http://www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses/special_issues/lipids-in-virus-replication/ Submission All manuscripts should be submitted to viruses@mdpi.com with a copy to the Guest Editor. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. Papers will be published continuously (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website. Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are refereed through a peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed Open Access monthly journal published by MDPI. Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. For the first couple of issues, to be published in 2009 and 2010, the Article Processing Charges (APC) in this Open Access journal will be waived for well-prepared manuscripts. English correction and/or formatting fees of 250 CHF (Swiss Francs) will be charged in certain cases for those articles accepted for publication that require extensive additional formatting and/or English corrections. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/5/1236/ As obligatory intracellular pathogens, viruses exploit various cellular molecules and structures, such as cellular membranes, for their propagation. Enveloped viruses acquire lipid membranes as their outer coat through interactions with cellular membranes during morphogenesis within, and egress from, infected cells. In contrast, non-enveloped viruses typically exit cells by cell lysis, and lipid membranes are not part of the released virions. However, non-enveloped viruses also interact with lipid membranes at least during entry into target cells. Therefore, lipids, as part of cellular membranes, inevitably play some roles in life cycle of viruses. [...] http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/5/1236/ Thu, 20 May 2010 00:00:00 CEST Viruses 2010-05-20 2 5 Editorial 1236 1238 1999-4915 Viruses and Lipids 2010-05-20 doi: 10.3390/v2051236 Ono http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/5/1218/ Non-enveloped viruses such as members of Picornaviridae and Reoviridae are assembled in the cytoplasm and are generally released by cell lysis. However, recent evidence suggests that some non-enveloped viruses exit from infected cells without lysis, indicating that these viruses may also utilize alternate means for egress. Moreover, it appears that complex, non-enveloped viruses such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and rotavirus interact with lipids during their entry process as well as with lipid rafts during the trafficking of newly synthesized progeny viruses. This review will discuss the role of lipids in the entry, maturation and release of non-enveloped viruses, focusing mainly on BTV. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/5/1218/ Tue, 18 May 2010 00:00:00 CEST Viruses 2010-05-18 2 5 Review 1218 1235 1999-4915 Role of Lipids on Entry and Exit of Bluetongue Virus, a Complex Non-Enveloped Virus 2010-05-18 doi: 10.3390/v2051218 Bhattacharya Roy http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/5/1195/ Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to severe liver disease and is a global healthcare problem. The liver is highly metabolically active and one of its key functions is to control the balance of lipid throughout the body. A number of pathologies have been linked to the impact of HCV infection on liver metabolism. However, there is also growing evidence that hepatic metabolic processes contribute to the HCV life cycle. This review summarizes the relationship between lipid metabolism and key stages in the production of infectious HCV. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/5/1195/ Tue, 11 May 2010 00:00:00 CEST Viruses 2010-05-11 2 5 Review 1195 1217 1999-4915 Lipid Metabolism and HCV Infection 2010-05-11 doi: 10.3390/v2051195 Targett-Adams Boulant Douglas McLauchlan http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/5/1146/ Retroviruses undergo several critical steps to complete a replication cycle. These include the complex processes of virus entry, assembly, and budding that often take place at the plasma membrane of the host cell. Both virus entry and release involve membrane fusion/fission reactions between the viral envelopes and host cell membranes. Accumulating evidence indicates important roles for lipids and lipid microdomains in virus entry and egress. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the role of lipids and membrane microdomains in retroviral replication. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/5/1146/ Thu, 06 May 2010 00:00:00 CEST Viruses 2010-05-06 2 5 Review 1146 1180 1999-4915 The Role of Lipids in Retrovirus Replication 2010-05-06 doi: 10.3390/v2051146 Waheed Freed http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/5/1055/ Positive-sense RNA viruses are responsible for frequent and often devastating diseases in humans, animals, and plants. However, the development of effective vaccines and anti-viral therapies targeted towards these pathogens has been hindered by an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in viral replication. One common feature of all positive-sense RNA viruses is the manipulation of host intracellular membranes for the assembly of functional viral RNA replication complexes. This review will discuss the interplay between cellular membranes and positive-sense RNA virus replication, and will focus specifically on the potential structural and functional roles for cellular lipids in this process. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/5/1055/ Thu, 29 Apr 2010 00:00:00 CEST Viruses 2010-04-29 2 5 Review 1055 1068 1999-4915 Role of Cellular Lipids in Positive-Sense RNA Virus Replication Complex Assembly and Function 2010-04-29 doi: 10.3390/v2051055 Stapleford Miller http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/4/1011/ Glycosphingolipids are ubiquitous molecules composed of a lipid and a carbohydrate moiety. Their main functions are as antigen/toxin receptors, in cell adhesion/recognition processes, or initiation/modulation of signal transduction pathways. Microbes take advantage of the different carbohydrate structures displayed on a specific cell surface for attachment during infection. For some viruses, such as the polyomaviruses, binding to gangliosides determines the internalization pathway into cells. For others, the interaction between microbe and carbohydrate can be a critical determinant for host susceptibility. In this review, we summarize the role of glycosphingolipids as receptors for members of the non-enveloped calici-, rota-, polyoma- and parvovirus families. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/4/1011/ Thu, 15 Apr 2010 00:00:00 CEST Viruses 2010-04-15 2 4 Review 1011 1049 1999-4915 Glycosphingolipids as Receptors for Non-Enveloped Viruses 2010-04-15 doi: 10.3390/v2041011 Taube Jiang Wobus http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/4/972/ Poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm, where they acquire multiple lipoprotein membranes. Although a proposal that the initial membrane arises de novo has not been substantiated, there is no accepted explanation for its formation from cellular membranes. A subsequent membrane-wrapping step involving modified trans-Golgi or endosomal cisternae results in a particle with three membranes. These wrapped virions traverse the cytoplasm on microtubules; the outermost membrane is lost during exocytosis, the middle one is lost just prior to cell entry, and the remaining membrane fuses with the cell to allow the virus core to enter the cytoplasm and initiate a new infection. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/4/972/ Tue, 06 Apr 2010 00:00:00 CEST Viruses 2010-04-06 2 4 Review 972 986 1999-4915 Lipid Membranes in Poxvirus Replication 2010-04-06 doi: 10.3390/v2040972 Laliberte Moss http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/4/796/ The study of enveloped animal viruses has greatly advanced our understanding of the general properties of membrane fusion and of the specific pathways that viruses use to infect the host cell. The membrane fusion proteins of the alphaviruses and flaviviruses have many similarities in structure and function. As reviewed here, alphaviruses use receptor-mediated endocytic uptake and low pH-triggered membrane fusion to deliver their RNA genomes into the cytoplasm. Recent advances in understanding the biochemistry and structure of the alphavirus membrane fusion protein provide a clearer picture of this fusion reaction, including the protein’s conformational changes during fusion and the identification of key domains. These insights into the alphavirus fusion mechanism suggest new areas for experimental investigation and potential inhibitor strategies for anti-viral therapy. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/4/796/ Fri, 26 Mar 2010 00:00:00 CET Viruses 2010-03-26 2 4 Review 796 825 1999-4915 Alphavirus Entry and Membrane Fusion 2010-03-26 doi: 10.3390/v2040796 Margaret Kielian Chantal Chanel-Vos Maofu Liao