http://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability/special_issues/sustainability-groundwater/ {snippet name="submission_info"} http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/3/10/1792/ One of the most common denominators for almost any form of life is the existential need for water. This need has recently received much attention in the frame of sustainability discussions [1,2]. In addition, environmental sustainability and safe access to fresh water is one of the eight United Nation’s millennium development goals, and ultimately most conditions of life rely on water. Expected higher water demands for irrigation, industrial and household purposes outline the need for more investment in freshwater characterization and quantification. In addition, factors including climate change, large-scale reservoirs, re-channelling of streams, expansion of urban centres as well as chemical and microbial loading need to be taken into account. [...] http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/3/10/1792/ Mon, 10 Oct 2011 00:00:00 CEST Sustainability 2011-10-10 3 10 Editorial 1792 1795 2071-1050 A Summary on the Special Issue “Sustainability of Groundwater” 2011-10-10 doi: 10.3390/su3101792 Veith Becker Anssi Myrttinen Johannes A.C. Barth Peter Bayer http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/3/2/396/ Groundwater is one of the most valuable resources for drinking water and irrigation in the Maheshwaram Catchment, Central India, where most of the local population depends on it for agricultural activities. An increasing demand for irrigation and the growing concern about potential water contamination makes imperative the implementation of a systematic groundwater-quality monitoring program in the region. Nonetheless, limited funding and resources emphasize the need to achieve a representative but cost-effective sampling strategy. In this context, field observations were combined with a geostatistical analysis to define an optimized monitoring network able to provide sufficient and non-redundant information on key hydrochemical parameters. A factor analysis was used to evaluate the interrelationship among variables, and permitted to reduce the original dataset into a new configuration of monitoring points still able to capture the spatial variability in the groundwater quality of the basin. The approach is useful to maximize data collection and contributes to better manage the allocation of resources under budget constrains. http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/3/2/396/ Tue, 15 Feb 2011 00:00:00 CET Sustainability 2011-02-15 3 2 Article 396 409 2071-1050 Optimization of a Groundwater Monitoring Network for a Sustainable Development of the Maheshwaram Catchment, India 2011-02-15 doi: 10.3390/su3020396 Aadil Nabi Adrian H. Gallardo Shakeel Ahmed http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/3/1/21/ Groundwater is increasingly relied on as a source of potable water in developing countries, but factors such as population growth, development, and climate variability, pose potential challenges for ongoing sustainable supply. The effect of these factors on the groundwater system was considered in four scenarios using a numerical model to represent the Bani area of Mali, West Africa. By 2040, population growth, climate variability, and development as urbanization, agriculture, and industry creates scenarios in which groundwater extraction is an increasingly larger percentage of the groundwater system. Consumption from agriculture and industry increases extraction rates from less than 1 to 3.8% of mean annual precipitation, which will likely affect the groundwater system. For instance, concentrated pumping in local areas may result in water level declines. The results of this study contribute to an ongoing evaluation of sustainable groundwater resources in West Africa. http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/3/1/21/ Thu, 23 Dec 2010 00:00:00 CET Sustainability 2010-12-23 3 1 Article 21 34 2071-1050 Effects of Population Growth and Climate Variability on Sustainable Groundwater in Mali, West Africa 2010-12-23 doi: 10.3390/su3010021 Alexandra Lutz James M. Thomas Mamadou Keita http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/11/3418/ Groundwater pumping causes depletion of groundwater storage. The rate of depletion incurred by any new well is gradually decreasing and eventually becomes zero in the long run, after induced recharge and reduction of natural discharge of groundwater combined (capture) have become large enough to balance the pumping rate completely. If aquifer-wide aggregated pumping rates are comparatively large, then such a new dynamic equilibrium may not be reached and groundwater storage may become exhausted. Decisions to pump groundwater are motivated by people’s need for domestic water and by expected benefits of using water for a variety of activities. But how much finally is abstracted from an aquifer (or is considered to be an optimal aggregate abstraction rate) depends on a wide range of other factors as well. Among these, the constraint imposed by the groundwater balance (preventing aquifer exhaustion) has received ample attention in the professional literature. However, other constraints or considerations related to changes in groundwater level due to pumping are observed as well and in many cases they even may dominate the decisions on pumping. This paper reviews such constraints or considerations, examines how they are or may be incorporated in the decision-making process, and evaluates to what extent the resulting pumping rates and patterns create conditions that comply with principles