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Applied Sciences
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Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display
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Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Optics and Lasers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (18 August 2019) | Viewed by 102660

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ting-Chung Poon

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Interests: digital holography specializing on optical scanning holography; 3-D optical image processing and holographic display; computer-generated holography; holographic remote sensing; holographic microscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Yaping Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727, Jingming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
Interests: digital holography; 3-D optical image display
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Liangcai Cao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: holographic imaging; holographic display; optical information processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Yoshikawa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computer Engineering, Nihon University, Chiba 2748501, Japan
Interests: computer-generated hologram; holographic printer; holographic video display; 3D display
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modern holographic techniques have been successfully applied in many important areas, such as 3D inspection, 3D microscopy, metrology and profilometry, augmented reality, and industrial informatics. This Special Issue covers selected pieces of cutting-edge research works, ranging from low-level acquisition, to the high-level analysis, processing, and manipulation of holographic information. The Special Issue also serves as a comprehensive review on the existing state-of-the-art techniques in 3D imaging and 3D display, as well as a broad insight into the future development of these disciplines. Your contributions toward the issue are greatly appreciated. If you have any questions regarding the Special Issue, please feel free to contact us. 

Prof. Dr. Ting-Chung Poon
Prof. Dr. Yaping Zhang
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Liangcai Cao
Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Yoshikawa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Holography in industrial sensing and inspection
  • Digital holography for augmented reality applications
  • Computer-generated holography
  • Compressive holography
  • Optical scanning holography
  • Holographic microscopy
  • Fast algorithm, hardware and software in digital holography
  • Novel and advance applications of holography
  • Holographic tomography
  • Hologrpahy with various sources such as infared laser, terahertz wave and X-ray
  • Plasmonic holography
  • Spatial light modulators
  • Holographic recording materials and techniques
  • 3D imaging and processing
  • 3D display
  • Integral imaging

Published Papers (26 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 180 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial on Special Issue “Holography, 3-D Imaging and 3-D Display”
by Ting-Chung Poon, Yaping Zhang, Liangcai Cao and Hiroshi Yoshikawa
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7057; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207057 - 11 Oct 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1654
Abstract
Modern holographic techniques have been successfully applied in many important areas, such as 3D inspection, 3D microscopy, metrology and profilometry, augmented reality, and industrial informatics [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

9 pages, 2529 KiB  
Article
Novel Generalized Three-Step Phase-Shifting Interferometry with a Slight-Tilt Reference
by Xianfeng Xu, Tianyu Ma, Zhiyong Jiao, Liang Xu, Dejun Dai, Fangli Qiao and Ting-Chung Poon
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(23), 5015; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235015 - 21 Nov 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2258
Abstract
A convenient and powerful method is proposed and presented to find the unknown phase shifts in three-step generalized phase-shifting interferometry. A slight-tilt reference of 0.1 degrees is employed. As a result, the developed theory shows that the unknown phase shifts can be simply [...] Read more.
A convenient and powerful method is proposed and presented to find the unknown phase shifts in three-step generalized phase-shifting interferometry. A slight-tilt reference of 0.1 degrees is employed. As a result, the developed theory shows that the unknown phase shifts can be simply extracted by subtraction operations. Also, from the theory developed, the tilt angle of the tilt reference can also be calculated, which is important as it allows us to extract the object wave precisely. Numerical simulations and optical experiments were performed to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed method. The proposed slight-tilt reference allows the full and efficient use of the space-bandwidth product of the limited resolution of digital recording devices as compared to the situation in standard off-axis holography where typically several degrees for off-axis angle is employed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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11 pages, 2411 KiB  
Article
A Fast Computer-Generated Holographic Method for VR and AR Near-Eye 3D Display
by Xin Yang, HongBo Zhang and Qiong-Hua Wang
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(19), 4164; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9194164 - 04 Oct 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5192
Abstract
A fast computer-generated holographic method with multiple projection images for a near-eye VR (Virtual Reality) and AR (Augmented Reality) 3D display is proposed. A 3D object located near the holographic plane is projected onto a projection plane to obtain a plurality of projected [...] Read more.
