Special Issue "Recent Research on Papillomaviruses"

Guest Editor
Dr. Ligia A. Pinto
HPV Immunology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick/Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Building 469, Room 111, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
E-Mail: pintol@mail.nih.gov
Phone: +301 846 1766
Fax: +301 846 6954

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• human papillomaviruses
• animal papillomavirus
• viral infection
• papillomavirus epidemiology
• papillomavirus immunology/virology
• cervical cancer
• head and neck cancer
• clinical trials
• vaccines
• novel methods
• animal models

Type of Paper: Article
Title: Detection of Human Papilloma Virus and Amplification of Early Genes for Genotypes Identification in Venezuelan Women
Authors: Elvia Michelli ^1,2, Luis Téllez¹_*, José-Andrés Mendoza¹, María-Eugenia Noguera³, Melisse Milano⁴, Reauben Vera¹ and Diana Callejas⁵
Affiliations: ¹ Universidad de Los Andes, Laboratorio de Microbiología y Salud Pública del Estado Mérida, Av. Las Américas, Ambulatorio Venezuela, Unidad de Larga Estancia, Estado Mérida, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, CP 5101; E-Mails: elviamichelli@yahoo.com (E.M.); letellezenator@gmail.com (L.T.); joseandres@ula.ve (J.-A.M.); redve123@gmail.com (R.V.); ² Universidad de Oriente, Escuela de Ciencias, Calle Bolívar, Escuela de Enfermería, Departamento de Bioanálisis, Cumaná, Estado Sucre, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, CP 6101; ³ Universidad de Los Andes, Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Av. 16 de Septiembre, Campo de Oro, Estado Mérida, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, CP 5101; E-Mail: avenog@hotmail.com (M.-E.N.); ⁴ Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Av. Don tulio Febres Cordero, Edificio Sede Sur, Nivel Sótano, Estado Mérida, República Bolivariana de Venezuela; E-Mail: melissemilano@gmail.com (M.M.); ⁵ Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio Regional de Referencia Virológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas Dr. Américo Negrette, Av. 18 con calle 69, Sector  Paraíso, Maracaibo, República Bolivariana de Venezuela; E-Mails: enmanuel2312@yahoo.com (D.C.); * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: letellezenator@gmail.com (L.T.); Tel.: +58-0274-2714943; Fax: +58-0274-240-3151.
Abstract: Genotyping of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) by molecular methods may enhance assessment information for screening and following of cervical infection. Cervical samples were obtained from 250 women, simultaneously colposcopy and cytological testing was development. HPV detection assays were performed using Hybrid-Capture 2 and by two PCR assays for L1 and E6/E7 regions. A Nested-PCR-Multiplex assay was used for HPV genotyping. HPV were detected in 27.2%, for those samples, 94.12% were positive for at least one genotype, and high-risk HPVs were identified in 98.44%. HPV18 infection was 79.36%, and HPV16 was 38.09%, whether as individuals or as combined infections. About to the age groups, those infections were more frequent in women under 35 years old (64.7%). Pap-smear examination showed that 12 cervical samples had changes suggesting HPV infection (17.64%), wherever colposcopy evaluation was suggestive of HPV infection in 31 DNA-HPV positive samples (45.6%). There was a high frequency of high-risk HPV genotypes, particularly HPV18, alone or in multiple-type infection. Colposcopy findings showed to be the higher predicted value for diagnosis of HPV infection. Results reflect that over 50% of HPV-positive patients had a colposcopy and/or normal cytology within, highlighting the importance of including routine HPV testing along with genotype identification.
Keywords: HPV; genotypes; cervical cancer

Type of Paper: Article
Title: The Cytology and DNA Detection by the PapilloCheck^® test in the Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus Infection.
Authors: Liliana Vieira ¹, Adelaide Almeida ^{2 ,}*
Affiliations: ¹ Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-mail: lili7pat@gmail.com; ² Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: aalmeida@ua.pt; Phone: +351 234 370 784
Abstract: The aim of this study was to make a comparison between the results obtained by cytologies and by the detection and genotyping of HPV DNA in the screening of cervical cancer. In this study there were used 994 samples from human females. These were obtained from liquid-based preparations. The samples were analyzed by cytological technique and by the detection of HPV DNAusing the PapilloCheck ® Test. The HPV was detected in 28% of the samples. Most of the cytology lesions appeared in HPV positive samples and, within these, the most serious injuries occurred mostly in samples with multiple HPV infections. The results indicate that, in general, there is a correlation between the detection of HPV DNA and cytology. However, there were some cases that emphasize the limitations of both diagnosis methods (27% cases with viral HPV DNA positive and normal cytologies and about 2% of cytological lesions detected in samples HPV negatives). It is possible to conclude that none of the two techniques is enough by itself and should be applied together in order to increase the accuracy of cervical cancer screening.
Keywords: Human Papillomavirus, cervical cancer, cytology, PapilloCheck®Test Kit

Type of Paper: Review
Title: Role of IL-10 and TGF- ß1 in Uternine Cervix Immunosuppression in HPV Cervical Lesions and Cervical Cancer
Authors: Kirvis Torres-Poveda, Margarita Bahena-Román, Claudia Madrid-González, Víctor H. Bermúdez-Morales, Oscar Peralta-Zaragoza, and Vicente Madrid-Marina
Affiliation: Division of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health. Cuernavaca, Mexico.
Corresponding Author: Dr. Madrid-Marina: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos. C.P. 62100. Mexico. Tel: +52-17329-3056. E-mail: vmarina@insp.mx.
Abstract: Clinical and molecular investigations have identified immunological impairment in CC patients. HPV has several mechanisms for avoiding the immune system, it down-regulates the expression of interferon and upregulates IL-10 and TGF-ß1 that produce a local immunosuppressive environment, which altered tumor surface antigens, resulting in the formation of an immunosuppressive network that inhibits an antitumor immune response. We summarize available data on the effects of immunosuppressive cytokines on T-cell activation and cellular factors that promote cell proliferation in CC patients; also, the functional consequences of HPV proteins interaction on IL-10 and TGF-β1 promoters in the cellular immune response in CC patients.