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A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2019) | Viewed by 52547

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Prof. Dr. Walter Remo Caseri

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Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, HCI F 515, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
Interests: inorganic polymers; organometallic polymers; nanocomposites
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Dear Colleagues,

Composites of inorganic nanoparticles embedded in a polymer matrix are versatile materials that allow to introduce special properties of nanoparticles into polymer matrix systems. Due to the broad range of polymers and inorganic compounds, a plethora of combinations of these two classes allow reams of variations of characteristics of such nanocomposites. Accordingly, nanocomposites with a diversity of exceptional attributes have been created. Hence, nanocomposites have attracted attention in areas ranging from chemistry, physics or materials science to biology or medicine. Related materials are in the focus of this Special Issue. All types of polymers—not only synthetic but also natural polymers—and the full diversity of inorganic nanoparticles are addressed. As emphasis is put on scientific impact, the nanocomposites and their components should be properly characterized. On the other hand, while the development of products for innovative applications falls in the scope of this Special Issue, routine product optimization of nanocomposites should be considered rather for journals, which focus on industrial rather than on scientific aspects.

Prof. Dr. Walter Remo Caseri
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Nanocomposites
Polymers
Inorganic nanoparticles
Materials properties
Synthesis
Innovative applications

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 2974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure–Function Correlations in Sputter Deposited Gold/Fluorocarbon Multilayers for Tuning Optical Response

by Pallavi Pandit, Matthias Schwartzkopf, André Rothkirch, Stephan V. Roth, Sigrid Bernstorff and Ajay Gupta

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(9), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091249 - 03 Sep 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2791

Abstract

A new strategy to nanoengineer gold/fluorocarbon multilayer (ML) nanostructures is reported. We have investigated the morphological changes occurring at the metal–polymer interface in ML structures with varying volume fraction of gold (Au) and the kinetic growth aspect of the microscale properties of nano-sized Au in plasma polymer fluorocarbon (PPFC). Investigations were carried out at various temperatures and annealing times by means of grazing incidence small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS and GIWAXS). We have fabricated a series of MLs with varying volume fraction (0.12, 0.27, 0.38) of Au and bilayer periodicity in ML structure. They show an interesting granular structure consisting of nearly spherical nanoparticles within the polymer layer. The nanoparticle (NP) morphology changes due to the collective effects of NPs diffusion within ensembles in the in-plane vicinity and interlayer with increasing temperature. The in-plane NPs size distinctly increases with increasing temperature. The NPs become more spherical, thus reducing the surface energy. Linear growth of NPs with temperature and time shows diffusion-controlled growth of NPs in the ML structure. The structural stability of the multilayer is controlled by the volume ratio of the metal in polymer. At room temperature, UV-Vis shows a blue shift of the plasmon peak from 560 nm in ML Au/PTFE_1 to 437 nm in Au/PTFE_3. We have identified the fabrication and postdeposition annealing conditions to limit the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) shift from

Δ λ_{L S P R}

= 180 nm (Au/PTFE_1) to

Δ λ_{L S P R}

= 67 nm (Au/PTFE_3 ML)) and their optical response over a wide visible wavelength range. A variation in the dielectric constant of the polymer in presence of varying Au inclusion is found to be a possible factor affecting the LSPR frequency. Our findings may provide insights in nanoengineering of ML structure that can be useful to systematically control the growth of NPs in polymer matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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16 pages, 4102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Achieving Secondary Dispersion of Modified Nanoparticles by Hot-Stretching to Enhance Dielectric and Mechanical Properties of Polyarylene Ether Nitrile Composites

by Yong You, Ling Tu, Yajie Wang, Lifen Tong, Renbo Wei and Xiaobo Liu

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(7), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9071006 - 12 Jul 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2574