A fast computer-generated holographic method with multiple projection images for a near-eye VR (Virtual Reality) and AR (Augmented Reality) 3D display is proposed. A 3D object located near the holographic plane is projected onto a projection plane to obtain a plurality of projected images with different angles. The hologram is calculated by superposition of projected images convolution with corresponding point spread functions (PSF). Holographic 3D display systems with LED as illumination, 4f optical filtering system and lens as eyepiece for near-eye VR display and holographic optical element (HOE) as combiner for near-eye AR display are designed and developed. The results show that the proposed calculation method is about 38 times faster than the conventional point cloud method and the display system is compact and flexible enough to produce speckle noise-free high-quality VR and AR 3D images with efficient focus and defocus capabilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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10 pages, 2537 KiB  
Article
3D Display System Based on Spherical Wave Field Synthesis
by Claas Falldorf, Ping-Yen Chou, Daniel Prigge and Ralf B. Bergmann
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(18), 3862; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183862 - 14 Sep 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2890
Abstract
We present a novel concept and first experimental results of a new type of 3D display, which is based on the synthesis of spherical waves. The setup comprises a lens array (LA) with apertures in the millimeter range and a liquid crystal display [...] Read more.
We present a novel concept and first experimental results of a new type of 3D display, which is based on the synthesis of spherical waves. The setup comprises a lens array (LA) with apertures in the millimeter range and a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel. Each pixel of the LCD creates a spherical wave cutout that propagates towards the observer. During the displaying process, the curvature of the spherical waves is dynamically changed by either changing the distance between LA and LCD or by adapting the focal lengths of the lenses. Since the system, similar to holography, seeks to approximate the wavefront of a natural scene, it provides true depth information to the observer and therefore avoids any vergence–accommodation conflict (VAC). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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12 pages, 4386 KiB  
Article
Dual-View Integral Imaging 3D Display Based on Multiplexed Lens-Array Holographic Optical Element
by Hanle Zhang, Huan Deng, Minyang He, Dahai Li and Qionghua Wang
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(18), 3852; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183852 - 13 Sep 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2898
Abstract
We propose a dual-view integral imaging 3D display based on a multiplexed lens-array holographic optical element (MHOE). A MHOE is a volume holographic optical element obtained by multiplexing technology, which can be used for dual-view integral imaging 3D display due to the angle [...] Read more.
We propose a dual-view integral imaging 3D display based on a multiplexed lens-array holographic optical element (MHOE). A MHOE is a volume holographic optical element obtained by multiplexing technology, which can be used for dual-view integral imaging 3D display due to the angle selectivity of the volume HOE. In the fabrication of the MHOE, two spherical wavefront arrays with different incident angles are recorded using photopolymer material. In the reconstruction, two projectors are used to project the elemental image arrays (EIA) with corresponding angles for two viewing zones. We have developed a prototype of the dual-view integral imaging display. The experimental results demonstrate the correctness of the theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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23 pages, 11917 KiB  
Article
Sampling Based on Kalman Filter for Shape from Focus in the Presence of Noise
by Hoon-Seok Jang, Mannan Saeed Muhammad, Guhnoo Yun and Dong Hwan Kim
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(16), 3276; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9163276 - 09 Aug 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2429
Abstract
Recovering three-dimensional (3D) shape of an object from two-dimensional (2D) information is one of the major domains of computer vision applications. Shape from Focus (SFF) is a passive optical technique that reconstructs 3D shape of an object using 2D images with different focus [...] Read more.
Recovering three-dimensional (3D) shape of an object from two-dimensional (2D) information is one of the major domains of computer vision applications. Shape from Focus (SFF) is a passive optical technique that reconstructs 3D shape of an object using 2D images with different focus settings. When a 2D image sequence is obtained with constant step size in SFF, mechanical vibrations, referred as jitter noise, occur in each step. Since the jitter noise changes the focus values of 2D images, it causes erroneous recovery of 3D shape. In this paper, a new filtering method for estimating optimal image positions is proposed. First, jitter noise is modeled as Gaussian or speckle function, secondly, the focus curves acquired by one of the focus measure operators are modeled as a quadratic function for application of the filter. Finally, Kalman filter as the proposed method is designed and applied for removing jitter noise. The proposed method is experimented by using image sequences of synthetic and real objects. The performance is evaluated through various metrics to show the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of reconstruction accuracy and computational complexity. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), correlation, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and computational time of the proposed method are improved on average by about 48%, 11%, 15%, and 5691%, respectively, compared with conventional filtering methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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9 pages, 2835 KiB  
Article
Scaling of Three-Dimensional Computer-Generated Holograms with Layer-Based Shifted Fresnel Diffraction
by Hao Zhang, Liangcai Cao and Guofan Jin
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(10), 2118; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9102118 - 24 May 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4954
Abstract
Holographic three-dimensional (3D) displays can reconstruct a whole wavefront of a 3D scene and provide rich depth information for the human eyes. Computer-generated holographic techniques offer an efficient way for reconstructing holograms without complicated interference recording systems. In this work, we present a [...] Read more.
