A Review: Carbon Additives in LiMnPO4- and LiCoO2-Based Cathode Composites for Lithium Ion Batteries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Effect of Carbon Coating in LiMnPO4 Electrodes on Battery Performance
3. Organic Carbon Sources in the Composite of LiMnPO4/C
4. Carbonaceous Materials in the Composite of LiMnPO4/C
5. Ball Milling of Nanomaterials and LiMnPO4/C Composite
6. Summary of LiMnPO4 Electrodes
7. Carbonaceous Materials in the Composite of LiCoO2/C
8. Characteristics of Carbon in Ball-Milled Composite of LiCoO2/C
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Morphology of LiMnPO4 | Discharge Capacity (mAh g−1) | Voltage Window (V) | Carbon Type | Composite Preparation | Carbon Amount (wt%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Round, monosize 40 nm | 140, 1C, 135, 5C, 120, 10C, 40, 20C (charged at C/20) | 2.0–4.8 | KB + AB | BM + thermal treatment | 15 + 20 (AB) = 35 | [73] |
Round, 10–50 nm | 155, C/10, 126, 1C, 85, 5C (charged at C/20) | 2.7–4.5 | Sucrose + AB | BM + thermal treatment | 25.5 + 7.5 = 33 | [15] |
Round, 15 nm crystals | 142, C/10, 110, 1C, 75, 5C (charged at C/10) | 2.5–4.5 | Sucrose + Super P | BM + pyrolysis | 0.376 (Sucrose C) + 20 = 20.4 | [64] |
70–100 nm (sequential precipitation) | 153, C/20, 62, 5C (charged at C/25) | 2.5–4.5 | Sucrose + Super P | Thermal decomposition | 5.95 (Sucrose C) + 20 = 25.95 | [63] |
180–330 nm (co-precipitation) | 13, C/20 (charged at C/25) | CTAB | No carbon coating from CTAB | |||
Round, 50–100 nm | Graphene nanoplates: 139, C/20, 119, 1C | 2.2–4.5 | Graphene, AB | Slurry + planetary milling + annealing | 21.25 (Graphene) + 5 = 26.25 | [40] |
AB: 130, C/20, 60, 1C | 25 | |||||
Platelet, 30 nm thickness | 141, C/10, 113, 1C, 75, 5C | 2.7–4.4 | CB + graphite | Dry ball milling | 18.1 (CB) + 7.5 (graphite) = 25.6 | [37] |
Round, 140 nm | 134, C/10, 81, 1C 160, C/10, 140, 1C, 80, 5C (charged at C/20) | 2.7–4.5 | CB | Dry ball milling | 23 | [36,51] |
Rod, 150–200 × 30–35 nm (27 m2 g−1) | Rod: 140, C/20, 98, 1C, 65, 5C, 59, 10C | 2.5–4.6 | CB | Dry ball milling | 26.3 | [58] |
Round, 30–35 nm (35 m2 g−1) | Round: 80, C/20, 35 1C | |||||
Cubic, 200–250 × 50 nm (14 m2 g−1) | Cubic: 45, C/20, 17, 1C | |||||
Plate, 50 nm | 130, C/10, 54, 1C | 2.0–4.5 | KB + Super P | Planetary ball milling | 17.5 (KB) + 2.5 = 20 | [71] |
154, C/10, 117, 1C (charged at C/25) | ||||||
Polyhedral, 200–500 nm | 53, C/100 @30 °C | 3.0–4.5 | Ascorbic acid + KB | Hydrothermal + thermal decomposition | 1.875 + 15 = 16.875 | [65] |
72, C/100 @30 °C | Sucrose + KB | 4.125 + 15 = 19.125 | ||||
94, C/100 @30 °C | CMC + KB | 2.1 + 15 = 17.1 | ||||
8, C/100 @30 °C | PEO + KB | 0 + 15 = 15 | ||||
Plate, <100 nm × 20–30 nm (20 m2 g−1) | Plate/graphene: 149, C/10, 90, 1C | 2.0–4.5 | Graphene, glucose, SP carbon | Spray drying, thermal decomposition | 6 (glucose C) + 15 (SP) = 21 | [92] |
6 µm (crystals: 27–48 nm) | Non-ball-milled: 83, C/20 | 2.2–4.5 | AB | Non-milling | 10 | [39] |
