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Article

Enantioselective Extraction of Phenylalanine Enantiomers Using Environmentally Friendly Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

by
Danyu Sun
1,†,
Runping Wang
3,†,
Fenfang Li
1,*,
Lianglei Liu
1 and
Zhijian Tan
1,2,*
1
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2
Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
3
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Processes 2018, 6(11), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6110212
Submission received: 9 October 2018 / Revised: 20 October 2018 / Accepted: 23 October 2018 / Published: 1 November 2018
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
(1) Background: The environmentally friendly choline-amino acid ionic liquids (ChAAILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been used as excellent alternatives to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ionic liquids (ILs) in recent years; (2) Methods: Thus, ChAAILs/salt and DESs/salt aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) were developed for the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The optimum ATPS of [Ch][L-Pro]/K3PO4 was chosen, and the influencing parameters were investigated, including ChAAILs concentration, salt concentration, chiral selector concentration, extraction temperature, phenylalanine concentration, and system pH; (3) Results: The phenylalanine enantiomers were mainly extracted into the top phase (ChAAIL-rich phase), meanwhile, the (S)-phenylalanine [(S)-Phe)] was preferentially recognized by the chiral selector in the top phase. The maximum separation factor (α) of 2.05 was obtained under the optimal conditions; and (4) Conclusions: This ATPS that was used for the chiral extraction of enantiomers is much more environmentally friendly, simple, and rapid, and has the potential to be used in the enantioselective extraction of other enantiomers.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Nowadays, more and more attention has been paid to chirality in the pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and food industries. As we all know, the two enantiomers in some chiral drugs produce different actions, and one can be used as a therapeutic drug, while the other is useless or even toxic. Thus, it is of great importance to acquire the optically pure enantiomer. Up until now, the enantiomeric resolution is still the major method for obtaining the single enantiomer. Many methods are used for the enantioseparation of enantiomers, including chemical resolution [1], chromatographic (such as thin-layer chromatography [2], liquid chromatography [3], gas chromatography [4], and capillary electrophoresis [5], et al.), enzymatic or microbiological methods [6,7], membranous resolution [8], various extraction methods (such as liquid-liquid extraction [9], solid-liquid two-phase system [10], magnetic solid-phase extraction [11], and ligand exchange extraction [12]), and the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) method [13]. Among these methods, the chiral liquid-liquid extraction is simple, low cost, and easy to scale up [14,15]. Simultaneously, the tartaric esters derivatives, metal complexes, cyclodextrin derivatives, crown ethers, and chiral ionic liquids are the most commonly used chiral selectors in the enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction.
The aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is a kind of liquid-liquid extraction method, which was first reported by Albertsson [16]. The PEG/Dextran and PEG/salt are the most common ATPSs, then the surfactant [17], thermo-sensitive copolymer [18], pH-responsive copolymer [19], small molecule alcohol [20], ionic liquid (ILs) [21], and deep eutectic solvent (DESs) based ATPSs emerged [22]. ATPSs were used in the extraction field, like proteins, organic molecules, and metal ions [23]. In recent years, various ATPSs were also used in the enantioseparation of the enantiomers, such as the polymer/salt system [24,25,26], the polymer/polymer system [15], the alcohol/salt system [27,28], and the ILs/salt system [29,30]. These ATPSs have the disadvantages of use of polymers with high viscosity (e.g., PEG), volatile organic solvents (e.g., ethanol), or common ILs with relatively higher biotoxicity and poorer biodegradability (e.g., imidazolium ILs).
Recently, ILs were considered as the green solvents. However, more and more studies began to query the “green” feature of ILs, and a mass of literature has proved the biotoxicity and poor biodegradability of some commonly used ILs, such as those ILs with different cations (imidazolium, pyridinium, quaternary ammonium) and anions (halide, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate) [31,32,33]. Compared with the commonly used ILs, the choline-amino acid ionic liquids (ChAAILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) can be easily prepared from renewable biomaterials and have proved to be more environmentally friendly solvents [34,35,36] which can be readily biodegradable and used as alternatives to the conventional ILs. ChAAILs were prepared from renewable starting materials of choline chloride and various amino acids, and their preparation was much easier via a neutralization reaction without producing toxic byproduct compared with the conventional ILs [34]. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were referred to as ILs analogue, which consist of two or three hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) at room temperature [37,38]. Compared with ILs, DESs have some unique merits, for example, no or lower toxicity, higher biodegradability, easier preparation, and lower material cost [37,39,40].
In this study, the environmentally friendly ATPSs of ChAAILs/salt and DESs/salt were applied for the chiral separation of phenylalanine enantiomers. Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) had good water solubility and was chosen as the chiral selector that was added into the ATPS. The optimum [Ch][L-Pro]/K3PO4 system was screened, and then the factors were studied, including the concentrations of ChAAIL, salt, and chiral selector, extraction temperature, loaded sample concentration, and system pH. The enantioseparation of phenylalanine enantiomers using this ATPS could be completed by a single step extraction in a few seconds, and satisfactory results were obtained.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials and Reagents