Abstract

Enhanced dielectric and mechanical properties of polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN) are obtained through secondary dispersion of polyaniline functionalized barium titanate (PANI-f-BT) by hot-stretching. PANI-f-BT nanoparticles with different PANI content are successfully prepared via in-situ aniline polymerization technology. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic instrument (XPS) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirm that the PANI layers uniformly enclose on the surface of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are used as functional fillers to compound with PEN (PEN/PANI-f-BT) for studying its effect on the mechanical and dielectric performance of the obtained composites. In addition, the nanocomposites are uniaxial hot-stretched by 50% and 100% at 280 °C to obtain the oriented nanocomposite films. The results exhibit that the PANI-f-BT nanoparticles present good compatibility and dispersion in the PEN matrix, and the hot-stretching endows the second dispersion of PANI-f-BT in PEN resulting in enhanced mechanical properties, crystallinity and permittivity-temperature stability of the nanocomposites. The excellent performances of the nanocomposites indicate that a new approach for preparing high-temperature-resistant dielectric films is provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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13 pages, 3549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Nano-SnS and Nano-MoS₂ on the Corrosion Protection Performance of the Polyvinylbutyral and Zinc-Rich Polyvinylbutyral Coatings

by Zuopeng Qu, Lei Wang, Hongyu Tang, Huaiyu Ye and Meicheng Li

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(7), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9070956 - 30 Jun 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3041

Abstract

In this paper, four composite coatings of nano-SnS/polyvinylbutyral (PVB), nano-MoS₂/PVB, nano-SnS-Zn/PVB, and nano-MoS₂-Zn/PVB were prepared, and their anti-corrosion mechanism was analyzed by experimental and theoretical calculations. The results of the electrochemical experiments show that the effect of nano-MoS₂ on the corrosion protection performance of PVB coating is better than that of nano-SnS in 3% NaCl solution, and that the addition of Zn further enhances this effect, which is consistent with the results of weight loss measurements. Furthermore, the observation of the corrosion matrix by the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) further confirmed the above conclusion. At last, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were carried out to investigate the anti-corrosion mechanism of the nanofillers/PVB composites for the copper surface. The results show that both nano-SnS and nano-MoS₂ are adsorbed strongly on the copper surface, and the binding energy of nano-MoS₂ is larger than that of nano-SnS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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22 pages, 4913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Flexible, Lightweight, Magnetic Mushroom Gills and Coral-Like MXene–Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites for EMI Shielding Application

by Kanthasamy Raagulan, Ramanaskanda Braveenth, Lee Ro Lee, Joonsik Lee, Bo Mi Kim, Jai Jung Moon, Sang Bok Lee and Kyu Yun Chai

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(4), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040519 - 02 Apr 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4464

Abstract

MXenes, carbon nanotubes, and nanoparticles are attractive candidates for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The composites were prepared through a filtration technique and spray coating process. The functionalization of non-woven carbon fabric is an attractive strategy. The prepared composite was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy. The MXene-oxidized carbon nanotube-sodium dodecyl sulfate composite (MXCS) exhibited 50.5 dB (99.999%), and the whole nanoparticle-based composite blocked 99.99% of the electromagnetic radiation. The functionalization increased the shielding by 15.4%. The composite possessed good thermal stability, and the maximum electric conductivity achieved was 12.5 Scm⁻¹. Thus, the composite shows excellent potential applications towards the areas such as aeronautics, mobile phones, radars, and military. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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9 pages, 4381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of High Refractive Index Composite Films Based on Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Hybridized Hydrophilic Polymers

by Makoto Takafuji, Maino Kajiwara, Nanami Hano, Yutaka Kuwahara and Hirotaka Ihara

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(4), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040514 - 02 Apr 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4626