BM w/o C: 135, C/20, 97, 1C | High-energy ball milling | |||||
BM with C: 127, C/20, 100, 1C | ||||||
Plate: 35 × 400 nm (23.5 m2 g−1) | Plate-CVD: 147, C/20, 110, 1C | 2.9–4.9 | Methylbenzene + AB | CVD | Plate: 8 + 15 (AB) = 23 | [30] |
Rod: 90–130 nm × 600 nm (8.8 m2 g−1) | Rod-CVD: 126, C/20, 60, 1C | Rod: 11 + 15 (AB) = 26 | ||||
Plate-BM: 126, C/20 | Planetary ball milling | 20 + 15 (AB) = 35 | ||||
Rod-BM: 92, C/20 | ||||||
LiMn0.75Fe0.25PO4 Rod, 50–100 × 20–30 nm | 155, C/2, 153, 2C 100, 100C (charged at C/20) | 2.0–4.25 | Graphene, Super P | Solution + annealing | 16 (Graphene) + 10 = 26 | [91] |
LiMn0.85Fe0.15PO4 100–200 nm | Micron-composite: 140, C/10, 123, 1C, 100, 3C (charged at C/20) | 2.7–4.5 | Sucrose + pitch + Carbon black | Solution + annealing | 3 (solution) + 2 + 7.5 | [61] |
Nano: 163, C/10, 140 1C, 110, 3C (charged at C/20) | Sucrose + AB+CB | ultrasonic spray pyrolysis+ BM with carbon+annealing | 30 (AB) + 7.5 (CB) |
LiCoO2 | Capacity (mAh g−1) | Voltage Window (V) | Carbon Type | Composite Preparation | Carbon Amount (wt%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 µm, platelet | 169, C/5, 164, 3C | 3–4.5 | Super P | Slurry mixing | 4 | [130] |
10 µm | 145, C/5 | 2.75–4.2 | Super P | Wet BM with orotanTM | 2 | [23] |
10 µm | 155, C/10, 127, 2C | 3–4.3 | Super P | Slurry mixing | 10 | [129] |
155, C/10, 137, 2C | Super-aligned CNT | Ultrasonication in solvent | 5 | |||
Micron | 136, C/2 | 3–4.125 | Super P/Lonza | Pestle | 10 | [10] |
130, C/2 | Lonza | |||||
125, C/2 | Super P | |||||
Submicron | 125, C/2 | 2.5–4.35 | Super P/AB | Mixing with binder | 6, 6 | [132] |
10–20 µm | 157, C/10, 148, 1C | 3–4.3 | Super P | Slurry mixing | 8 | [42] |
157, C/10, 148, 1C | MWCNT | |||||
Micron | 130, C/10, 120, 1C | 3–4.3 | Sucrose and AB | Planet milling + thermal decomposition | 5 | [22] |
LT-LCO | 105, C/5, 93, 1C | 2.7–4.2 | AB and natural graphite | Pellet | 7 + 7 | [133] |
HT-LCO | 121. C/5, 75, 1C | |||||
Micron, round | 140, C/10, 120, 1C | 3–4.3 | CNT | Agate mortar (slurry mixing) | 3 | [41] |
125, C/10, 100, 1C | AB | 3 | ||||
135, C/10, 103, 1C | Chemical VCF | 3 | ||||
Submicron | 220, C/10, 106, 1C | 2.7–4.4 | SFG | BM | 10 | [134] |
156, C/10, 109, 1C | KB | 10 |
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Kwon, N.H.; Mouck-Makanda, D.; Fromm, K.M. A Review: Carbon Additives in LiMnPO4- and LiCoO2-Based Cathode Composites for Lithium Ion Batteries. Batteries 2018, 4, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040050
Kwon NH, Mouck-Makanda D, Fromm KM. A Review: Carbon Additives in LiMnPO4- and LiCoO2-Based Cathode Composites for Lithium Ion Batteries. Batteries. 2018; 4(4):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040050
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Nam Hee, Divine Mouck-Makanda, and Katharina M. Fromm. 2018. "A Review: Carbon Additives in LiMnPO4- and LiCoO2-Based Cathode Composites for Lithium Ion Batteries" Batteries 4, no. 4: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040050