Holographic three-dimensional (3D) displays can reconstruct a whole wavefront of a 3D scene and provide rich depth information for the human eyes. Computer-generated holographic techniques offer an efficient way for reconstructing holograms without complicated interference recording systems. In this work, we present a technique for generating 3D computer-generated holograms (CGHs) with scalable samplings, by using layer-based diffraction calculations. The 3D scene is partitioned into multiple layers according to its depth image. Shifted Fresnel diffraction is used for calculating the wave diffractions from the partitioned layers to the CGH plane with adjustable sampling rates, while maintaining the depth information. The algorithm provides an effective method for scaling 3D CGHs without an optical zoom module in the holographic display system. Experiments have been performed, demonstrating that the proposed method can reconstruct quality 3D images at different scale factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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18 pages, 5730 KiB  
Article
Dual-View Three-Dimensional Display Based on Direct-Projection Integral Imaging with Convex Mirror Arrays
by Hee-Min Choi, Jae-Gwan Choi and Eun-Soo Kim
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(8), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9081577 - 16 Apr 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3452
Abstract
Dual three-dimensional (3-D) view displays have been attracting much attention in many practical application fields since they can provide two kinds of realistic 3-D images with different perspectives to the viewer. Thus, in this paper, a new type of the dual-view 3-D display [...] Read more.
Dual three-dimensional (3-D) view displays have been attracting much attention in many practical application fields since they can provide two kinds of realistic 3-D images with different perspectives to the viewer. Thus, in this paper, a new type of the dual-view 3-D display system based on direct-projection integral imaging using a convex-mirror-array (CMA) is proposed. Two elemental image arrays (EIAs) captured from each of the two 3-D objects are synthesized into a single dual-view EIA (DV-EIA) with a selective sub-image mapping scheme. The divergent beam of the projector containing the information of the DV-EIA is projected onto the CMA. On each convex mirror of the CMA, left and right-view components of the DV-EIA are separated and reflected back into their viewing directions. Two different 3-D scene images are then integrated and displayed on their respective viewing zones. Ray-optical analysis with the parallel-ray-approximation method and experiments with the test 3-D objects on the implemented 22″ DV 3-D display prototype confirm the feasibility of the proposed system in the practical application Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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9 pages, 1482 KiB  
Article
Holographic Three-Dimensional Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Display Based on 4K-Spatial Light Modulators
by Hongyue Gao, Fan Xu, Jicheng Liu, Zehang Dai, Wen Zhou, Suna Li, Yingjie Yu and Huadong Zheng
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(6), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061182 - 20 Mar 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3595
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a holographic three-dimensional (3D) head-mounted display based on 4K-spatial light modulators (SLMs). This work is to overcome the limitation of stereoscopic 3D virtual reality and augmented reality head-mounted display. We build and compare two systems using 2K and [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a holographic three-dimensional (3D) head-mounted display based on 4K-spatial light modulators (SLMs). This work is to overcome the limitation of stereoscopic 3D virtual reality and augmented reality head-mounted display. We build and compare two systems using 2K and 4K SLMs with pixel pitches 8.1 μm and 3.74 μm, respectively. One is a monocular system for each eye, and the other is a binocular system using two tiled SLMs for two eyes. The viewing angle of the holographic head-mounted 3D display is enlarged from 3.8 ∘ to 16.4 ∘ by SLM tiling, which demonstrates potential applications of true 3D displays in virtual reality and augmented reality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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13 pages, 6689 KiB  
Article
Holographic Element-Based Effective Perspective Image Segmentation and Mosaicking Holographic Stereogram Printing
by Fan Fan, Xiaoyu Jiang, Xingpeng Yan, Jun Wen, Song Chen, Teng Zhang and Chao Han
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(5), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9050920 - 04 Mar 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3353
Abstract
Effective perspective image segmentation and mosaicking (EPISM) method is an effective holographic stereogram printing method, but a mosaic misplacement of reconstruction image occurred when focusing away from the reconstruction image plane. In this paper, a method known as holographic element-based effective perspective image [...] Read more.
