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Energies
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Energy Storage Applications for Hybrid DC/AC Microgrids
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Energy Storage Applications for Hybrid DC/AC Microgrids

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (22 May 2019) | Viewed by 17646

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Pablo García Fernández

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
Interests: high-performance control of grid-tied power converters; parameter estimation in AC/DC microgrids; energy storage integration in microgrids; distributed control systems in microgrids; distributed measurements for power quality in microgrids

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are promoting a Special Issue on “Energy Storage Applications for Hybrid DC/AC Microgrids”. This Special Issue will cover the vital use of energy storage systems in microgrids, focusing on the integration of energy storage systems using different power conversion strategies.

When designing hybrid DC/AC microgrids, the use of energy storage systems allows improving the dynamic behavior of the grid. Connection and disconnection of loads affect the variations of critical variables, such as the dc-link voltage, AC voltage magnitude, and frequency. During the last few years, research efforts have been carried out to improve the transient behavior of the use of energy storage systems. In particular, the use of virtual inertia and emulation of synchronous generators using the virtual synchronous generator approach are appealing improvements to the system. However, there is still room for system optimization. Presently, there is no agreement on a method for the optimal placement, sizing and technology for the design of energy storage systems. Also, there are open discussions regarding different interesting aspects: 1) central vs. distributed energy storage, 2) collaborative operation among the different energy storage systems and 3) integration with grid-operator control systems.

For these reasons, this Special Issue will look for contributions in the following directions:

  • Optimal sizing of hybrid energy storage systems in hybrid DC/AC grids.
  • Collaborative control of energy storage systems in hybrid DC/AC grids.
  • Design of control systems for enhanced transient and dynamic behavior in hybrid DC/AC grids.
  • Design of alternative power converter topologies for hybrid energy storage systems.
  • Impact of power converter in hybrid energy storage systems.

Prof. Dr. Pablo García Fernández
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Hybrid energy storage systems
  • hybrid DC/AC grids
  • grid-tied power converters

