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Degradable Biomaterials Based on Magnesium Alloys

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2016) | Viewed by 35834

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Prof. Dr. Regine Willumeit-Römer

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Guest Editor

Helmholtz-Zentrum Geestacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung, Max-Planck-Str.1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Interests: biodegradable Mg implants; permantent Ti-based implant materials

Prof. Dr. Wolf-Dieter Mueller

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Guest Editor

Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences (CC3) Assmannshauser Str. 4-6, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-14197 Berlin, Germany
Interests: dental materials, biomaterials, material characterization, corrosion; dental ceramics; PEEK; dental implants; CAD/CAM technologies; environmental dentistry
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Dear Colleagues,

In the last decade, biodegradable metals have advanced significantly towards being used in applications. In particular, biodegradable magnesium-based implant materials have already reached the market. Still, a lot of unanswered questions are waiting to be tackled and there is a long way to go before magnesium-based implants become a routine option in the operation theatre.

In this special issue, we compile expert knowledge at the forefront of research by spanning the whole process from material design and characterization to pre-clinical studies. As an overview, the students of the European research training network, MagnIM, will summarize the state of the art and different aspects which should be unified to expedite progress in the development of biodegradable magnesium implants. The following subsections will address specific developments starting with various alloys and processing routes, electrochemical studies and useful surface properties or coatings. How the gap between in vitro studies and in vivo observations can be bridged, will be a second important subsection.

This special issue also hopes to bring together the various disciplines necessary for the development of such a challenging issue as degradable implants. Without a common language and common approaches as a basis for discussion, progress in this important field will be too slow to meet the expectations/needs of society and future generations.

Prof. Dr. Regine Willumeit-Römer
Prof. Dr. Wolf-Dieter Müller
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Magnesium-based implant materials
corrosion
cell culture
foreign body reaction

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

25583 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Microhardness and In Vitro Corrosion of Heat-Treated Mg–Y–Ag Biodegradable Alloy

by Marián Vlček, František Lukáč, Hana Kudrnová, Bohumil Smola, Ivana Stulíková, Monika Luczak, Gábor Szakács, Norbert Hort and Regine Willumeit-Römer

Materials 2017, 10(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10010055 - 11 Jan 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5461

Abstract

Magnesium alloys are promising candidates for biodegradable medical implants which reduce the necessity of second surgery to remove the implants. Yttrium in solid solution is an attractive alloying element because it improves mechanical properties and exhibits suitable corrosion properties. Silver was shown to have an antibacterial effect and can also enhance the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys. Measurements of microhardness and electrical resistivity were used to study the response of Mg–4Y and Mg–4Y–1Ag alloys to isochronal or isothermal heat treatments. Hardening response and electrical resistivity annealing curves in these alloys were compared in order to investigate the effect of silver addition. Procedures for solid solution annealing and artificial aging of the Mg–4Y–1Ag alloy were developed. The corrosion rate of the as-cast and heat-treated Mg–4Y–1Ag alloy was measured by the mass loss method. It was found out that solid solution heat treatment, as well artificial aging to peak hardness, lead to substantial improvement in the corrosion properties of the Mg–4Y–1Ag alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable Biomaterials Based on Magnesium Alloys)

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2235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Electrochemical Methods for the Evaluation of Cast AZ91 Magnesium Alloy

by Jakub Tkacz, Jozef Minda, Stanislava Fintová and Jaromír Wasserbauer

Materials 2016, 9(11), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9110925 - 15 Nov 2016

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6182

Abstract

Linear polarization is a potentiodynamic method used for electrochemical characterization of materials. Obtained values of corrosion potential and corrosion current density offer information about material behavior in corrosion environments from the thermodynamic and kinetic points of view, respectively. The present study offers a comparison of applications of the linear polarization method (from −100 mV to +200 mV vs. E_OCP), the cathodic polarization of the specimen (−100 mV vs. E_OCP), and the anodic polarization of the specimen (+100 mV vs. E_OCP), and a discussion of the differences in the obtained values of the electrochemical characteristics of cast AZ91 magnesium alloy. The corrosion current density obtained by cathodic polarization was similar to the corrosion current density obtained by linear polarization, while a lower value was obtained by anodic polarization. Signs of corrosion attack were observed only in the case of linear polarization including cathodic and anodic polarization of the specimen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable Biomaterials Based on Magnesium Alloys)

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3888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Processing Techniques on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Biodegradable Mg-3Zn-2Ca Alloy

by Pavel Doležal, Josef Zapletal, Stanislava Fintová, Zuzanka Trojanová, Miroslav Greger, Pavla Roupcová and Tomáš Podrábský

Materials 2016, 9(11), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9110880 - 28 Oct 2016

