http://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/special_issues/climatechange/ Submission All papers should be submitted to energies@mdpi.org with copy to the guest editor. To be published continuously until the deadline and papers will be listed together at the special websites. Submitted papers should not have been previously published nor be currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. All papers are refereed through a peer review process. A guide for authors, sample copies and other relevant information for submitting papers are available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed quarterly journal published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International. Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a paper. Open Access publication fees are 300 CHF per paper. English correction fees (250 CHF) will be added in certain cases (550 CHF per paper for those papers that require extensive additional formatting and/or English corrections.). Article Processing Charges (APC) Article Processing Charges (APC) will be waived for well prepared manuscripts of invited papers. For the first two volumes of this new journal the APC are of 300 CHF (or 550 CHF per paper for those papers that require extensive additional formatting and/or English corrections). http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/2/4/805/ This study investigates the impacts of climate change on energy requirements in the Mediterranean. Energy requirements, especially for space heating and cooling, are closely linked to several weather variables, mainly air temperature. The analysis is based on daily temperature outputs from several regional climate models run at a resolution of 25 km × 25 km in the framework of EU project ENSEMBLES using the A1B emissions scenario. The impacts of changes in temperature on energy requirements are investigated using the concept of degree days, defined as the difference of mean air temperature from a base temperature. Base temperature should be chosen to coincide with the minimum energy consumption. In this way, changes in heating and cooling requirements between the reference and the future period are calculated and areas about to undergo large changes identified. These changes are calculated between a 30-year reference period 1961–1990 and a near future period 2021–2050 taking the ensemble mean of all regional climate models. The near-term future has been chosen instead of the frequently used end-of-the-century period to assist policy makers in their planning. In general, a decrease in energy requirements is projected under future milder winters and an increase under hotter summers. http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/2/4/805/ Wed, 30 Sep 2009 00:00:00 CEST Energies 2009-09-30 2 4 Article 805 815 1996-1073 Changing Energy Requirements in the Mediterranean Under Changing Climatic Conditions 2009-09-30 doi: 10.3390/en20400805 Christos Giannakopoulos Panos Hadjinicolaou Christos Zerefos George Demosthenous http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/2/3/477/ According to the Electricity Directive, suppliers of electricity must disclose their electricity portfolio with regards to energy source and environmental impact. This paper gives some examples of disclosure systems and residual electricity mixes in Norway, Sweden and Finland, compared to an approach based on a common regional disclosure. Disclosures based on the E-TRACK standard are presented, as well as the variation in CO2 emissions from different residual mixes. The results from this study clearly show that there is a need for a harmonised, transparent and reliable system for the accounting of electricity disclosure in Europe. http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/2/3/477/ Wed, 01 Jul 2009 00:00:00 CEST Energies 2009-07-01 2 3 Review 477 489 1996-1073 Calculation of Residual Electricity Mixes when Accounting for the EECS (European Electricity Certificate System) — the Need for a Harmonised System 2009-07-01 doi: 10.3390/en20300477 Hanne Lerche Raadal Cecilia Askham Nyland Ole Jørgen Hanssen http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/2/2/180/ An optimal design strategy of a network of fixed bed reactors for Methanol Production (MP) is proposed in this study. Both methanol production and profit spanning a production period of eight years have been set as objective functions to find the optimal production network. The conservation of mass and energy laws on a heterogeneous model of a single industrial methanol reactor was first developed. The model was solved numerically and was validated with industrial plant data. Different reactor network arrangements were then simulated in order to find an optimal superstructure. It was found that a structure of four reactors (two in series in parallel with another two in series) provide maximum production rate. The application of the more realistic objective function of profit showed that a configuration of two parallel reactors is the best configuration. This optimal structure produces 92 tons/day more methanol than a single reactor. http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/2/2/180/ Tue, 07 Apr 2009 00:00:00 CEST Energies 2009-04-07 2 2 Article 180 189 1996-1073 Optimal Fixed Bed Reactor Network Configuration for the Efficient Recycling of CO2 into Methanol 2009-04-07 doi: 10.3390/en20200180 Ali Elkamel Gholam Reza Zahedi Chris Marton Ali Lohi http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/1/3/120/ Since the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol, carbon trading has been in continuous expansion. In this paper, we review the origins of carbon trading in order to understand how carbon trading works in Europe and, specifically, the functioning of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the workings of several spot, futures and options markets where European Union Allowances are traded. As well, the linking of the EU ETS with the other United Nations carbon markets is also studied. http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/1/3/120/ Wed, 17 Dec 2008 00:00:00 CET Energies 2008-12-17 1 3 Review 120 153 1996-1073 What You Should Know About Carbon Markets 2008-12-17 doi: 10.3390/en1030120 Maria Mansanet-Bataller Ángel Pardo