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 10753 KiB  
Article
Control and Restrictions of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System Connected to the Grid: A Battery and Supercapacitor Storage Case
by Jura Arkhangelski, Pedro Roncero-Sánchez, Mahamadou Abdou-Tankari, Javier Vázquez and Gilles Lefebvre
Energies 2019, 12(14), 2776; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142776 - 19 Jul 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2638
Abstract
This paper studies a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) as a reliable source of the power supply in the case of the connection to the grid. The grid connection imposes restrictions to the power delivered and harmonic content on the HRES. This causes [...] Read more.
This paper studies a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) as a reliable source of the power supply in the case of the connection to the grid. The grid connection imposes restrictions to the power delivered and harmonic content on the HRES. This causes the HRES to use multiple control systems and subsystems, as the normalization of the measurements, the current control, active harmonic compensation, synchronization, etc., described in this paper. Particular attention was paid to interactions in the storage system of the HRES. The durability of the HRES can be increased by the combination of the supercapacitors and batteries. This requires a power management solution for controlling the energy storage system. The aim of the supercapacitors is to absorb/inject the high-frequency fluctuations of the power and to smooth out the power of the batteries system of the HRES. This can be possible owing to the use of a low-pass second order filter, explained in this paper, which separates the high-frequency component of the storage system reference for the supercapacitor from the low-frequency component for the batteries system. This solution greatly increases the reliability and durability of the HRES. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Applications for Hybrid DC/AC Microgrids)
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21 pages, 3039 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of Flexible Multi-Microgrid Interconnection Scheme for Mitigating Power Fluctuation and Optimizing Storage Capacity
by Jianqiao Zhou, Jianwen Zhang, Xu Cai, Gang Shi, Jiacheng Wang and Jiajie Zang
Energies 2019, 12(11), 2132; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112132 - 04 Jun 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2622
Abstract
With the rapid increase of renewable energy integration, more serious power fluctuations are introduced in distribution systems. To mitigate power fluctuations caused by renewables, a microgrid with energy storage systems (ESSs) is an attractive solution. However, existing solutions are still not sufficiently cost-effective [...] Read more.
With the rapid increase of renewable energy integration, more serious power fluctuations are introduced in distribution systems. To mitigate power fluctuations caused by renewables, a microgrid with energy storage systems (ESSs) is an attractive solution. However, existing solutions are still not sufficiently cost-effective for compensating enormous power fluctuations considering the high unit cost of ESS. This paper proposes a new flexible multi-microgrid interconnection scheme to address this problem while optimizing the utilization of ESSs as well. The basic structure and functions of the proposed scheme are illustrated first. With the suitable power allocation method in place to realize fluctuation sharing among microgrids, the effectiveness of this scheme in power smoothing is analyzed mathematically. The corresponding power control strategies of multiple converters integrated into the DC common bus are designed, and the power fluctuation sharing could be achieved by all AC microgrids and DC-side ESS. In addition, a novel ESS sizing method which can deal with discrete data set is introduced. The proposed interconnection scheme is compared with a conventional independent microgrid scheme through real-world case studies. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the interconnected microgrid scheme in mitigating power fluctuation and optimizing storage capacity, while at the expense of slightly increased capacity requirement for the AC/DC converters and construction cost for DC lines. According to the economic analysis, the proposed scheme is most suitable for areas where the distances between microgrids are short. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Applications for Hybrid DC/AC Microgrids)
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23 pages, 4629 KiB  
Article
Optimal Operational Scheduling of Reconfigurable Multi-Microgrids Considering Energy Storage Systems
by Saeid Esmaeili, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam and Shahram Jadid
Energies 2019, 12(9), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091766 - 09 May 2019
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3269
Abstract
This paper proposes an optimal operational scheduling of a reconfigurable multi-microgrid (MG) distribution system complemented by demand response programs and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) in an uncertain environment. Since there is a set of competing players with inherently conflicting objectives in the system [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an optimal operational scheduling of a reconfigurable multi-microgrid (MG) distribution system complemented by demand response programs and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) in an uncertain environment. Since there is a set of competing players with inherently conflicting objectives in the system under study such as the Distribution System Operator (DSO) and MG owners, a one-leader multi-follower-type bi-level optimization model is proposed. In this framework, the upper-level player as a leader minimizes the total cost from DSO’s point of view, while the lower-level players as multi-followers maximize the profit of MG owners. Since the resulting model is a non-linear bi-level optimization problem, it is transformed into a single-level mixed-integer second-order cone programming problem through Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions. The satisfactory performance of the proposed model is investigated on a real-test system under different scenarios and working conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Applications for Hybrid DC/AC Microgrids)
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31 pages, 6379 KiB  
Article
Practical Analysis and Design of a Battery Management System for a Grid-Connected DC Microgrid for the Reduction of the Tariff Cost and Battery Life Maximization
by Robert Salas-Puente, Silvia Marzal, Raul Gonzalez-Medina, Emilio Figueres and Gabriel Garcera
Energies 2018, 11(7), 1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071889 - 19 Jul 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4924
Abstract
This study is focused on two areas: the design of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for a grid-connected DC Microgrid and the power management of that microgrid. The power management is performed by a Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC). A Microgrid operator provides [...] Read more.
This study is focused on two areas: the design of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for a grid-connected DC Microgrid and the power management of that microgrid. The power management is performed by a Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC). A Microgrid operator provides daily information to the MGCC about the photovoltaic generation profile, the load demand profile, and the real-time prices of the electricity in order to plan the power interchange between the BESS and the main grid, establishing the desired state of charge (SOC) of the batteries at any time. The main goals of the power management strategy under study are to minimize the cost of the electricity that is imported from the grid and to maximize battery life by means of an adequate charging procedure, which sets the charging rate as a function of the MG state. Experimental and simulation results in many realistic scenarios demonstrate that the proposed methodology achieves a proper power management of the DC microgrid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Applications for Hybrid DC/AC Microgrids)
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22 pages, 1958 KiB  
Article
Design and Line Fault Protection Scheme of a DC Microgrid Based on Battery Energy Storage System
by Abdul Motin Howlader, Hidehito Matayoshi, Saeed Sepasi and Tomonobu Senjyu
Energies 2018, 11(7), 1823; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071823 - 12 Jul 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3698
Abstract
Currently, the Direct-Current (DC) microgrid has been gaining popularity because most electronics devices require a DC power input. A DC microgrid can significantly reduce the AC to DC energy conversion loss. However, a power grid may experience a line fault situation that may [...] Read more.
Currently, the Direct-Current (DC) microgrid has been gaining popularity because most electronics devices require a DC power input. A DC microgrid can significantly reduce the AC to DC energy conversion loss. However, a power grid may experience a line fault situation that may damage important household devices and cause a blackout in the power system. This work proposes a new line fault protection scheme for a DC microgrid system by using a battery energy storage system (BESS). Nowadays, the BESS is one of the most cost effective energy storage technologies for power system applications. The proposed system is designed from a distributed wind farm smart grid. A total of three off-shore wind farms provide power to the grid through a high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission line. The DC microgrid was modeled by a BESS with a bi-directional DC–DC converter, various DC-loads with step down DC–DC converters, a voltage source converter, and a voltage source inverter. Details of the control strategies of the DC microgrid are described. During the line fault situation, a transient voltage was controlled by a BESS. From the simulation analyses, it is confirmed that the proposed method can supply stable power to the DC grid, which can also ensure protection of several loads of the DC microgrid. The effectiveness of the proposed system is verified by in a MATLAB/SIMULINK® environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Applications for Hybrid DC/AC Microgrids)
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