Protective Effect of Urtica dioica Extract against Oxidative Stress in Human Skin Fibroblasts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Chromatographic Analysis
2.3. Antioxidant Assay
2.4. Cell Assays
2.4.1. Cell Viability Assay
2.4.2. Analysis of Intracellular Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
2.4.3. May–Grünwald–Giemsa Staining
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. UPLC-MS Profiling of Plant Extract
3.2. Quantitative Analysis of Main Polyphenolic Components of the Extracts
3.3. Antioxidant Activity
3.4. Cells Based Assays
3.4.1. Cytotoxicity Tests
3.4.2. Antioxidant and Protective Activity of the Extract
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bhusal, K.K.; Magar, S.K.; Thapa, R.; Lamsal, A.; Bhandari, S.; Maharjan, R.; Shrestha, S.; Shrestha, J. Nutritional and Pharmacological Importance of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.): A Review. Heliyon 2022, 8, e09717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Subba, S.; Pradhan, K. A Comprehensive Review on Common Plants with Remarkable Medicinal Properties: Urtica dioica. J. Med. Plants Stud. 2022, 10, 87–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Repajić, M.; Cegledi, E.; Zorić, Z.; Pedisić, S.; Elez Garofulić, I.; Radman, S.; Palčić, I.; Dragović-Uzelac, V. Bioactive Compounds in Wild Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Leaves and Stalks: Polyphenols and Pigments upon Seasonal and Habitat Variations. Foods 2021, 10, 190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Flórez, M.; Cazón, P.; Vázquez, M. Antioxidant Extracts of Nettle (Urtica dioica) Leaves: Evaluation of Extraction Techniques and Solvents. Molecules 2022, 27, 6015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Upton, R. Stinging Nettles Leaf (Urtica dioica L.): Extraordinary Vegetable Medicine. J. Herb. Med. 2013, 3, 9–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ginko, E.; Alajmovic Demirović, E.; Šarić-Kundalić, B. Ethnobotanical Study of Traditionally Used Plants in the Municipality of Zavidovići, BiH. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2023, 302, 115888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adams, M.; Berset, C.; Kessler, M.; Hamburger, M. Medicinal Herbs for the Treatment of Rheumatic Disorders—A Survey of European Herbals from the 16th and 17th Century. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 121, 343–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devkota, H.P.; Paudel, K.R.; Khanal, S.; Baral, A.; Panth, N.; Adhikari-Devkota, A.; Jha, N.K.; Das, N.; Singh, S.K.; Chellappan, D.K.; et al. Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.): Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds, and Food Functional Properties. Molecules 2022, 27, 5219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaiswal, V.; Lee, H.-J. Antioxidant Activity of Urtica dioica: An Important Property Contributing to Multiple Biological Activities. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ranjbari, A.; Azarbayjani, M.A.; Yusof, A.; Halim Mokhtar, A.; Akbarzadeh, S.; Ibrahim, M.Y.; Tarverdizadeh, B.; Farzadinia, P.; Hajiaghaee, R.; Dehghan, F. In Vivo and in Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Urtica dioica and Swimming Activity on Diabetic Factors and Pancreatic Beta Cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 16, 101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kregiel, D.; Pawlikowska, E.; Antolak, H. Urtica Spp.: Ordinary Plants with Extraordinary Properties. Molecules 2018, 23, 1664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kruk, J.; Duchnik, E. Oxidative Stress and Skin Diseases: Possible Role of Physical Activity. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2014, 15, 561–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pająk, J.; Nowicka, D.; Szepietowski, J.C. Inflammaging and Immunosenescence as Part of Skin Aging—A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 7784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Masłowski, M.; Aleksieiev, A.; Miedzianowska, J.; Efenberger-Szmechtyk, M.; Strzelec, K. Antioxidant and Anti–Aging Activity of Freeze–Dried Alcohol–Water Extracts from Common Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in Elastomer Vulcanizates. Polymers 2022, 14, 1460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bouassida, K.Z.; Bardaa, S.; Khimiri, M.; Rebaii, T.; Tounsi, S.; Jlaiel, L.; Trigui, M. Exploring the Urtica Dioica Leaves Hemostatic and Wound-Healing Potential. BioMed Res. Int. 2017, 2017, 1047523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Razika, L.; Thanina, A.C.; Nadjiba, C.-M.; Narimen, B.; Mahdi, D.M.; Karim, A. Antioxidant and Wound Healing Potential of Saponins Extracted from the Leaves of Algerian Urtica dioica L. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2017, 30 (Suppl. S3), 1023–1029. [Google Scholar]