Choline chloride (ChCl, AR > 98%), betaine (AR > 98%), L-proline (L-Pro, purity > 99%), L-cysteine (L-Cys, purity > 99%), L-histidine (L-His, purity > 99%), L-valine (L-Val, purity > 99%), L-serine (L-Ser, purity > 99%), L-methionine (L-Met, purity > 99%), L-alanine (L-Ala, purity > 99%), urea (purity > 99.5%), D-sorbitol (D-Sor, AR > 98%), L-lactic acid (L-LA, high purity grade > 90%), D-glucose (D-Glu, AR > 98%), and glycol (Gly, GC > 98%) were provided by Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The racemic DL-phenylalanine (HPLC purity > 98%), (S)-phenylalanine [(S)-Phe] and (R)-phenylalanine enantiomers [(R)-Phe] (chiral purity > 99%) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The inorganic salt of potassium phosphate and monopotassium phosphate were analytical reagents (purity > 98%) and were provided by Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). O-phthalaldehyde (OPA) (purity > 98%) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) (purity > 99%) were provided by Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HPLC grade acetonitrile was provided by TEDIA Company, Inc. (Fairfield, OH, USA).

2.2. Preparation of ChAAILs and DESs

The ChAAILs were synthesized using the “two-step” method [41]. Briefly, the choline hydroxide was prepared by exchanging the ChCl by adding the sodium hydroxide solution in anion exchange resin. Then, the ChAAILs were prepared by neutralizing the choline hydroxide with the corresponding amino acids mentioned above, respectively. The ChAAILs were washed by methanol and acetonitrile (1:9) to remove the salt and unreacted amino acids. The ChAAILs were obtained by removing the solvents and were then dried in a vacuum drying oven. The ChAAILs were characterized by 1HNMR, and the data was in accord with the results in our previous work and other reports [42,43].
The DESs were obtained referring to the method reported in other literature [44]. The HBDs and HBAs were mixed in a round-bottom flask. The flask was placed on a magnetic stirring apparatus at 80 °C by constant stirring for 3–4 h until a homogeneous liquid was obtained.

2.3. Phase Diagrams

The phase diagrams were obtained by referring to the method in our previous work [45]. A certain amount of ChAAILs (or DESs) were added into a tube. Then, salt solution was added dropwise into the tube. The mixture became turbid after the addition of the salt. The mass fraction of all of the components was calculated at this turbidity point. The turbidity can disappear after further addition of some water. The mass fractions of all of the components were calculated, including ChAAILs (or DESs), salt, and water. Sufficient data for constructing the phase diagrams can be obtained by repeating the procedures above.

