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Sol-Gel Based Sensors and Devices
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Sol-Gel Based Sensors and Devices

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2015) | Viewed by 38679

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yasufumi Enami

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Optoelectronic Engineering, School of Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Kami 782-8502, Japan
Interests: optical fiber sensors and devices; biophotonic sensors; optical networks; micro- and nano-devices; polymer photonics; optical sensors for autonomous driving
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sol-gel material has been applied for sensors, micro-fabricated electronics, and photonic devices because of its simple process at low temperature, which matches well with living cells and biochemical materials. The sol-gel materials have been processed for micro-fabricated sensors and devices using photonic waveguides and integrated electronic circuits. For example, the mesoporous structure in the sol-gel silica is well-known as a low-k material and can be used for optical, chemical and biochemical sensors. The sol-gel silica is used as the optical core and cladding materials in waveguide biophotonic sensors and optical devices such as optical modulators. The porous structure has the advantage of being a sensing material that can penetrate into the thin film, and can be applied for electrical and optical sensors with high sensitivity.

This Special Issue aims to present novel and innovative application of sensors and devices based on sol-gel processed materials. Papers addressing the wide range of applications of sol-gel materials based sensors and devices are called for, including, but not limited to recent developments in the following areas: mesoporous sol-gel materials and devices for biophotonic sensor applications, sol-gel based materials for photonic and biophotonic applications, high refractive index materials based on the sol-gel process, sol-gel based integrated sensors and devices, bio-materials attachment on/in sol-gel materials for sensor purposes.

Both review articles and original research papers related to the application of sol-gel based sensors and devices are solicited.

