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Laser in Nanotechnology and Biomedical Applications

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2017) | Viewed by 31854

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Prof. Dr. Mady Elbahri

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor

1. Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 00076 Aalto, Finland
2. Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, 24143 Kiel, Germany
Interests: plasmonic metamaterials; nano-optics; nanochemistry; green nanotschnology

Assoc. Prof. Salah I. HassabElnaby

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Engineering Laser Applications, National Institute Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Interests: laser remote sensing; nonlinear optics; nanophotonics

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Dear Colleagues,

Laser technologies have penetrated deeply into many domains in science, medicine, and engineering. The combination of nano particles and lasers in cancer treatment has made good progress in the past few years. Different types of nanoparticles have been studied and also the use of nano particles as catalyst has been researched. This conference includes several workshops to encourage young researchers gain experience and how-to-do knowledge.

The medical section of the conference represents a great amount of knowledge in dermatology, ophthalmology, ENT (ear, nose and throat), and paediatrics.

By shortening the pulse duration from the nanosecond to the femtosecond range, the zone of collateral tissue damage is markedly diminished. This is the mechanism of action of a femtosecond laser. In addition, the versatility, predictability, and unique properties of the femtosecond laser have allowed its application in multiple avenues of anterior segment surgery.

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) can be used to measure the elemental contents of heavy metal pollution in water and soil in order to evaluate the effectiveness of Phytoremediation. Reasonable and promising results have been achieved, indicating the feasibility of using sunflowers as an effective TPH remediation of polluted soil.

Imaging techniques using laser speckle can be a very good method to measure the degree of knee roughness and to evaluate various treatment methods.

Laser surface treatment of setals, e.g., steel can increase the hardness and increase the resistance to corrosion and/or erosion.

Presentations of the successful design and implementation of laser voltage and current sensors show the great promise of measuring very high voltage and current, safely and accurately.

Prof. Dr. Mady Elbahri
Assoc. Prof. Salah I. HassabElnaby
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Laser Engineering
Nanocomposites
Laser in Ophthalmology
Laser in dermatology
Photodynamic Therapy
Optical treatment of Cancer

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

7764 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Laser Powder Cladding of Ti-6Al-4V α/β Alloy

by Samar Reda Al-Sayed Ali, Abdel Hamid Ahmed Hussein, Adel Abdel Menam Saleh Nofal, Salah Elden Ibrahim Hasseb Elnaby, Haytham Abdelrafea Elgazzar and Hassan Abdel Sabour

Materials 2017, 10(10), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10101178 - 15 Oct 2017

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6163

Abstract

Laser cladding process was performed on a commercial Ti-6Al-4V (α + β) titanium alloy by means of tungsten carbide-nickel based alloy powder blend. Nd:YAG laser with a 2.2-KW continuous wave was used with coaxial jet nozzle coupled with a standard powder feeding system. Four-track deposition of a blended powder consisting of 60 wt % tungsten carbide (WC) and 40 wt % NiCrBSi was successfully made on the alloy. The high content of the hard WC particles is intended to enhance the abrasion resistance of the titanium alloy. The goal was to create a uniform distribution of hard WC particles that is crack-free and nonporous to enhance the wear resistance of such alloy. This was achieved by changing the laser cladding parameters to reach the optimum conditions for favorable mechanical properties. The laser cladding samples were subjected to thorough microstructure examinations, microhardness and abrasion tests. Phase identification was obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The obtained results revealed that the best clad layers were achieved at a specific heat input value of 59.5 J·mm⁻². An increase by more than three folds in the microhardness values of the clad layers was achieved and the wear resistance was improved by values reaching 400 times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser in Nanotechnology and Biomedical Applications)

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4269 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Method for Medical Diagnosis Based on Optical Fluence Rate Distribution at Tissue Surface

by Omnia Hamdy, Jala El-Azab, Tarek A. Al-Saeed, Mahmoud F. Hassan and Nahed H. Solouma

Materials 2017, 10(9), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10091104 - 20 Sep 2017

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5240

Abstract

Optical differentiation is a promising tool in biomedical diagnosis mainly because of its safety. The optical parameters’ values of biological tissues differ according to the histopathology of the tissue and hence could be used for differentiation. The optical fluence rate distribution on tissue boundaries depends on the optical parameters. So, providing image displays of such distributions can provide a visual means of biomedical diagnosis. In this work, an experimental setup was implemented to measure the spatially-resolved steady state diffuse reflectance and transmittance of native and coagulated chicken liver and native and boiled breast chicken skin at 635 and 808 nm wavelengths laser irradiation. With the measured values, the optical parameters of the samples were calculated in vitro using a combination of modified Kubelka-Munk model and Bouguer-Beer-Lambert law. The estimated optical parameters values were substituted in the diffusion equation to simulate the fluence rate at the tissue surface using the finite element method. Results were verified with Monte-Carlo simulation. The results obtained showed that the diffuse reflectance curves and fluence rate distribution images can provide discrimination tools between different tissue types and hence can be used for biomedical diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser in Nanotechnology and Biomedical Applications)