Effective perspective image segmentation and mosaicking (EPISM) method is an effective holographic stereogram printing method, but a mosaic misplacement of reconstruction image occurred when focusing away from the reconstruction image plane. In this paper, a method known as holographic element-based effective perspective image segmentation and mosaicking is proposed. Holographic element (hogel) correspondence is used in EPISM method as pixel correspondence is used in direct-writing digital holography (DWDH) method to generate effective perspective images segments. The synthetic perspective image for holographic stereogram printing is obtained by mosaicking all the effective perspective images segments. Optical experiments verified that the holographic stereogram printed by the proposed method can provide high-quality reconstruction imagery and solve the mosaic misplacement inherent in the EPISM method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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12 pages, 12724 KiB  
Article
Optical Design for Novel Glasses-Type 3D Wearable Ophthalmoscope
by Cheng-Mu Tsai, Tzu-Chyang King, Yi-Chin Fang, Nai-Wie Hsueh and Che-Wei Lin
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(4), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9040717 - 19 Feb 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2779
Abstract
This paper proposes a new optical design that will cooperate with 3D image technology, infrared spectrum technology, future medical diagnostics, the cloud, and big data analysis. We first conducted image recognition experiments to compare the pros and cons of 2D and 3D frameworks [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a new optical design that will cooperate with 3D image technology, infrared spectrum technology, future medical diagnostics, the cloud, and big data analysis. We first conducted image recognition experiments to compare the pros and cons of 2D and 3D frameworks in order to make sure that the optical and mechanical framework of a glasses-type 3D ophthalmoscope would be a better choice. The experimental results showed that a 3D image recognition rate (90%) was higher than a 2D image recognition rate (84%), and hence the 3D mechanism design was selected. The glasses-type 3D ophthalmoscope design is primarily based on the specification of indirect ophthalmoscope requirements and two working spectrums: a near infrared and a visible spectrum. The design is a 2.5x magnification fixed focal telecentric relay system with a right-angle prism, which uses a large aperture to increase the amount of incident light (F/# = 2.0). As the infrared spectrums that have better transmittance towards human eye tissue are 965 nm and 985 nm, so that we took account of the visible spectrum and the near-infrared spectrum simultaneously to increase the basis of the physician’s diagnosis. In this research, we conclude that a wearable ophthalmoscope can be designed optically and mechanically with 3D technology, an infrared and a visible working spectrum and further, possibly in cooperation with the cloud and big data analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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16 pages, 8644 KiB  
Article
Electronic Tabletop Holographic Display: Design, Implementation, and Evaluation
by Jinwoong Kim, Yongjun Lim, Keehoon Hong, Hayan Kim, Hyun-Eui Kim, Jeho Nam, Joongki Park, Joonku Hahn and Young-ju Kim
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(4), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9040705 - 18 Feb 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5416
Abstract
Most of the previously-tried prototype systems of digital holographic display are of front viewing flat panel-type systems having narrow viewing angle, which do not meet expectations towards holographic displays having more volumetric and realistic 3-dimensional image rendering capability. We have developed a tabletop [...] Read more.
Most of the previously-tried prototype systems of digital holographic display are of front viewing flat panel-type systems having narrow viewing angle, which do not meet expectations towards holographic displays having more volumetric and realistic 3-dimensional image rendering capability. We have developed a tabletop holographic display system which is capable of 360° rendering of volumetric color hologram moving image, looking much like a real object. Multiple viewers around the display can see the image and perceive very natural binocular as well as motion parallax. We have previously published implementation details of a mono color version of the system, which was the first prototype. In this work, we present requirements, design methods, and the implementation result of a full parallax color tabletop holographic display system, with some recapitulation of motivation and a high-level design concept. We also address the important issue of performance measure and evaluation of a holographic display system and image, with initial results of experiments on our system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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10 pages, 2322 KiB  
Article
Static Structures in Leaky Mode Waveguides
by Daniel Pettingill, Daniel Kurtz and Daniel Smalley
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(2), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9020247 - 11 Jan 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2287
Abstract
In this work, we suggest a new method of expanding the field of view in bottom-exit, leaky mode devices for transparent, monolithic, holographic, near-eye display. In this approach, we propose the use of static, laser-induced, grating structures within the device substrate to break [...] Read more.