of sustainability. http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/11/3418/ Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 CET Sustainability 2010-11-01 2 11 Article 3418 3435 2071-1050 Reconciling Groundwater Storage Depletion Due to Pumping with Sustainability 2010-11-01 doi: 10.3390/su2113418 Jac Van der Gun Annukka Lipponen http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2676/ With climate change exacerbating over-exploitation, groundwater scarcity looms as an increasingly critical issue worldwide. Minimizing the adverse effects of scarcity requires optimal as well as sustainable patterns of groundwater management. We review the many sustainable paths for groundwater extraction from a coastal aquifer and show how to find the particular sustainable path that is welfare maximizing. In some cases the optimal path converges to the maximum sustainable yield. For sufficiently convex extraction costs, the extraction path converges to an internal steady state above the level of maximum sustainable yield. We describe the challenges facing groundwater managers faced with multiple aquifers, the prospect of using recycled water, and the interdependence with watershed management. The integrated water management thus described results in less water scarcity and higher total welfare gains from groundwater use. The framework also can be applied to climate-change specifications about the frequency, duration, and intensity of precipitation by comparing before and after optimal management. For the case of South Oahu in Hawaii, the prospect of climate change increases the gains of integrated groundwater management. http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2676/ Fri, 20 Aug 2010 00:00:00 CEST Sustainability 2010-08-20 2 8 Article 2676 2685 2071-1050 Optimal and Sustainable Groundwater Extraction 2010-08-20 doi: 10.3390/su2082676 James A. Roumasset Christopher A. Wada http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2652/ The largest city in Benin, West Africa (Cotonou), is reliant upon groundwater for its public water supply. This groundwater is derived from the Godomey well field which is located approximately 5 Km north of the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and in close proximity to Lake Nokoue—a shallow lake containing water with elevated concentration of chloride and other elements. Historical data indicate increased chloride concentration in a number of wells nearest to the lake, with unknown contribution from groundwater encroachment from the coastal area. Hence, there is substantial interest in better characterizing this groundwater system for the purpose of determining appropriate management practices and degree of sustainability. Among the efforts attempted to date are a series of numerical models ranging from assessment of flow to a recent effort to include density-dependent transport from the lake. In addition, substantial field characterization has been pursued including assessment of shallow water chemistry along the region of the coastal lagoon and border of the lake, characterization of hydraulic response to pumpage in the aquifer system, estimation of the distribution of electrical resistivity with depth along the coastal lagoons, and installation of multi-level piezometers at seven locations in the lake. When integrated across methods, these numerical and field results indicate that the lake remains a primary concern in terms of a source of salinity in the aquifer. Further, the coastal region appears to be more complex than previously suggested and may represent a future source of salt-water encroachment as suggested by current presence of saline waters at relatively shallow depths along the coast. Finally, hydraulic testing suggests that both natural and pumping-based fluctuations in water levels are present in this system. Substantial additional characterization and modeling efforts may provide a significantly greater understanding of the behavior of this complex groundwater system and, thereby, an improved ability to manage the potential for negative impacts from salt-water and anthropogenic contaminants entering this sole source of fresh water for southern Benin. http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2652/ Fri, 20 Aug 2010 00:00:00 CEST Sustainability 2010-08-20 2 8 Review 2652 2675 2071-1050 Issues of Sustainability of Coastal Groundwater Resources: Benin, West Africa 2010-08-20 doi: 10.3390/su2082652 Stephen E. Silliman Brian I. Borum Moussa Boukari Nicaise Yalo Salifou Orou-Pete Daniel McInnis Chrstyn Fertenbaugh Andrew D. Mullen http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2219/ This case study deals with long-term contamination of the Leuna aquifer, which is intended to be restored using sustainable technologies financed by the state. The contamination can only be solved using active rather than passive intervention, because the aquifer has an extraordinarily low natural attenuation capacity for the specific pollutants. Due to the longevity of the contamination source, the groundwater treatment technology that was chosen for the site must operate for a minimum of 20 years but probably much longer. Since the polluter-pay principle cannot be applied, the estimated dynamic primary remediation costs must be accepted as a political or social cost, which must be paid by current and future generations. http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2219/ Fri, 16 Jul 2010 00:00:00 CEST Sustainability 2010-07-16 2 7 Article 2219 2231 2071-1050 Sustainable Technologies and Social Costs for Eliminating Contamination of an Aquifer 2010-07-16 doi: 10.3390/su2072219 Schirmer Niemes