Demographics, Cutaneous Manifestations, and Comorbidities Associated with Progressive Cutaneous Sarcoidosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Remission/Stable (n = 133) | Progressive (n = 107) | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 47 (12) | 40 (10) | <0.0001 |
Follow-up time (years), mean (SD) | 9.4 (9.1) | 14.8 (11.2) | <0.0001 |
Sex, n (%) | |||
Male | 39 (30) | 33 (31) | 0.84 |
Female | 94 (70) | 72 (69) | |
Race/Ethnicity, n(%) | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 32 (24) | 15 (14) | 0.028 |
Black | 93 (70) | 80 (84) | |
Other | 8 (6) | 2 (2) | |
Smoking History, n (%) | |||
Never | 81 (61) | 66 (62) | 0.887 |
Former/Current | 51 (38) | 40 (37) |
Mean (SD) Age of Onset (Years) | p-Value 1 | Mean (SD) Follow-Up Time (Years) | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Race | ||||
Black | 41.82 (11.46) | <0.0001 | 14.19 (13.02) | 0.0011 |
White | 49.79 (10.02) | 8.25 (7.89) | ||
Cutaneous | ||||
Specific | 43.39 (11.55) | 0.19 | 13.7 (14.7) | 0.35 |
Non-specific | 45.86 (12.2) | 11.5 (8.7) | ||
Papular | 43.64 (11.78) | 0.99 | 12.7 (15.8) | 0.60 |
Nodular | 43.35 (11.13) | 0.76 | 12.9 (10.2) | 0.65 |
Subcutaneous | 44.82 (11.45) | 0.47 | 12.6 (10.9) | 0.69 |
Macular | 44.31 (11.95) | 0.69 | 12.3 (10.8) | 0.59 |
Plaque | 44.99 (11.67) | 0.20 | 13.5 (15.9) | 0.95 |
Lupus pernio | 42.39 (11.58) | 0.41 | 14.6 (11.1) | 0.51 |
Ulcerative | 38 (8.77) | 0.17 | 12.8 (13.2) | 0.90 |
Erythema Nodosum | 44.59 (11.02) | 0.74 | 11.5 (8.9) | 0.58 |
Pruritis | 46.3 (12.79) | 0.36 | 11.6 (7.9) | 0.54 |
Clubbing | 39 (1) | 0.58 | 14.3 (5.9) | 0.93 |
Lofgren’s | 52 | – | 2.2 | – |
Cutaneous Manifestations | Number (%) of Patients | Number (%) Black Patients | p-Value 1 |
---|---|---|---|
Categories | |||
Specific | 224 (93.3) | 170 (75.9) | 0.16 |
Non-specific | 43 (17.92) | 33 (84.62) | 0.72 |
Lesion types | |||
Papular | 82 (34.17) | 64 (83.12) | 0.49 |
Nodular | 88 (36.67) | 67 (77.91) | 0.73 |
Subcutaneous | 44 (18.33) | 29 (69.05) | 0.42 |
Macular | 42 (17.5) | 34 (80.95) | 0.52 |
Plaque | 84 (35) | 72 (88.89) | 0.014 |
Lupus pernio | 49 (21) | 44 (88) | 0.022 |
Ulcerative | 8 (3.33) | 7 (87.5) | 0.58 |
Erythema nodosum | 17 (7.08) | 14 (82.35) | 0.58 |
Pruritis | 21 (8.75) | 14 (82.35) | 1 |
Clubbing | 2 (0.083) | 2 (100) | 1 |
Lofgren’s | 1 (0.047) | 1 (100) |
Cutaneous Involvement (Yes/No) | Remission/Stable (n = 133, %) | Progressive (n = 107, %) | Adjusted Odds Ratio 1 | 95% Confidence Intervals | p-Value 1,2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specific, n (%) | |||||
No | 13 (10) | 3 (3) | 3.32 | 0.87–12.59 | 0.16 |
Yes | 116 (90) | 102 (97) | |||
Non-Specific, n (%) | |||||
No | 100 (78) | 91 (87) | 0.57 | 0.27–1.16 | 0.12 |
Yes | 29 (22) | 14 (13) | |||
Papular | 47 (36) | 32 (30) | 0.72 | 0.40–1.29 | 1 |
Nodular | 47 (36) | 40 (38) | 1.02 | 0.58–1.79 | 1 |
Subcutaneous | 23 (18) | 21 (20) | 1.30 | 0.65–2.63 | 1 |
Macular | 18 (14) | 22 (21) | 1.78 | 0.86–3.70 | 1 |
Plaque | 47 (36) | 35 (33) | 0.87 | 0.48–1.56 | 1 |
Lupus pernio | 13 (9) | 37 (36) | 3.29 | 1.60–6.77 | 0.01 |
Ulcerative | 3 (2) | 4 (4) | 1.10 | 0.22–5.35 | 1 |
Erythema nodosum | 10 (8) | 7 (6) | 0.88 | 0.31–2.52 | 1 |
