Figure 1.
3D model of Ryuko-maru.
Figure 1.
3D model of Ryuko-maru.
Figure 2.
Volume grid of whole area.
Figure 2.
Volume grid of whole area.
Figure 3.
Surface grid of 3 m model of Ryuko-maru.
Figure 3.
Surface grid of 3 m model of Ryuko-maru.
Figure 4.
Volume grid around hull of 3 m model.
Figure 4.
Volume grid around hull of 3 m model.
Figure 5.
Volume grid of 3 m model in propeller plane.
Figure 5.
Volume grid of 3 m model in propeller plane.
Figure 6.
Crossflow distribution of SPIV (left) and CFD (right) at 110 mm from A.P.
Figure 6.
Crossflow distribution of SPIV (left) and CFD (right) at 110 mm from A.P.
Figure 7.
Comparison of contour line of Vx/V0 ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 7.
Comparison of contour line of Vx/V0 ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 8.
Comparison of contour line of /V0 ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 8.
Comparison of contour line of /V0 ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 9.
Comparison of contour line of ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 9.
Comparison of contour line of ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 10.
Comparison of contour line of ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 10.
Comparison of contour line of ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 11.
Comparison of contour line of ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 11.
Comparison of contour line of ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 12.
Comparison of contour line of ((left): k-omega SST; (right): LPST).
Figure 12.
Comparison of contour line of ((left): k-omega SST; (right): LPST).
Figure 13.
Comparison of contour line of k ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 13.
Comparison of contour line of k ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPST).
Figure 14.
Schematic view of cut line.
Figure 14.
Schematic view of cut line.
Figure 15.
Velocity distribution along horizontal line above propeller shaft ((left): Vx/V0; (right): ).
Figure 15.
Velocity distribution along horizontal line above propeller shaft ((left): Vx/V0; (right): ).
Figure 16.
Reynolds stress distribution along horizontal line above propeller shaft ((left): ; (right): ).
Figure 16.
Reynolds stress distribution along horizontal line above propeller shaft ((left): ; (right): ).
Figure 17.
Reynolds stress distribution along horizontal line above propeller shaft ((left): ; (right): ).
Figure 17.
Reynolds stress distribution along horizontal line above propeller shaft ((left): ; (right): ).
Figure 18.
k distribution along horizontal line above propeller shaft.
Figure 18.
k distribution along horizontal line above propeller shaft.
Figure 19.
Comparison of roughness function models ([
19,
22,
26,
27,
28]).
Figure 19.
Comparison of roughness function models ([
19,
22,
26,
27,
28]).
Figure 20.
Result of CFD calculation.
Figure 20.
Result of CFD calculation.
Figure 21.
Comparison of results of wake distribution at full scale under smooth conditions ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPS).
Figure 21.
Comparison of results of wake distribution at full scale under smooth conditions ((left): k-omega SST; (right): RSM-LPS).
Figure 22.
Comparison of results of wake distribution at full scale under rough conditions ((left): k-omega SST ( = 150 μm); (right): RSM-LPS ( = 150 μm)).
Figure 22.
Comparison of results of wake distribution at full scale under rough conditions ((left): k-omega SST ( = 150 μm); (right): RSM-LPS ( = 150 μm)).
Figure 23.
Comparison of results of wake distribution at full scale under rough conditions ((left): k-omega SST ( = 40 μm); (right): RSM-LPS ( = 37 μm)).
Figure 23.
Comparison of results of wake distribution at full scale under rough conditions ((left): k-omega SST ( = 40 μm); (right): RSM-LPS ( = 37 μm)).
Table 1.
Principle dimensions of Ryuko-maru.
Table 1.
Principle dimensions of Ryuko-maru.
Model/Ship | Ship | Model |
---|
Lpp (m) | 300.00 | 3.000 |
B (m) | 50.00 | 0.500 |
D (m) | 25.00 | 0.250 |
d (m) | 18.86 | 0.189 |
Dp (m) | 9.20 | 0.092 |
α | - | 100.00 |
Cb | 0.83 |
Table 2.
Computational conditions of 3 m model.
Table 2.
Computational conditions of 3 m model.
Vm (m/s) | 20.0 |
ρ (kg/m3) | 1.146 |
ν × 10−5 (m2/s) | 1.6509 |
Rn × 106 | 3.63 |
Table 3.