- Kasouni, A.I.; Chatzimitakos, T.G.; Stalikas, C.D.; Trangas, T.; Papoudou-Bai, A.; Troganis, A.N. The Unexplored Wound Healing Activity of Urtica dioica L. Extract: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Molecules 2021, 26, 6248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bourgeois, C.; Leclerc, É.A.; Corbin, C.; Doussot, J.; Serrano, V.; Vanier, J.-R.; Seigneuret, J.-M.; Auguin, D.; Pichon, C.; Lainé, É.; et al. Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) as a Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Phytochemicals for Cosmetic Applications. Comptes Rendus Chim. 2016, 19, 1090–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pekmezci, E.; Türkoğlu, M. Urtica dioica extract downregulates the gene expression of 5α-rii in HaCaT cells: Possible implications against androgenic skin diseases. Georgian Med. News 2023, 334, 6–9. [Google Scholar]
- Sowa, I.; Mołdoch, J.; Dresler, S.; Kubrak, T.; Soluch, A.; Szczepanek, D.; Strzemski, M.; Paduch, R.; Wójciak, M. Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, and Protective Effect against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress of Carlina vulgaris Extract. Molecules 2023, 28, 5422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wójciak, M.; Zagórska-Dziok, M.; Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Z.; Ziemlewska, A.; Furman-Toczek, D.; Szczepanek, D.; Sowa, I. In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Protective Potential of an Extract from Cornus mas L. Fruit against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Skin Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 13755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zagórska-Dziok, M.; Ziemlewska, A.; Mokrzyńska, A.; Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Z.; Sowa, I.; Szczepanek, D.; Wójciak, M. Comparative Study of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Anti-Aging and Antibacterial Properties of Unfermented and Fermented Extract of Cornus mas L. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 13232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buranasudja, V.; Muangnoi, C.; Sanookpan, K.; Halim, H.; Sritularak, B.; Rojsitthisak, P. Eriodictyol Attenuates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Dermal Fibroblasts through Enhanced Capacity of Antioxidant Machinery. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koraqi, H.; Qazimi, B.; Khalid, W.; Stanoeva, J.P.; Sehrish, A.; Siddique, F.; Çesko, C.; Ali Khan, K.; Rahim, M.A.; Hussain, I.; et al. Optimized Conditions for Extraction, Quantification and Detection of Bioactive Compound from Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Using the Deep Eutectic Solvents, Ultra-Sonication and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). Int. J. Food Prop. 2023, 26, 2171–2185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anand, S.; Sowbhagya, R.; Ansari, M.A.; Alzohairy, M.A.; Alomary, M.N.; Almalik, A.I.; Ahmad, W.; Tripathi, T.; Elderdery, A.Y. Polyphenols and Their Nanoformulations: Protective Effects against Human Diseases. Life 2022, 12, 1639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wróbel-Biedrawa, D.; Grabowska, K.; Galanty, A.; Sobolewska, D.; Podolak, I. A Flavonoid on the Brain: Quercetin as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in Central Nervous System Disorders. Life 2022, 12, 591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dini, I.; Grumetto, L. Recent Advances in Natural Polyphenol Research. Molecules 2022, 27, 8777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grevsen, K.; Frette, X.; Christensen, L.P. Concentration and Composition of Flavonol Glycosides and Phenolic Acids in Areal Parts of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Are Affect by High Nitrogen Fertilization and Harvest Time. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci. 2008, 73, 20–27. [Google Scholar]
- Koczkodaj, S.; Przybył, J.L.; Kosakowska, O.; Węglarz, Z.; Bączek, K.B. Intraspecific Variability of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Molecules 2023, 28, 1505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engelhardt, L.; Pöhnl, T.; Neugart, S. Edible Wild Vegetables Urtica dioica L. and Aegopodium podagraria L.–Antioxidants Affected by Processing. Plants 2022, 11, 2710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarasevičienė, Ž.; Vitkauskaitė, M.; Paulauskienė, A.; Černiauskienė, J. Wild Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Leaves and Roots Chemical Composition and Phenols Extraction. Plants 2023, 12, 309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garcìa, L.M.; Ceccanti, C.; Negro, C.; De Bellis, L.; Incrocci, L.; Pardossi, A.; Guidi, L. Effect of Drying Methods on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Urtica dioica L. Leaves. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mojzer, E.B.; Hrnčič, M.K.; Škerget, M.; Knez, Ž.; Bren, U. Polyphenols: Extraction Methods, Antioxidative Action, Bioavailability and Anticarcinogenic Effects. Molecules 2016, 21, 901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Q.-W.; Lin, L.-G.; Ye, W.