Pruritic | 14 (11) | 7 (6) | 0.67 | 0.24–1.83 | 1 |
Clubbing | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1.01 | 0.06–16.88 | 0.99 |
Lofgren’s | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 12 | - | – |
Cutaneous and Racial Category | Remission/Stable (n = 133, %) | Progressive (n = 107, %) | Adjusted Odds Ratio 1 | 95% Confidence Intervals | p-Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black, lupus pernio | 11 (8) | 33 (31) | 4.07 | 1.83–9.02 | 0.002 |
Black, no lupus pernio | 77 (58) | 62 (58) | |||
White, lupus pernio | 1 (1) | 4 (4) | 17.5 | 1.55–196.3 | 0.021 |
White, no lupus pernio | 44 (33) | 8 (7) |
Comorbidities | N (%) | Adjusted Odds Ratio 1 | 95% Confidence Intervals | p-Value 1,2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Medical allergy | 159 (66%) | 2.825 | 1.254–4.397 | 0.0557 |
Food allergy | 57 (24%) | 1.784 | 0.768–2.801 | 0.601 |
Asthma | 48 (20%) | 1.884 | 0.666–3.102 | 0.782 |
Inflammatory arthritis | 23 (9.6%) | 7.764 | 1.034–14.493 | 0.2442 |
Osteoarthritis | 7 (3%) | 1100.5 | 0–2201 | 0.99 |
Crohn’s disease | 2 (0.8%) | 12.135 | 0.087–24.183 | 0.99 |
Sicca syndrome | 4 (1.7%) | 35.931 | 0.429–71.433 | 0.601 |
Osteoporosis | 6 (2.5%) | 784 | 0–1568 | 0.99 |
Chronic kidney disease | 17 (7.1%) | 5.475 | 0.066–10.884 | 0.99 |
Sleep apnea | 41 (17%) | 6.985 | 0.917–13.053 | 0.2948 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 65 (27%) | 1.408 | 0.482–2.333 | 0.99 |
Chronic heart failure | 22 (9.2%) | 9.353 | 0.49–18.217 | 0.601 |
Depression | 33 (13.8%) | 2.158 | 0.354–3.962 | 0.99 |
Anxiety | 25 (10.4%) | 2.719 | 0.381–5.058 | 0.99 |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | 5 (2.1%) | 56.579 | 0.148–113.01 | 0.811 |
Type II diabetes mellitus | 70 (29.3%) | 1.419 | 0.481–2.358 | 0.99 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 12 (5%) | 7.196 | 0.303–14.09 | 0.842 |
Dyslipidemia | 51 (21.3%) | 2.629 | 0.683–4.575 | 0.601 |
Autoimmune thyroid disease | 31 (13%) | 9.932 | 1.665–18.198 | 0.0557 |
Malignancy | 20 (8.3%) | 2.025 | 0.125–3.924 | 0.99 |
Other autoimmune condition | 8 (3.33%) | 4.171 | 0.057–8.284 | 0.99 |
Any autoimmune condition | 56 (23.3%) | 6.831 | 1.819–11.843 | 0.0286 |
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Lai, J.; Almazan, E.; Le, T.; Taylor, M.T.; Alhariri, J.; Kwatra, S.G. Demographics, Cutaneous Manifestations, and Comorbidities Associated with Progressive Cutaneous Sarcoidosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Medicines 2023, 10, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines10100057
Lai J, Almazan E, Le T, Taylor MT, Alhariri J, Kwatra SG. Demographics, Cutaneous Manifestations, and Comorbidities Associated with Progressive Cutaneous Sarcoidosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Medicines. 2023; 10(10):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines10100057
Chicago/Turabian StyleLai, Jonathan, Erik Almazan, Thomas Le, Matthew T. Taylor, Jihad Alhariri, and Shawn G. Kwatra. 2023. "Demographics, Cutaneous Manifestations, and Comorbidities Associated with Progressive Cutaneous Sarcoidosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study" Medicines 10, no. 10: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines10100057