Results of grid refinement ratio of 3 m model.
Table 3.
Results of grid refinement ratio of 3 m model.
Fine | NC1 | 22,101,990 |
Midium | NC3 | 8,006,215 |
Coarse | NC4 | 2,933,781 |
| Ri | 1.400 |
| Ri,21 | 1.403 |
| Ri,32 | 1.397 |
Table 4.
Results of CFD calculation of 3 m model.
Table 4.
Results of CFD calculation of 3 m model.
No. | Turbulance Model | Grid | Fall (N) | Fvis (N) | CT × 103 | Cf × 103 |
---|
1 | k-ω SST | Coarse | 2.00 | 1.60 | 3.783 | 3.012 |
2 | Midium | 2.07 | 1.61 | 3.900 | 3.048 |
3 | Fine | 2.01 | 1.60 | 3.796 | 3.012 |
4 | LPST | Coarse | 2.17 | 1.74 | 4.091 | 3.289 |
5 | Midium | 2.26 | 1.81 | 4.275 | 3.409 |
6 | Fine | 2.18 | 1.74 | 4.108 | 3.285 |
Table 5.
Results of verification of 3 m model.
Table 5.
Results of verification of 3 m model.
| | | | | | (%CTfine) |
---|
k-ω SST | 0.1035 | −0.1172 | −0.8832 | −1.1323 | 0.059 | 1.54% |
LPS | 0.1662 | −0.1835 | −0.9058 | −1.1040 | 0.092 | 2.23% |
Table 6.
Table of the coefficients of roughness function.
Table 6.
Table of the coefficients of roughness function.
| C1 | C2 | k+smooth | k+rough |
---|
STAR-CCM+ [19] Yigit Kemal Demirel (2014) [20] Soonseok Song (2021) [21] | 0.000 | 0.253 | 2.25 | 90.00 |
Yigit Kemal Demirel (2017) [22] Andrea Farkas (2019) [24] Henrik Mikkelsen (2020) [25] | 0.000 | 0.260 | 3.00 | 15.00 |
Roberto Ravenna (2022) [26] | −3.000 | 0.490 | 3.00 | 25.00 |
White (2006) [27] | 1.000 | 0.300 | | |
Grigson (1992) [28] | 1.000 | 1.000 | | |
Table 7.
A list of the calculation condition of the objective ships.
Table 7.
A list of the calculation condition of the objective ships.
Lpp (m) | 300 |
B (m) | 50 |
d (m) | 18.86 |
(m3) | 233,554 |
S (m2) | 23,116 |
ρ (kg/m3) | 1027.3 |
V (m/s) | 8.334 |
ν × 10−5 (m2/s) | 0.098608 |
Rn × 109 | 2.54 |
Table 8.
Results of grid refinement ratio at full scale.
Table 8.
Results of grid refinement ratio at full scale.
Fine | NC1 | 38,523,207 |
Midium | NC2 | 15,457,974 |
Coarse | NC3 | 6,315,456 |
| Ri | 1.352 |
| Ri,21 | 1.356 |
| Ri,32 | 1.348 |
Table 9.
Results of CFD calculation at full scale.
Table 9.
Results of CFD calculation at full scale.
Turbulance Model | Grid | Fall (N) | Fvis (N) | CT × 103 | Cf × 103 |
---|
k-ω SST | Coarse | 1,414,782 | 1,140,107 | 1.716 | 1.383 |
Midium | 1,413,533 | 1,140,192 | 1.714 | 1.383 |
Fine | 1,406,526 | 1,140,616 | 1.706 | 1.383 |
LPS | Coarse | 1,501,705 | 1,194,031 | 1.821 | 1.448 |
Midium | 1,501,398 | 1,193,697 | 1.821 | 1.447 |
Fine | 1,507,254 | 1,193,783 | 1.828 | 1.448 |
Table 10.
Results of verification of full scale.
Table 10.
Results of verification of full scale.
| δi | δfine (%(1 + K)fine) | | (%(1 + K)fine) |
---|
k-ω SST | 0.0103 | 0.83% | 0.0309 | 1.81% |
LPS | - | - | 0.0036 | 0.28% |