Prof. Dr. Yasufumi Enami
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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2317 KiB  
Article
Sol-Gel Thin Films for Plasmonic Gas Sensors
by Enrico Della Gaspera and Alessandro Martucci
Sensors 2015, 15(7), 16910-16928; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150716910 - 13 Jul 2015
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7313
Abstract
Plasmonic gas sensors are optical sensors that use localized surface plasmons or extended surface plasmons as transducing platform. Surface plasmons are very sensitive to dielectric variations of the environment or to electron exchange, and these effects have been exploited for the realization of [...] Read more.
Plasmonic gas sensors are optical sensors that use localized surface plasmons or extended surface plasmons as transducing platform. Surface plasmons are very sensitive to dielectric variations of the environment or to electron exchange, and these effects have been exploited for the realization of sensitive gas sensors. In this paper, we review our research work of the last few years on the synthesis and the gas sensing properties of sol-gel based nanomaterials for plasmonic sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sol-Gel Based Sensors and Devices)
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4110 KiB  
Article
Microfabrication and Integration of a Sol-Gel PZT Folded Spring Energy Harvester
by Jonathan Lueke, Ahmed Badr, Edmond Lou and Walied A. Moussa
Sensors 2015, 15(6), 12218-12241; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150612218 - 26 May 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 9328
Abstract
This paper presents the methodology and challenges experienced in the microfabrication, packaging, and integration of a fixed-fixed folded spring piezoelectric energy harvester. A variety of challenges were overcome in the fabrication of the energy harvesters, such as the diagnosis and rectification of sol-gel [...] Read more.
This paper presents the methodology and challenges experienced in the microfabrication, packaging, and integration of a fixed-fixed folded spring piezoelectric energy harvester. A variety of challenges were overcome in the fabrication of the energy harvesters, such as the diagnosis and rectification of sol-gel PZT film quality and adhesion issues. A packaging and integration methodology was developed to allow for the characterizing the harvesters under a base vibration. The conditioning circuitry developed allowed for a complete energy harvesting system, consisting a harvester, a voltage doubler, a voltage regulator and a NiMH battery. A feasibility study was undertaken with the designed conditioning circuitry to determine the effect of the input parameters on the overall performance of the circuit. It was found that the maximum efficiency does not correlate to the maximum charging current supplied to the battery. The efficiency and charging current must be balanced to achieve a high output and a reasonable output current. The development of the complete energy harvesting system allows for the direct integration of the energy harvesting technology into existing power management schemes for wireless sensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sol-Gel Based Sensors and Devices)
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1817 KiB  
Article
Sol-Gel Deposition of Iridium Oxide for Biomedical Micro-Devices
by Cuong M. Nguyen, Smitha Rao, Xuesong Yang, Souvik Dubey, Jeffrey Mays, Hung Cao and Jung-Chih Chiao
Sensors 2015, 15(2), 4212-4228; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150204212 - 12 Feb 2015
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8332
Abstract
Flexible iridium oxide (IrOx)-based micro-electrodes were fabricated on flexible polyimide substrates using a sol-gel deposition process for utilization as integrated pseudo-reference electrodes for bio-electrochemical sensing applications. The fabrication method yields reliable miniature on-probe IrOx electrodes with long lifetime, high stability [...] Read more.
Flexible iridium oxide (IrOx)-based micro-electrodes were fabricated on flexible polyimide substrates using a sol-gel deposition process for utilization as integrated pseudo-reference electrodes for bio-electrochemical sensing applications. The fabrication method yields reliable miniature on-probe IrOx electrodes with long lifetime, high stability and repeatability. Such sensors can be used for long-term measurements. Various dimensions of sol-gel iridium oxide electrodes including 1 mm × 1 mm, 500 µm × 500 µm, and 100 µm × 100 µm were fabricated. Sensor longevity and pH dependence were investigated by immersing the electrodes in hydrochloric acid, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and sodium hydroxide solutions for 30 days. Less pH dependent responses, compared to IrOx electrodes fabricated by electrochemical deposition processes, were measured at 58.8 ± 0.4 mV/pH, 53.8 ± 1.3 mV/pH and 48 ± 0.6 mV/pH, respectively. The on-probe IrOx pseudo-reference electrodes were utilized for dopamine sensing. The baseline responses of the sensors were higher than the one using an external Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Using IrOx reference electrodes integrated on the same probe with working electrodes eliminated the use of cytotoxic Ag/AgCl reference electrode without loss in sensitivity. This enables employing such sensors in long-term recording of concentrations of neurotransmitters in central nervous systems of animals and humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sol-Gel Based Sensors and Devices)
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744 KiB  
Communication
Phospholipid Fatty Acids as Physiological Indicators of Paracoccus denitrificans Encapsulated in Silica Sol-Gel Hydrogels
by Josef Trögl, Ivana Jirková, Pavel Kuráň, Elmira Akhmetshina, Taťjána Brovdyová, Alexander Sirotkin and Tatiana Kirilina
Sensors 2015, 15(2), 3426-3434; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150203426 - 03 Feb 2015
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5932
Abstract
The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) content was determined in samples of Paracoccus denitrificans encapsulated in silica hydrogel films prepared from prepolymerized tetramethoxysilane (TMOS). Immediately after encapsulation the total PLFA concentration was linearly proportional to the optical density (600 nm) of the input microbial [...] Read more.
The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) content was determined in samples of Paracoccus denitrificans encapsulated in silica hydrogel films prepared from prepolymerized tetramethoxysilane (TMOS). Immediately after encapsulation the total PLFA concentration was linearly proportional to the optical density (600 nm) of the input microbial suspension (R2 = 0.99). After 7 days this relationship remained linear, but with significantly decreased slope, indicating a higher extinction of bacteria in suspensions of input concentration 108 cells/mL and higher. trans-Fatty acids, indicators of cytoplasmatic membrane disturbances, were below the detection limit. The cy/pre ratio (i.e., ratio of cyclopropylated fatty acids (cy17:0 + cy19:0) to their metabolic precursors (16:1ω7 + 18:1ω7)), an indicator of the transition of the culture to a stationary growth-phase, decreased depending on co-immobilization of nutrients in the order phosphate buffer > mineral medium > Luria Broth rich medium. The ratio, too, was logarithmically proportional to cell concentration. These results confirm the applicability of total PLFA as an indicator for the determination of living biomass and cy/pre ratio for determination of nutrient limitation of microorganisms encapsulated in sol-gel matrices. This may be of interest for monitoring of sol-gel encapsulated bacteria proposed as optical recognition elements in biosensor construction, as well as other biotechnological applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sol-Gel Based Sensors and Devices)
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Review

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833 KiB  
Review
Sol-Gel Material-Enabled Electro-Optic Polymer Modulators
by Roland Himmelhuber, Robert A. Norwood, Yasufumi Enami and Nasser Peyghambarian
Sensors 2015, 15(8), 18239-18255; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818239 - 27 Jul 2015
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6343
Abstract
Sol-gels are an important material class, as they provide easy modification of material properties, good processability and are easy to synthesize. In general, an electro-optic (EO) modulator transforms an electrical signal into an optical signal. The incoming electrical signal is most commonly information [...] Read more.
Sol-gels are an important material class, as they provide easy modification of material properties, good processability and are easy to synthesize. In general, an electro-optic (EO) modulator transforms an electrical signal into an optical signal. The incoming electrical signal is most commonly information encoded in a voltage change. This voltage change is then transformed into either a phase change or an intensity change in the light signal. The less voltage needed to drive the modulator and the lower the optical loss, the higher the link gain and, therefore, the better the performance of the modulator. In this review, we will show how sol-gels can be used to enhance the performance of electro-optic modulators by allowing for designs with low optical loss, increased poling efficiency and manipulation of the electric field used for driving the modulator. The optical loss is influenced by the propagation loss in the device, as well as the losses occurring during fiber coupling in and out of the device. In both cases, the use of sol-gel materials can be beneficial due to the wide range of available refractive indices and low optical attenuation. The influence of material properties and synthesis conditions on the device performance will be discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sol-Gel Based Sensors and Devices)
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