and NH3-N concentrations; (2) The sample points’ water quality index (WQI) scores range from 50 to 80, with 62% of them having “medium” water quality; (3) The study area’s seasonal variation in water quality is primarily caused by human socio-economic activities (GDP, industrial effluent discharge, COD discharge, aquatic product quality, and the proportion of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries), as well as land use type (forest, shrubland, and cropland). Topography has little effect on the study area’s surface water quality. This study offers a fresh viewpoint on surface water quality management and driver analysis, and a new framework for managing and safeguarding aquatic ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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17 pages, 4693 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Numerical Simulation of Carbon Tetrachloride Pollution-Traceability in Groundwater System of an Industrial City

by Benli Guo, Peng Yang, Yan Zhou, Hongjian Ai, Xiaodong Li, Rifei Kang and Youcheng Lv

Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 16113; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316113 - 2 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1794

Abstract

Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4) is a colorless, volatile, and toxic liquid. Once it pollutes groundwater, it will not only destroy the ecological environment but also negatively affect the functioning of the human liver. An industrial city in eastern China has been contaminated with carbon [...] Read more.

Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4) is a colorless, volatile, and toxic liquid. Once it pollutes groundwater, it will not only destroy the ecological environment but also negatively affect the functioning of the human liver. An industrial city in eastern China has been contaminated with carbon tetrachloride (CCL4). Due to the complex hydrogeological conditions, it is difficult to determine the pollution source by a single hydrochemical analysis. In order to solve the traceability problem, in this work we established a traceability system by combining hydrochemical analysis, backward tracing, and forward transport, and analyzed the pollution distribution, pollution-source location and pollution-transport characteristic in groundwater, which provided technical support for CCL4-pollution control of groundwater in this area. (1) Groundwater samples were analyzed using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. Through the pollution concentration-field, we identified the location of the pollution center and the concentration value in the northeast and southwest, screening out the monitoring wells exceeding the criteria: HF#1, DJ#19, DJ#7, SS#4, ZF#2, and DY#3. (2) Backward tracing over the past 30 years and 50 years was conducted through MODPATH. Potential polluting factories were identified by comparing the capture area with the historical distribution of factories. (3) Forward solute-transport was performed at the location of these potentially polluted factories. The distribution characteristics of pollutants in limestone layers and the Quaternary layer were analyzed using a simulated concentration-field for August 2012 and October 2016. (4) Comparing the simulated concentration with the observed concentration, the source of CCL4 pollution was inferred to be the textile mill in the 1990s, the steelworks in the 1970s, and the machine-tool plant in the 1970s and 1990s. Based on the concentration–duration curve at the pollution source, the transport characteristics and the transport speed of the pollutants in the study area were analyzed. This work not only successfully found the location of CCL4-pollution sources, but also helped the local government to analyze the year of pollutant release and recognize the transport pattern of CCL4 in aquifers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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22 pages, 3285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solute Geochemistry and Water Quality Assessment of Groundwater in an Arid Endorheic Watershed on Tibetan Plateau

by Fenglin Wang, Hongjie Yang, Yuqing Zhang, Shengbin Wang, Kui Liu, Zexue Qi, Xiaoran Chai, Liwei Wang, Wanping Wang, Fatemeh Barzegari Banadkooki, Venkatramanan Senapthi and Yong Xiao

Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 15593; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315593 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1750

Abstract

Understanding groundwater geochemistry is crucial for water supply in arid regions. The present research was conducted in the arid Mo river watershed on the Tibetan plateau to gain insights into the geochemical characteristics, governing processes and quality of groundwater in arid endorheic watersheds. [...] Read more.

Understanding groundwater geochemistry is crucial for water supply in arid regions. The present research was conducted in the arid Mo river watershed on the Tibetan plateau to gain insights into the geochemical characteristics, governing processes and quality of groundwater in arid endorheic watersheds. A total of 28 groundwater samples were collected from the phreatic and confined aquifers for hydrochemical analysis. The results showed that the groundwater was slightly alkaline in all aquifers of the watershed. The phreatic groundwater samples (PGs) and confined groundwater samples (CGs) had the TDS value in the ranges of 609.19–56,715.34 mg/L and 811.86–2509.51 mg/L, respectively. PGs were salter than CGs, especially in the lower reaches. Both the PGs and CGs were dominated by the Cl-Na type, followed by the mixed Cl-Mg·Ca type. The toxic elements of NO₂⁻ (0.00–0.20 mg/L for PGs and 0.00–0.60 mg/L for CGs), NH₄⁺ (0.00–0.02 mg/L for PGs and 0.00–0.02 mg/L for CGs) and F⁻ (0.00–4.00 mg/L for PGs and 1.00–1.60 mg/L for CGs) exceeded the permissible limits of the Chinese guidelines at some sporadic sites. Water–rock interactions, including silicates weathering, mineral dissolution (halite and sulfates) and ion exchange, were the main contributions to the groundwater chemistry of all aquifers. The geochemistry of PGs in the lower reach was also greatly influenced by evaporation. Agricultural sulfate fertilizer input was responsible for the nitrogen pollutants and salinity of PGs. All CGs and 73.91% of PGs were within the Entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) of below 100 and were suitable for direct drinking purposes. Precisely 8.70 and 17.39% of PGs were within the EWQI value in the range of 100–150 (medium quality and suitable for domestic usage) and beyond 200 (extremely poor quality and not suitable for domestic usage), respectively. The electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage and permeability index indicated that groundwater in most parts of the watershed was suitable for irrigation, and only a small portion might cause salinity, sodium or permeability hazards. Groundwater with poor quality was mainly distributed in the lower reaches. CGs and PGs in the middle-upper reaches could be considered as the primary water resources for water supply. Agricultural pollution should be paid more attention to safeguard the quality of groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrosphere under the Driving of Human Activity and Climate Change: Status, Evolution and Strategies)

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