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5661

Abstract

New Mg-3Zn-2Ca magnesium alloy was prepared using different processing techniques: gravity casting as well as squeeze casting in liquid and semisolid states. Materials were further thermally treated; thermal treatment of the gravity cast alloy was additionally combined with the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). Alloy processed by the squeeze casting in liquid as well as in semisolid state exhibit improved plasticity; the ECAP processing positively influenced both the tensile and compressive characteristics of the alloy. Applied heat treatment influenced the distribution and chemical composition of present intermetallic phases. Influence of particular processing techniques, heat treatment, and intermetallic phase distribution is thoroughly discussed in relation to mechanical behavior of presented alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable Biomaterials Based on Magnesium Alloys)

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5991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

µXRF Elemental Mapping of Bioresorbable Magnesium-Based Implants in Bone

by Anna Turyanskaya, Mirjam Rauwolf, Tilman A. Grünewald, Martin Meischel, Stefanie Stanzl-Tschegg, Jörg F. Löffler, Peter Wobrauschek, Annelie M. Weinberg, Helga C. Lichtenegger and Christina Streli

Materials 2016, 9(10), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9100811 - 30 Sep 2016

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5447

Abstract

This study investigated the distribution of the elemental constituents of Mg-based implants at various stages of the degradation process in surrounding bone tissue, with a focus on magnesium (Mg), as the main component of the alloy, and yttrium (Y), due to its potential adverse health effects. The measurements were performed on the implant-bearing thin sections of rat bone in a time series of implant degradation between one and 18 months. Micro X-ray fluorescence analysis (μXRF) with a special spectrometer meeting the requirements for the measurements of low-Z elements was used. It was found that the migration and accumulation behaviour of implant degradation products is element-specific. A sharp decrease in Mg was observed in the immediate vicinity of the interface and no specific accumulation or aggregation of Mg in the adjacent bone tissue was detected. By contrast, Y was found to migrate further into the bone over time and to remain in the tissue even after the complete degradation of the implant. Although the nature of Y accumulations must still be clarified, its potential health impact should be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable Biomaterials Based on Magnesium Alloys)

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2630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Determination of Magnesium Degradation Rates under Physiological Conditions

by Eshwara Phani Shubhakar Nidadavolu, Frank Feyerabend, Thomas Ebel, Regine Willumeit-Römer and Michael Dahms

Materials 2016, 9(8), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9080627 - 28 Jul 2016

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6242

Abstract

The current physiological in vitro tests of Mg degradation follow the procedure stated according to the ASTM standard. This standard, although useful in predicting the initial degradation behavior of an alloy, has its limitations in interpreting the same for longer periods of immersion in cell culture media. This is an important consequence as the alloy’s degradation is time dependent. Even if two different alloys show similar corrosion rates in a short term experiment, their degradation characteristics might differ with increased immersion times. Furthermore, studies concerning Mg corrosion extrapolate the corrosion rate from a single time point measurement to the order of a year (mm/y), which might not be appropriate because of time dependent degradation behavior. In this work, the above issues are addressed and a new methodology of performing long-term immersion tests in determining the degradation rates of Mg alloys was put forth. For this purpose, cast and extruded Mg-2Ag and powder pressed and sintered Mg-0.3Ca alloy systems were chosen. DMEM Glutamax +10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) +1% Penicillin streptomycin was used as cell culture medium. The advantages of such a method in predicting the degradation rates in vivo deduced from in vitro experiments are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable Biomaterials Based on Magnesium Alloys)

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3405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Enhancement of Mg Corrosion Resistance by Alloying Mn and Laser-Melting

by Youwen Yang, Ping Wu, Qiyuan Wang, Hong Wu, Yong Liu, Youwen Deng, Yuanzhuo Zhou and Cijun Shuai

Materials 2016, 9(4), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040216 - 23 Mar 2016

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 6009

Abstract

Mg has been considered a promising biomaterial for bone implants. However, the poor corrosion resistance has become its main undesirable property. In this study, both alloying Mn and laser-melting were applied to enhance the Mg corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and microstructure of rapid laser-melted Mg-xMn (x = 0–3 wt %) alloys were investigated. The alloys were composed of dendrite grains, and the grains size decreased with increasing Mn. Moreover, Mn could dissolve and induce the crystal lattice distortion of the Mg matrix during the solidification process. Mn ranging from 0–2 wt % dissolved completely due to rapid laser solidification. As Mn contents further increased up to 3 wt %, a small amount of Mn was left undissolved. The compressive strength of Mg-Mn alloys increased first (up to 2 wt %) and then decreased with increasing Mn, while the hardness increased continuously. The refinement of grains and the increase in corrosion potential both made contributions to the enhancement of Mg corrosion resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable Biomaterials Based on Magnesium Alloys)

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