To Develop Health Education Tools for Nasogastric Tube Home Caring Through Participatory Action Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Using the participatory action research (PAR) method as the research tool, to design the graphics of procedures and considerations of nasogastric tube caring at home, explore a reasonable method of cooperation between design researchers and nurses, and develop a health education tool.
- The PAR in three cycles, in combination with the PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) quality management steps and methods, continue to confirm the research objectives, repeatedly confirming and providing feedback on the contents of the graphics and texts, inspecting the quality of cooperation, and ensuring the accuracy and effectiveness of the process graphics drawing in the research process.
- The degree of participation, leadership, and knowledge exchange in each cycle by each of the participants are in different proportions; each participants’ position is revisited in the different cycles by the intervention of the researchers and the research tools. The relationships between nurses and home caregivers are transformed to improve the health education tools in the spirit of cooperation.
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Present Situation of Nasogastric Tube Home Caring
2.2. Participatory Action Research
2.3. PDSA
2.4. Application of Health Education Tool Graphic in the Caring Process
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Research Steps and Framework
3.2. Participants
3.3. Research Tools and Data Processing
3.4. Research Limitations
4. Results
4.1. Cycle 1: Make a Plan for the Graphics Development of Home Caregivers
During the implementation of the design, user convenience should be taken as the centre. For example, previously during the use of the hospital registration system, the registered machine was purchased but it could not be further promoted due to the problems in the operation process, resulting in the loss of the hospital after the purchase of equipment. In the process of cross-discipline cooperation, effective designs should be made to help solve the needs of patients, doctors, and nurses. Otherwise, if all the designs cannot be applied, there will be no good cooperation cases or the hospital will suffer losses.
4.2. Cycle 2: Design and Revision of Nasogastric Tube Home Caring Procedure Graphics
4.3. Cycle 3: Developing Sample and Evaluation of Graphical Health Education Tools
4.4. Combined with PDSA’s Introspection on Participatory Action Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participant Groups | Participant Code | Gender | Age | Working Experience: Year | Participate in the Division of Labour and Work Background |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participant groups G1: design background, researcher) | Researcher-R01 | Female | 50–60 | Design (>30) | Establish cooperation and liaison with hospitals, establish research plans, interview, observation and design guidance. |
Researcher-R02 | Female | 20–30 | Design (>7) | Participate in interviews, records, verbatim manuscripts, home care assessment, text writing and collation, data consolidation, design graphics manual. | |
Researcher-R03 | Female | 20–30 | Design (>7) | Participate in interviews, records, verbatim manuscripts, home care assessment, text writing and collation, data consolidation, design graphics manual, graphics correction. | |
Researcher-R04 | Male | 20–30 | Design (>3) | Participate in interviews, records, verbatim manuscripts, home care assessment, text writing and collation, data consolidation, design graphics manual, graphics correction. | |
Researcher-R05 | Female | 30–40 | Design (>15) | Participate in interviews, records, verbatim manuscripts, home care assessment, text writing and collation, data consolidation, design graphics manual. | |
Researcher-R06 | Male | 20–30 | Graphic design (>10) | Draw graphics, professional graphic designer. | |
Participant groups G2: 6medical backgrounds | Doctor-I01 | Male | 50–60 | Doctor/Hospital administrator (>30) | Establishment of cooperation, hospital management, participation in interviews. |
Nursing supervisor-I02 | Male | 30–40 | Nursing supervisor (>10) | Participate in interviews and supervise the implementation of the overall research process. | |
Nurse-I03 | Female | 30–40 | Nurse (>10) | Nursing operation, participation in interviews, correction of operation graphics, home care assessment. | |
Nurse-I04 | Female | 30–40 | Nurse (>10) | Nursing operation, participation in interviews, correction of operation graphics, home care assessment. | |
Nurse-I05 | Female | 30–40 | Nurse (>10) | Participation in interviews, correction of operation graphics. | |
Participant groups G3: home caregivers | Home caregiver-FC01 | Female | unknown | Foreign home caregiver (>0.2) | Participated in home caring study, interview and evaluation. New home caregivers, lack of home care experience. Nurses combined with graphics teaching; home caregiver needs to learn from the basics. |
Home caregiver-FC02 | Female | unknown | Foreign home caregiver (>5) | Participated in home caring study, interview and evaluation. Experienced in home care to assist in the evaluation and revision of this study. The nurse teaches in conjunction with graphics, and the caregiver provides corrections to the graphics. | |
Home caregiver-FC03 | Female | unknown | Foreign home caregiver (>2) | Participated in home caring study, interview and evaluation. Has home care experience but the operational details are not in place to assist this study evaluation. The nurse corrects the details of the operation by teaching them with graphics. | |
Home caregiver-FC04 | Female | unknown | Foreign home caregiver (0) | Participated in home caring study, interview and evaluation. The patient had never used a nasogastric tube before and home caregiver lacked experience in nasogastric tube care. | |
Home caregiver-FC05 | Female | unknown | Home caregiver (>5) | Participated in home caring study, interview and evaluation. At present, the family members of the patient are taking care of the patient by themselves. When there is a foreign caregiver, the family members teach them, and the family members learn from the nurse in this study to assist the evaluation and revision. Nurses combined with graphics teaching; patients’ families use the graphics teaching new home caregivers’ operation steps. | |
Home caregiver-FC06 | Female | unknown | Foreign home caregiver (>5) | Participated in home caring study, interview and evaluation. Skilled in home-care operation, 2 weeks of training in home care, 3 weeks of adaptation in the home environment, there will be a new caregiver to take over the work in the future to assist this study evaluation and correction. After the nurse combined the graphics instruction, the caregiver provided corrections to the graphic. | |
Home caregiver-FC07 | Female | 50–60 | Foreign home caregiver (>7) | Participated in home caring study, interview and evaluation. Specific learning time of nasogastric tube operation is unknown, but relevant experience has been gained in home care, which will assist in this study to evaluate and modify. After the nurse combined the graphics instruction, the nurse provided corrections to the graphics. |
Time | Before Correction | After Correction |
---|---|---|
First correction | ||
Second correction |
Participants | Effectiveness | Operating Performance | Process Satisfaction | Observation Time (s) | Feedback Time(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Performance (M) | Learning (M) | Nurses | Home Caregivers | ||||
FC01 | Yes | 4 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 10 |
FC02 | Not given | 4 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 20 | 15 |
FC03 | Yes | 4 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 5 |
FC04 | Yes | 3.56 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 30 | 15 |
FC05 | Yes | 4.67 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 |
FC06 | Yes | 4 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 5 |
FC07 | Yes | 4.11 | 4.2 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 |
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Lin, F.-S.; Shi, H.-C. To Develop Health Education Tools for Nasogastric Tube Home Caring Through Participatory Action Research. Healthcare 2020, 8, 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030261
Lin F-S, Shi H-C. To Develop Health Education Tools for Nasogastric Tube Home Caring Through Participatory Action Research. Healthcare. 2020; 8(3):261. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030261
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Fang-Suey, and Hong-Chun Shi. 2020. "To Develop Health Education Tools for Nasogastric Tube Home Caring Through Participatory Action Research" Healthcare 8, no. 3: 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030261