In this work, we suggest a new method of expanding the field of view in bottom-exit, leaky mode devices for transparent, monolithic, holographic, near-eye display. In this approach, we propose the use of static, laser-induced, grating structures within the device substrate to break the leaky mode light into diffracted orders. We then propose to use carefully timed illumination pulses to select which diffracted order is visible to the eye at every display refresh interval (up to 100 kHz). Each of these orders becomes a view for a different image point. To describe this new method, we use K-vector analysis. We give the relevant equations and a list of parameters which lead to a near-eye geometry with little or no overlap in higher-order view zones. We conclude that it should be possible to increase the field of view of our bottom-exit, leaky mode devices by as much as one order of magnitude by simply adding a laser-induced grating structure to the substrate and by carefully timing the device illumination. If successful, this method would make possible a transparent, holographic, near-eye display that is simple to fabricate, relative to pixelated approaches, and which has a wide field-of-view relative to our current bottom-exit displays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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11 pages, 6063 KiB  
Article
Absolute Phase Retrieval Using One Coded Pattern and Geometric Constraints of Fringe Projection System
by Xu Yang, Chunnian Zeng, Jie Luo, Yu Lei, Bo Tao and Xiangcheng Chen
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(12), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122673 - 18 Dec 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3868
Abstract
Fringe projection technologies have been widely used for three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement. One of the critical issues is absolute phase recovery, especially for measuring multiple isolated objects. This paper proposes a method for absolute phase retrieval using only one coded pattern. A total [...] Read more.
Fringe projection technologies have been widely used for three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement. One of the critical issues is absolute phase recovery, especially for measuring multiple isolated objects. This paper proposes a method for absolute phase retrieval using only one coded pattern. A total of four patterns including one coded pattern and three phase-shift patterns are projected, captured, and processed. The wrapped phase, as well as average intensity and intensity modulation, are calculated from three phase-shift patterns. A code word encrypted into the coded pattern can be calculated using the average intensity and intensity modulation. Based on geometric constraints of fringe projection system, the minimum fringe order map can be created, upon which the fringe order can be calculated from the code word. Compared with the conventional method, the measurement depth range is significantly improved. Finally, the wrapped phase can be unwrapped for absolute phase map. Since only four patterns are required, the proposed method is suitable for real-time measurement. Simulations and experiments have been conducted, and their results have verified the proposed method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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13 pages, 3950 KiB  
Article
Wavelength-Selective Phase-Shifting Digital Holography: Color Three-Dimensional Imaging Ability in Relation to Bit Depth of Wavelength-Multiplexed Holograms
by Tatsuki Tahara, Reo Otani and Yasuhiro Takaki
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(12), 2410; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122410 - 28 Nov 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3705
Abstract
The quality of reconstructed images in relation to the bit depth of holograms formed by wavelength-selective phase-shifting digital holography was investigated. Wavelength-selective phase-shifting digital holography is a technique to obtain multiwavelength three-dimensional (3D) images with a full space-bandwidth product of an image sensor [...] Read more.
The quality of reconstructed images in relation to the bit depth of holograms formed by wavelength-selective phase-shifting digital holography was investigated. Wavelength-selective phase-shifting digital holography is a technique to obtain multiwavelength three-dimensional (3D) images with a full space-bandwidth product of an image sensor from wavelength-multiplexed phase-shifted holograms and has been proposed since 2013. The bit resolution required to obtain a multiwavelength holographic image was quantitatively and experimentally evaluated, and the relationship between wavelength resolution and dynamic range of an image sensor was numerically simulated. The results indicate that two-bit resolution per wavelength is required to conduct color 3D imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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11 pages, 20320 KiB  
Article
High Resolution Computer-Generated Rainbow Hologram
by Takeshi Yamaguchi and Hiroshi Yoshikawa
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(10), 1955; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101955 - 17 Oct 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4105
Abstract
We have developed an output device for a computer-generated hologram (CGH) named a fringe printer, which can output a 0.35- μ m plane-type hologram. We also proposed several CGH with a fringe printer. A computer-generated rainbow hologram (CGRH), which can reconstruct a full [...] Read more.