Abstract

Optical materials with high refractive index (n) have been rapidly improved because of urgent demands imposed by the development of advanced photonic and electronic devices such as solar cells, light emitting diodes (LED and Organic LED), optical lenses and filters, anti-reflection films, and optical adhesives. One successful method to obtain high refractive index materials is the blending of metal oxide nanoparticles such as TiO₂ and ZrO₂ with high n values of 2.1–2.7 into conventional polymers. However, these nanoparticles have a tendency to agglomerate by themselves in a conventional polymer matrix, due to the strong attractive forces between them. Therefore, there is a limitation in the blending amount of inorganic nanoparticles. In this paper, various hydrophilic polymers such as poly(N-hydroxyl acrylamide) (pHEAAm), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene glycol), and poly(acrylic acid) were examined for preparation of high refractive index film based on titanium oxide nanoparticle (TiNP) dispersed polymer composite. The hydrogen bonding sites in these hydrophilic polymers would improve the dispersibility of inorganic nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. As a result, pHEAAm exhibited higher compatibility with titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiNPs) than other water-soluble polymers. Transparent hybrid films were prepared by mixing pHEAAm with TiNPs and drop casting the mixture onto a glass plate. The refractive indices of the films were in good agreement with calculated values. The compatibility of TiNPs with pHEAAm was dependent on the surface characteristics of TiNPs. TiNPs with the highest observed compatibility could be hybridized with pHEAAm at concentrations of up to 90 wt%, and the refractive index of the corresponding film reached 1.90. The high compatibility of TiNPs with pHEAAm may be related to the hydrophilicity and amide and hydroxyl moieties of pHEAAm, which cause hydrogen bond formation on the TiO₂ surface. The obtained thin film was slightly yellow due to the color of the original TiNP dispersion; however, the transmittance of the film was higher than 80% in the wavelength range from 480 to 900 nm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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11 pages, 4613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Homogeneous Embedding of Magnetic Nanoparticles into Polymer Brushes during Simultaneous Surface-Initiated Polymerization

by Weronika Górka, Tomasz Kuciel, Paula Nalepa, Dorota Lachowicz, Szczepan Zapotoczny and Michał Szuwarzyński

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(3), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9030456 - 19 Mar 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3831

Abstract

Here we present a facile and efficient method of controlled embedding of inorganic nanoparticles into an ultra-thin (<15 nm) and flat (~1.0 nm) polymeric coating that prevents unwanted aggregation. Hybrid polymer brushes-based films were obtained by simultaneous incorporation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with diameters of 8–10 nm into a polycationic macromolecular matrix during the surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) reaction in an ultrasonic reactor. The proposed structures characterized with homogeneous distribution of separated nanoparticles that maintain nanometric thickness and strong magnetic properties are a good alternative for commonly used layers of crosslinked nanoparticles aggregates or bulk structures. Obtained coatings were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) working in the magnetic mode, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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11 pages, 8563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Catalytic Durability of Pt-Particle/ABS for H₂O₂ Decomposition in Contact Lens Cleaning

by Yuji Ohkubo, Tomonori Aoki, Satoshi Seino, Osamu Mori, Issaku Ito, Katsuyoshi Endo and Kazuya Yamamura

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(3), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9030342 - 03 Mar 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3024

Abstract

In a previous study, Pt nanoparticles were supported on a substrate of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS) to give the ABS surface catalytic activity for H₂O₂ decomposition during contact lens cleaning. Although the Pt-particle/ABS catalysts exhibited considerably high specific catalytic activity for H₂O₂ decomposition, the catalytic activity decreased with increasing numbers of repeated usage, which meant the durability of the catalytic activity was low. Therefore, to improve the catalytic durability in this study, we proposed two types of pretreatments, as well as a combination of these treatments before supporting Pt nanoparticles on the ABS substrate. In the first method, the ABS substrate was etched, and in the second method, the surface charge of the ABS substrate was controlled. A combination of etching and surface charge control was also applied as a third method. The effects of these pretreatments on the surface morphology, surface chemical composition, deposition behavior of Pt particles, and Pt loading weight were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cross-sectional SEM, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), respectively. Both etching and controlling the surface charge effectively improved the catalytic durability for H₂O₂ decomposition. In addition, the combination treatment was the most effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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16 pages, 2303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Properties of PVA Composites with Various Nanofillers: Pristine Clay, Organoclay, and Functionalized Graphene

by Jin-Hae Chang

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(3), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9030323 - 01 Mar 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2387