-C. Techniques for Extraction and Isolation of Natural Products: A Comprehensive Review. Chin. Med. 2018, 13, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, X.; Wan, F.; Su, W.; Xie, W. Research Progress on Skin Aging and Active Ingredients. Molecules 2023, 28, 5556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cha, J.W.; Piao, M.J.; Kim, K.C.; Yao, C.W.; Zheng, J.; Kim, S.M.; Hyun, C.L.; Ahn, Y.S.; Hyun, J.W. The Polyphenol Chlorogenic Acid Attenuates UVB-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes. Biomol. Ther. 2014, 22, 136–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, N.; Kitts, D. Role of Chlorogenic Acids in Controlling Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress Conditions. Nutrients 2015, 8, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spagnol, C.M.; Assis, R.P.; Brunetti, I.L.; Isaac, V.L.B.; Salgado, H.R.N.; Corrêa, M.A. In Vitro Methods to Determine the Antioxidant Activity of Caffeic Acid. Spectrochim. Acta. A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2019, 219, 358–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K.-H.; Do, H.-K.; Kim, D.-Y.; Kim, W. Impact of Chlorogenic Acid on Modulation of Significant Genes in Dermal Fibroblasts and Epidermal Keratinocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2021, 583, 22–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alsalamah, S.A.; Alghonaim, M.I.; Jusstaniah, M.; Abdelghany, T.M. Anti-Yeasts, Antioxidant and Healing Properties of Henna Pre-Treated by Moist Heat and Molecular Docking of Its Major Constituents, Chlorogenic and Ellagic Acids, with Candida Albicans and Geotrichum Candidum Proteins. Life 2023, 13, 1839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrigues, R.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P.; Alves, R.C. Chlorogenic Acids and Caffeine from Coffee By-Products: A Review on Skincare Applications. Cosmetics 2023, 10, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
No | RT (min.) | Mass Data (m/z-H) | Fragment (m/z-H) | Formula | Δ ppm | Component |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.53 | 191.05657 | - | C7H12O6 | 2.39 | Quinic acid * |
2 | 3.93 | 341.08797 | (135, 179) | C15H18O9 | 0.48 | Caffeoylhexoside |
3 | 4.79 | 315.07261 | (152) | C13H16O9 | 1.44 | Dihydroxybenzoic acid hexoside |
4 | 6.28 | 371.06167 | (209, 135, 179) | C15H16O11 | −0.85 | Caffeoylglucaric acid |
5 | 8.29 | 447.11421 | (209, 135, 179) | C18H24O13 | −0.46 | Caffeic derivative |
6 | 8.34 | 353.08872 | (191, 135, 179) | C16H18O9 | 2.58 | Neochlorogenic acid * |
7 | 13.57 | 353.08887 | (191, 135, 179) | C16H18O9 | 3.01 | Chlorogenic acid * |
8 | 14.25 | 353.08863 | (191, 135, 179) | C16H18O9 | 2.33 | Cryptochlorogenic acid * |
9 | 15.01 | 179.03551 | (135) | C9H8O4 | 2.93 | Caffeic acid * |
10 | 15.67 | 295.04614 | (135, 179) | C13H12O8 | 0.67 | Caffeoylmalic acid |
11 | 17.21 | 337.09191 | (191, 163, 173) | C16H18O8 | −2.90 | p-Coumaroylquinic acid (I) |
12 | 19.15 | 337.09253 | (191, 163) | C16H18O8 | −1.07 | p-Coumaroylquinic acid (II) |
13 | 21.65 | 193.05011 | C10H10O4 | −2.67 | Ferulic acid * | |
14 | 28.57 | 609.14562 | (300, 463) | C27H30O16 | −0.80 | Rutin * |
15 | 29.09 | 463.08785 | (300) | C21H20O12 | −0.75 | Isoquercetin * |
16 | 32.03 | 505.09948 | (300) | C23H22O13 | 1.41 | Quercetin derivative |
17 | 34.40 | 593.14999 | (285) | C27H30O15 | −2.03 | Kaempferol rutinoside * |
18 | 36.30 | 623.16183 | C28H32O16 | 0.11 | Unknown flavonoid |
No | Component | DRW | DRE | DRG | DW | DE | DG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Quinic acid | 10.8 ± 0.8 | 7.8 ± 0.4 | 6.2 ± 0.4 | 12.1 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 6.1 ± 0.3 |
3 | Dihydroxybenzoic acid hexoside * | 0.65 ± 0.04 | 0.67 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.04 | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.04 |
7 | Chlorogenic acid | 64.9 ± 3.1 | 50.2 ± 3.4 | 47.3 ± 3.3 | nd | nd | nd |
8 | Cryptochlorogenic acid | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | nd | nd | nd |
9 | Caffeic acid | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | nd | nd | nd |
10 | Caffeoylmalic acid | 114.4 ± 8.7 | 90.0 ± 6.1 | 86.6 ± 5.7 | nd | nd | nd |
12 | p-Coumaroylquinic acid ** | 8.9 ± 0.6 | 7.7 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 12.1 ± 0.6 | 12.1 ± 0.5 | 12.5 ± 0.5 |
13 | Ferulic acid | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.2 |
14 | Rutin | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 8.4 ± 0.4 | 8.2 ± 0.3 | nd | nd | nd |
15 | Isoquercetin | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | nd | nd | nd |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Skalska-Kamińska, A.; Wójciak, W.; Żuk, M.; Paduch, R.; Wójciak, M. Protective Effect of Urtica dioica Extract against Oxidative Stress in Human Skin Fibroblasts. Life 2023, 13, 2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13112182
Skalska-Kamińska A, Wójciak W, Żuk M, Paduch R, Wójciak M. Protective Effect of Urtica dioica Extract against Oxidative Stress in Human Skin Fibroblasts. Life. 2023; 13(11):2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13112182
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkalska-Kamińska, Agnieszka, Weronika Wójciak, Magdalena Żuk, Roman Paduch, and Magdalena Wójciak. 2023. "Protective Effect of Urtica dioica Extract against Oxidative Stress in Human Skin Fibroblasts" Life 13, no. 11: 2182. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13112182