We have developed an output device for a computer-generated hologram (CGH) named a fringe printer, which can output a 0.35- μ m plane-type hologram. We also proposed several CGH with a fringe printer. A computer-generated rainbow hologram (CGRH), which can reconstruct a full color 3D image, is one of our proposed CGH. The resolution of CGRH becomes huge (over 50 Gpixels) due to improvement of the fringe printer. In the calculation, it is difficult to calculate the whole fringe pattern of CGRH at the same time by a general PC. Furthermore, since the fine pixel pitch provides a wide viewing angle in CGRH, object data, which are used in fringe calculation, should be created from many viewpoints to provide a proper hidden surface removal process. The fringe pattern of CGRH is calculated in each horizontal block. Therefore, the object data from several view points should be organized for efficient computation. This paper describes the calculation algorithm for huge resolution CGRH and its output results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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19 pages, 3695 KiB  
Article
An Efficient Neural Network for Shape from Focus with Weight Passing Method
by Hyo-Jong Kim, Muhammad Tariq Mahmood and Tae-Sun Choi
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091648 - 13 Sep 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4088
Abstract
In this paper, we suggest an efficient neural network model for shape from focus along with weight passing (WP) method. The neural network model is simplified by reducing the input data dimensions and eliminating the redundancies in the conventional model. It helps for [...] Read more.
In this paper, we suggest an efficient neural network model for shape from focus along with weight passing (WP) method. The neural network model is simplified by reducing the input data dimensions and eliminating the redundancies in the conventional model. It helps for decreasing computational complexity without compromising on accuracy. In order to increase the convergence rate and efficiency, WP method is suggested. It selects appropriate initial weights for the first pixel randomly from the neighborhood of the reference depth and it chooses the initial weights for the next pixel by passing the updated weights from the present pixel. WP method not only expedites the convergence rate, but also is effective in avoiding the local minimization problem. Moreover, this proposed method may also be applied to neural networks with diverse configurations for better depth maps. The proposed system is evaluated using image sequences of synthetic and real objects. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model is considerably efficient and is able to improve the convergence rate significantly while the accuracy is comparable with the existing systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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12 pages, 1105 KiB  
Article
Compression of Phase-Only Holograms with JPEG Standard and Deep Learning
by Shuming Jiao, Zhi Jin, Chenliang Chang, Changyuan Zhou, Wenbin Zou and Xia Li
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(8), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081258 - 30 Jul 2018
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 5942
Abstract
It is a critical issue to reduce the enormous amount of data in the processing, storage and transmission of a hologram in digital format. In photograph compression, the JPEG standard is commonly supported by almost every system and device. It will be favorable [...] Read more.
It is a critical issue to reduce the enormous amount of data in the processing, storage and transmission of a hologram in digital format. In photograph compression, the JPEG standard is commonly supported by almost every system and device. It will be favorable if JPEG standard is applicable to hologram compression, with advantages of universal compatibility. However, the reconstructed image from a JPEG compressed hologram suffers from severe quality degradation since some high frequency features in the hologram will be lost during the compression process. In this work, we employ a deep convolutional neural network to reduce the artifacts in a JPEG compressed hologram. Simulation and experimental results reveal that our proposed “JPEG + deep learning” hologram compression scheme can achieve satisfactory reconstruction results for a computer-generated phase-only hologram after compression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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10 pages, 2477 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Spatial Light Modulator Based on the Phase in Fourier Domain of the Hologram and Its Applications in Coherent Imaging
by Huaying Wang, Zhao Dong, Feng Fan, Yunpeng Feng, Yuli Lou and Xianan Jiang
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(7), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8071146 - 14 Jul 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3225
Abstract
Although digital holography is used widely at present, the information contained in the digital hologram is still underutilized. For example, the phase values of the Fourier spectra of the hologram are seldom used directly. In this paper, we take full advantage of them [...] Read more.
Although digital holography is used widely at present, the information contained in the digital hologram is still underutilized. For example, the phase values of the Fourier spectra of the hologram are seldom used directly. In this paper, we take full advantage of them for characterizing the phase modulation of a spatial light modulator (SLM). Incident plane light beam is divided into two beams, one of which passes the SLM and interferes with the other one. If an image with a single grey scale loads on the SLM, theoretical analysis proves that the phase of the Fourier spectra of the obtained hologram contains the added phase and a constant part relative to the optical distance. By subtracting the phase for the image with the grey scale of 0 from that for the image with other grey scales, the phase modulation can be characterized. Simulative and experimental results validate that the method is effective. The SLM after characterization is successfully used for coherent imaging, which reconfirms that this method is exact in practice. When compared to the traditional method, the new method is much faster and more convenient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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8 pages, 2497 KiB  
Article
An Early Study on Imaging 3D Objects Hidden Behind Highly Scattering Media: a Round-Trip Optical Transmission Matrix Method
by Bin Zhuang, Chengfang Xu, Yi Geng, Guangzhi Zhao, Hui Chen, Zhengquan He and Liyong Ren
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(7), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8071036 - 25 Jun 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2939
Abstract
Imaging an object hidden behind a highly scattering medium is difficult since the wave has gone through a round-trip distortion: On the way in for the illumination and on the way out for the detection. Although various approaches have recently been proposed to [...] Read more.