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4493 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Estimation of Articular Cartilage Surface Roughness Using Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix of Laser Speckle Image

by Doaa Youssef, Hatem El-Ghandoor, Hamed Kandel, Jala El-Azab and Salah Hassab-Elnaby

Materials 2017, 10(7), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10070714 - 28 Jun 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5627

Abstract

The application of He-Ne laser technologies for description of articular cartilage degeneration, one of the most common diseases worldwide, is an innovative usage of these technologies used primarily in material engineering. Plain radiography and magnetic resonance imaging are insufficient to allow the early assessment of the disease. As surface roughness of articular cartilage is an important indicator of articular cartilage degeneration progress, a safe and noncontact technique based on laser speckle image to estimate the surface roughness is provided. This speckle image from the articular cartilage surface, when illuminated by laser beam, gives very important information about the physical properties of the surface. An experimental setup using a low power He-Ne laser and a high-resolution digital camera was implemented to obtain speckle images of ten bovine articular cartilage specimens prepared for different average roughness values. Texture analysis method based on gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) analyzed on the captured speckle images is used to characterize the surface roughness of the specimens depending on the computation of Haralick’s texture features. In conclusion, this promising method can accurately estimate the surface roughness of articular cartilage even for early signs of degeneration. The method is effective for estimation of average surface roughness values ranging from 0.09 µm to 2.51 µm with an accuracy of 0.03 µm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser in Nanotechnology and Biomedical Applications)

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38051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a Laser Surface-Treated Martensitic Stainless Steel

by S.R. Al-Sayed, A.A. Hussein, A.A. Nofal, S.I. Hassab Elnaby and H. Elgazzar

Materials 2017, 10(6), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10060595 - 29 May 2017

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8125

Abstract

Laser surface treatment was carried out on AISI 416 machinable martensitic stainless steel containing 0.225 wt.% sulfur. Nd:YAG laser with a 2.2-KW continuous wave was used. The aim was to compare the physical and chemical properties achieved by this type of selective surface treatment with those achieved by the conventional treatment. Laser power of different values (700 and 1000 W) with four corresponding different laser scanning speeds (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 m•min−1) was adopted to reach the optimum conditions for impact toughness, wear, and corrosion resistance for laser heat treated (LHT) samples. The 0 °C impact energy of LHT samples indicated higher values compared to the conventionally heat treated (CHT) samples. This was accompanied by the formation of a hard surface layer and a soft interior base metal. Microhardness was studied to determine the variation of hardness values with respect to the depth under the treated surface. The wear resistance at the surface was enhanced considerably. Microstructure examination was characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopes. The corrosion behavior of the LHT samples was also studied and its correlation with the microstructures was determined. The corrosion data was obtained in 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature by means of a potentiodynamic polarization technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser in Nanotechnology and Biomedical Applications)

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4756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Thermo-Optical Switching of Paraffin-Wax Composite Spots under Laser Heating

by Asmaa Said, Abeer Salah and Gamal Abdel Fattah

Materials 2017, 10(5), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10050525 - 12 May 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5077

Abstract

Thermo-optical switches are of particular significance in communications networks where increasingly high switching speeds are required. Phase change materials (PCMs), in particular those based on paraffin wax, provide wealth of exciting applications with unusual thermally-induced switching properties, only limited by paraffin’s rather low thermal conductivity. In this paper, the use of different carbon fillers as thermal conductivity enhancers for paraffin has been investigated, and a novel structure based on spot of paraffin wax as a thermo-optic switch is presented. Thermo-optical switching parameters are enhanced with the addition of graphite and graphene, due to the extreme thermal conductivity of the carbon fillers. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) are performed on paraffin wax composites, and specific heat capacities are calculated based on DSC measurements. Thermo-optical switching based on transmission is measured as a function of the host concentration under conventional electric heating and laser heating of paraffin-carbon fillers composites. Further enhancements in thermo-optical switching parameters are studied under Nd:YAG laser heating. This novel structure can be used in future networks with huge bandwidth requirements and electric noise free remote aerial laser switching applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser in Nanotechnology and Biomedical Applications)

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