Abstract

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposites containing three different nanofillers are prepared and compared in terms of their thermal properties, morphologies, and oxygen permeabilities. Specifically, pristine saponite (SPT) clay, hydrophilic organically modified bentonite (OMB), and hexadecylamine-functionalized graphene sheets (HDA-GSs) are utilized as nanofillers to fabricate PVA nanocomposite films. The hybrid films are fabricated from blended solutions of PVA and the three different nanofillers. The content of each filler with respect to PVA is varied from 0 to 10 wt%, and the changes in the properties of the PVA matrices as a function of the filler content are discussed. With respect to the hybrid containing 5 wt% of SPT, OMB, and HDA-GS, each layer in the polymer matrix consists of well-dispersed individual nanofiller layers. However, the fillers are mainly aggregated in the polymer matrix in a manner similar to the case for the hybrid material containing 10 wt% of fillers. In the thermal properties, SPT and OMB are most effective when the filler corresponds to 5 wt% and 7 wt% for HDA-GS, respectively, and the gas barrier is most effective with respect to 5 wt% content in all fillers. Among the three types of nanofillers that are investigated, OMB exhibits optimal results in terms of thermal stability and the gas barrier effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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13 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Self-Assembly of Metal/Polymer Nanocomposite Particles as Nanoreactors and Their Kinetic Characterization

by Andrew Harrison, Tien T. Vuong, Michael P. Zeevi, Benjamin J. Hittel, Sungsool Wi and Christina Tang

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(3), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9030318 - 28 Feb 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3401

Abstract

Self-assembled metal nanoparticle-polymer nanocomposite particles as nanoreactors are a promising approach for performing liquid phase reactions using water as a bulk solvent. In this work, we demonstrate rapid, scalable self-assembly of metal nanoparticle catalyst-polymer nanocomposite particles via Flash NanoPrecipitation. The catalyst loading and size of the nanocomposite particles can be tuned independently. Using nanocomposite particles as nanoreactors and the reduction of 4-nitrophenol as a model reaction, we study the fundamental interplay of reaction and diffusion. The induction time is affected by the sequence of reagent addition, time between additions, and reagent concentration. Combined, our experiments indicate the induction time is most influenced by diffusion of sodium borohydride. Following the induction time, scaling analysis and effective diffusivity measured using NMR indicate that the observed reaction rate are reaction- rather than diffusion-limited. Furthermore, the intrinsic kinetics are comparable to ligand-free gold nanoparticles. This result indicates that the polymer microenvironment does not de-activate or block the catalyst active sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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14 pages, 3135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elastomeric Polyurethane Foams Incorporated with Nanosized Hydroxyapatite Fillers for Plastic Reconstruction

by Lili Lin, Jingqi Ma, Quanjing Mei, Bin Cai, Jie Chen, Yi Zuo, Qin Zou, Jidong Li and Yubao Li

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(12), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8120972 - 25 Nov 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3679

Abstract

Plastic surgeons have long searched for the ideal materials to use in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. The aim of this study was to obtain a novel porous elastomer based on designed aliphatic polyurethane (PU) and nanosized hydroxyapatite (n-HA) fillers for plastic reconstruction. The physicochemical properties of the prepared composite elastomer were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal analysis, mechanical tests, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results assessed by the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated that the n-HA/PU compounded foams had a good elasticity, flexibility, and supporting strength. The homogenous dispersion of the n-HA fillers could be observed throughout the cross-linked PU matrix. The porous elastomer also showed a uniform pore structure and a resilience to hold against general press and tensile stress. In addition, the elastomeric foams showed no evidence of cytotoxicity and exhibited the ability to enhance cell proliferation and attachment when evaluated using rat-bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The animal experiments indicated that the porous elastomers could form a good integration with bone tissue. The presence of n-HA fillers promoted cell infiltration and tissue regeneration. The elastomeric and bioactive n-HA/PU composite foam could be a good candidate for future plastic reconstruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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20 pages, 7936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional Platform Based on Electroactive Polymers and Silica Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering Applications

by Sylvie Ribeiro, Tânia Ribeiro, Clarisse Ribeiro, Daniela M. Correia, José P. Sequeira Farinha, Andreia Castro Gomes, Carlos Baleizão and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(11), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8110933 - 09 Nov 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3665