Imaging an object hidden behind a highly scattering medium is difficult since the wave has gone through a round-trip distortion: On the way in for the illumination and on the way out for the detection. Although various approaches have recently been proposed to overcome this seemingly intractable problem, they are limited to two-dimensional (2D) intensity imaging because the phase information of the object is lost. In such a case, the morphological features of the object cannot be recovered. Here, based on the round-trip optical transmission matrix of the scattering medium, we propose an imaging method to recover the complex amplitude (both the amplitude and the phase) information of the object. In this way, it is possible to achieve the three-dimensional (3D) complex amplitude imaging. To preliminarily verify the effectiveness of our method, a simple virtual complex amplitude object has been tested. The experiment results show that not only the amplitude but also the phase information of the object can be recovered directly from the distorted output optical field. Our method is effective to the thick scattering medium and does not involve scanning during the imaging process. We believe it probably has potential applications in some new fields, for example, using the scattering medium itself as an imaging sensor, instead of a barrier. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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14 pages, 27663 KiB  
Article
Fast Extended Depth-of-Field Reconstruction for Complex Holograms Using Block Partitioned Entropy Minimization
by Peter Wai Ming Tsang, Ting-Chung Poon and Jung-Ping Liu
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(5), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050830 - 21 May 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3612
Abstract
Optical scanning holography (OSH) is a powerful and effective method for capturing the complex hologram of a three-dimensional (3-D) scene. Such captured complex hologram is called optical scanned hologram. However, reconstructing a focused image from an optical scanned hologram is a difficult issue, [...] Read more.
Optical scanning holography (OSH) is a powerful and effective method for capturing the complex hologram of a three-dimensional (3-D) scene. Such captured complex hologram is called optical scanned hologram. However, reconstructing a focused image from an optical scanned hologram is a difficult issue, as OSH technique can be applied to acquire holograms of wide-view and complicated object scenes. Solutions developed to date are mostly computationally intensive, and in so far only reconstruction of simple object scenes have been demonstrated. In this paper we report a low complexity method for reconstructing a focused image from an optical scanned hologram that is representing a 3-D object scene. Briefly, a complex hologram is back-propagated onto regular spaced images along the axial direction, and from which a crude, blocky depth map of the object scene is computed according to non-overlapping block partitioned entropy minimization. Subsequently, the depth map is low-pass filtered to decrease the blocky distribution, and employed to reconstruct a single focused image of the object scene for extended depth of field. The method proposed here can be applied to any complex holograms such as those obtained from standard phase-shifting holography. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

18 pages, 3959 KiB  
Review
Tomographic Diffractive Microscopy: A Review of Methods and Recent Developments
by Ting Zhang, Kan Li, Charankumar Godavarthi and Yi Ruan
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(18), 3834; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183834 - 12 Sep 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2762
Abstract
Tomographic diffractive microscopy (TDM) is a label-free, far-field, super-resolution microscope. The significant difference between TDM and wide-field microscopy is that in TDM the sample is illuminated from various directions with a coherent collimated beam and the complex diffracted field is collected from many [...] Read more.
Tomographic diffractive microscopy (TDM) is a label-free, far-field, super-resolution microscope. The significant difference between TDM and wide-field microscopy is that in TDM the sample is illuminated from various directions with a coherent collimated beam and the complex diffracted field is collected from many scattered angles. By utilizing inversion procedures, the permittivity/refractive index of investigated samples can be retrieved from the measured diffracted field to reconstruct the geometrical parameters of a sample. TDM opens up new opportunities to study biological samples and nano-structures and devices, which require resolution beyond the Rayleigh limit. In this review, we describe the principles and recent advancements of TDM and also give the perspectives of this fantastic microscopy technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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14 pages, 12583 KiB  
Review
High-Resolution Episcopic Microscopy (HREM): Looking Back on 13 Years of Successful Generation of Digital Volume Data of Organic Material for 3D Visualisation and 3D Display
by Stefan H. Geyer and Wolfgang J. Weninger
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(18), 3826; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183826 - 12 Sep 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4120
Abstract
High-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) is an imaging technique that permits the simple and rapid generation of three-dimensional (3D) digital volume data of histologically embedded and physically sectioned specimens. The data can be immediately used for high-detail 3D analysis of a broad variety of [...] Read more.