Abstract

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites processed with different morphologies, such as porous and non-porous films and fibres, have been prepared with silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) of varying diameter (17, 100, 160 and 300 nm), which in turn have encapsulated perylenediimide (PDI), a fluorescent molecule. The structural, morphological, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, with SiNP filler concentration up to 16 wt %, were evaluated. Furthermore, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation studies were performed. All SiNPs are negatively charged independently of the pH and more stable from pH 5 upwards. The introduction of SiNPs within the polymer matrix increases the contact angle independently of the nanoparticle diameter. Moreover, the smallest ones (17 nm) also improve the PVDF Young’s modulus. The filler diameter, physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer matrix were not significantly affected. Finally, the SiNPs’ inclusion does not induce cytotoxicity in murine myoblasts (C2C12) after 72 h of contact and proliferation studies reveal that the prepared composites represent a suitable platform for tissue engineering applications, as they allow us to combine the biocompatibility and piezoelectricity of the polymer with the possible functionalization and drug encapsulation and release of the SiNP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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11 pages, 585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of SiO₂ Nanoparticles on the Performance of PVdF-HFP/Ionic Liquid Separator for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Stefano Caimi, Antoine Klaue, Hua Wu and Massimo Morbidelli

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(11), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8110926 - 08 Nov 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4384

Abstract

Safety concerns related to the use of potentially explosive, liquid organic electrolytes in commercial high-power lithium-ion batteries are constantly rising. One promising alternative is to use thermally stable ionic liquids (ILs) as conductive media, which are however, limited by low ionic conductivity at room temperature. This can be improved by adding fillers, such as silica or alumina nanoparticles (NPs), in the polymer matrix that hosts the IL. To maximize the effect of such NPs, they have to be uniformly dispersed in the matrix while keeping their size as small as possible. In this work, starting from a water dispersion of silica NPs, we present a novel method to incorporate silica NPs at the nanoscale level (<200 nm) into PVdF-HFP polymer clusters, which are then blended with the IL solution and hot-pressed to form separators suitable for battery applications. The effect of different amounts of silica in the polymer matrix on the ionic conductivity and cyclability of the separator is investigated. A membrane containing 10 wt.% of silica (with respect to the polymer) was shown to maximize the performance of the separator, with a room temperature ionic conductivity of of 1.22 mS cm

^{- 1}

. The assembled half-coin cell with LiFePO

_{4}

and Li as the cathode and the anode exhibited a capacity retention of more than 80% at a current density of 2C and 60

^{\circ}

C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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17 pages, 20665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Dielectric Properties, Surface Functionalization and Improvement of Epoxy-Based Composites Insulating Properties

by Jaroslav Hornak, Pavel Trnka, Petr Kadlec, Ondřej Michal, Václav Mentlík, Pavol Šutta, Gergely Márk Csányi and Zoltán Ádám Tamus

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(6), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8060381 - 30 May 2018

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 9628

Abstract

Composite insulation materials are an inseparable part of numerous electrical devices because of synergy effect between their individual parts. One of the main aims of the presented study is an introduction of the dielectric properties of nanoscale magnesium oxide powder via Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS). These unique results present the behavior of relative permittivity and loss factor in frequency and temperature range. Following the current trends in the application of inorganic nanofillers, this article is complemented by the study of dielectric properties (dielectric strength, volume resistivity, dissipation factor and relative permittivity) of epoxy-based composites depending on the filler amount (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.25 weight percent). These parameters are the most important for the design and development of the insulation systems. The X-ray diffraction patterns are presented for pure resin and resin with optimal filler amount (1 wt %), which was estimated according to measurement results. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were also treated by addition of silane coupling agent (

γ

-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane), in the case of optimal filler loading (1 wt %) as well. Besides previously mentioned parameters, the effects of surface functionalization have been observed by two unique measurement and evaluation techniques which have never been used for this evaluation, i.e., reduced resorption curves (RRCs) and voltage response method (VR). These methods (developed in our departments), extend the possibilities of measurement of composite dielectric responses related to DC voltage application, allow the facile comparability of different materials and could be used for dispersion level evaluation. This fact has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles)

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