High-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) is an imaging technique that permits the simple and rapid generation of three-dimensional (3D) digital volume data of histologically embedded and physically sectioned specimens. The data can be immediately used for high-detail 3D analysis of a broad variety of organic materials with all modern methods of 3D visualisation and display. Since its first description in 2006, HREM has been adopted as a method for exploring organic specimens in many fields of science, and it has recruited a slowly but steadily growing user community. This review aims to briefly introduce the basic principles of HREM data generation and to provide an overview of scientific publications that have been published in the last 13 years involving HREM imaging. The studies to which we refer describe technical details and specimen-specific protocols, and provide examples of the successful use of HREM in biological, biomedical and medical research. Finally, the limitations, potentials and anticipated further improvements are briefly outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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25 pages, 69505 KiB  
Review
Review of 3D Imaging by Coded Aperture Correlation Holography (COACH)
by Joseph Rosen, Vijayakumar Anand, Mani Ratnam Rai, Saswata Mukherjee and Angika Bulbul
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(3), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030605 - 12 Feb 2019
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5954
Abstract
Coded aperture correlation holography (COACH) is a relatively new technique to record holograms of incoherently illuminated scenes. In this review, we survey the main milestones in the COACH topic from two main points of view. First, we review the prime architectures of optical [...] Read more.
Coded aperture correlation holography (COACH) is a relatively new technique to record holograms of incoherently illuminated scenes. In this review, we survey the main milestones in the COACH topic from two main points of view. First, we review the prime architectures of optical hologram recorders in the family of COACH systems. Second, we discuss some of the key applications of these recorders in the field of imaging in general, and for 3D super-resolution imaging, partial aperture imaging, and seeing through scattering medium, in particular. We summarize this overview with a general perspective on this research topic and its prospective directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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14 pages, 1629 KiB  
Review
Volume Holographic Optical Elements as Solar Concentrators: An Overview
by Maria Antonietta Ferrara, Valerio Striano and Giuseppe Coppola
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(1), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9010193 - 07 Jan 2019
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6167
Abstract
Generally, to reduce the area of a photovoltaic cell, which is typically very expensive, solar concentrators based on a set of mirrors or mechanical structures are used. However, such solar concentrators have some drawbacks, as they need a tracking system to track the [...] Read more.
Generally, to reduce the area of a photovoltaic cell, which is typically very expensive, solar concentrators based on a set of mirrors or mechanical structures are used. However, such solar concentrators have some drawbacks, as they need a tracking system to track the sun’s position and also they suffer for the overheat due to the concentration of both light and heat on the solar cell. The fundamental advantages of volume holographic optical elements are very appealing for lightweight and cheap solar concentrators applications and can become a valuable asset that can be integrated into solar panels. In this paper, a review of volume holographic-based solar concentrators recorded on different holographic materials is presented. The physical principles and main advantages and disadvantages, such as their cool light concentration, selective wavelength concentrations and the possibility to implement passive solar tracking, are discussed. Different configurations and strategies are illustrated and the state-of-the-art is presented including commercially available systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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15 pages, 13938 KiB  
Review
Progress in the Synthetic Holographic Stereogram Printing Technique
by Jian Su, Xingpeng Yan, Yingqing Huang, Xiaoyu Jiang, Yibei Chen and Teng Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(6), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060851 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5704
Abstract
The synthetic holographic stereogram printing technique can achieve a three-dimensional (3D) display of a scene. The development and research status of the synthetic holographic stereogram printing technique is introduced in this paper. We propose a two-step method, an infinite viewpoint camera method, a [...] Read more.
The synthetic holographic stereogram printing technique can achieve a three-dimensional (3D) display of a scene. The development and research status of the synthetic holographic stereogram printing technique is introduced in this paper. We propose a two-step method, an infinite viewpoint camera method, a single-step Lippmann method, a direct-write digital holography (DWDH) method and an effective perspective images’ segmentation and mosaicking (EPISM) method. The synthetic holographic stereogram printing technique is described, including the holographic display with large format, the large field of view with no distortion, the printing efficiency, the color reproduction characteristics, the imaging quality, the diffraction efficiency, the development of a holographic recording medium, the noise reduction, and the frequency response analysis of holographic stereograms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holography, 3D Imaging and 3D Display)
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