2.4. Chiral Extraction of Phenylalanine Enantiomers in ATPS

To a tube, a given amount of ChAAILs (or DESs), salt, the chiral selector HP-β-CD, and racemic phenylalanine were added. The solution was well mixed and was then centrifugated for quick and complete phase-forming. Two clear phases were observed after phase-forming, and the phase volume was noted down.
The enantiomers concentration in the bottom phase was quantified by HPLC. The enantiomers concentration in the top phase was also quantified to confirm whether the enantiomers precipitated on the middle phase interface or the tube bottom. The results proved that the enantiomers did not precipitate and were well dispersed in the ATPS; therefore, the corresponding enantiomers concentration in the top phase (IL-rich phase or DES-rich phase) can be obtained by subtraction. The distribution coefficients (D) for (S)-Phe and (R)-Phe enantiomers were defined by Equations (1) and (2), respectively. The separation factor (α) for phenylalanine enantiomers was defined by Equation (3).
DS = CS top/CS bottom
DR = CR top/CR bottom
α = DS/DR
where CS top and CS bottom were the (S)-Phe concentration in the top and bottom phase, respectively. CR top and CR bottom were the (R)-Phe concentration in the top and bottom phase, respectively. The standard curves for the analysis of (R)-Phe and (S)-Phe enantiomers were Y = 0.0738X − 0.763 (R2 = 0.9996) and Y = 0.0618X − 0.744 (R2 = 0.9996), respectively. Where Y represents the peak area, X represents the (R)-Phe or (S)-Phe enantiomer concentration. Standard solutions of phenylalanine enantiomers were in the range of 0.075–0.25 mg/mL.

2.5. Derivatization of Phenylalanine

The copper complex was usually added to the mobile phase for the chiral separation of various enantiomers. The phenylalanine can form a complex with Cu2+ which can interfere with the analysis of phenylalanine [46,47]. The precolumn derivatization methods were used for the analysis of amino acid enantiomers by reversed phase HPLC [48]. Thus, the pretreatment of phenylalanine was done by derivatization reagents according to the reported methods with moderate modification [48]. The derivatization reagents were prepared by mixing 20 mg O-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and 20 mg N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) into 2.0 mL ethanol, which was then diluted to 10 mL using sodium borate buffer (pH = 9.8). The derivatization reagents were placed at 4 °C for further use. The derivatization of phenylalanine was done by mixing the phenylalanine samples and derivatization reagents at equal volume for 3 min before HPLC analysis.

2.6. HPLC Conditions

A Dionex UltiMate 3000 HPLC system (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) coupled with a Kromasil C18 chromatographic column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) was used to analyze the phenylalanine enantiomers. The mobile phase was acetonitrile and sodium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution (20 mmol/L, pH = 6.8) at a volume ratio of 18:82. The flow rate: 0.8 mL/min with isocratic elution; the detection wavelength: 350 nm; the oven temperature: 30 °C; and the sample injection volume: 20 μL.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Screening the Optimal ATPS Used for the Chiral Separation

Phase diagrams can reflect the phase-forming ability and the components concentration that were needed for the construction of ATPS. A series of environmentally friendly ChAAILs and DESs were chosen as the potential components to form ATPS in this study. The phase diagrams of ATPSs composed of ChAAILs (or DESs) and potassium phosphate are shown in Figure 1. It can be seen that the phase-forming ability of ChAAILs with different amino acid anions followed the order of Pro > Cys > Ala > His > Phe > Met > Val (Figure 1a); that of DESs with different HBAs and HBDs followed this order: ChCl-LA > ChCl-Sor > ChCl-Urea > Betaine-Glu > Betaine-Gly > Betaine-Urea (Figure 1b). It was reported in our previous work that the salting-out effect that the creation of water–ion complexes produces was the main driving force of the formation of ChAAILs (or DESs) ATPS [49]. The order of the phase-forming ability above is deriving from the difference of the hydrogen-bond electron pair donation ability of ChAAILs anions (or the HBDs), leading to the corresponding ability to form coordinative bonds and produce hydration complexes.
The values of separation factor (α) for phenylalanine enantiomers using different ATPSs are shown in Figure 2. The results indicated that partial ChAAILs/salt systems generally had significantly higher resolution ability than the DESs/salt systems, which was interpreted as follows: the hydrogen-bond interaction between the HBAs and HBDs was partially destroyed by water in the ATPS, making the DESs/salt systems less suitable for the chiral extraction. The [Ch][L-Pro]/K3PO4 system had the highest separation factor, which can maybe be attributed to the stronger interaction occurring between the anions of [Ch][L-Pro] and (S)-Phe, resulting in more (S)-Phe being extracted into the top phase. Thus, this [Ch][L-Pro]/K3PO4 system was chosen for the further studies.

3.2. Effect of ChAAILs Concentration

The ChAAILs concentration in the range from 25 to 60 wt% was investigated. When the ChAAILs concentration was ≤20 wt%, no phase-separation was observed. Nevertheless, when the ChAAILs concentration reached 70 wt%, the viscosity of ATPS was much higher, which was also not beneficial for the chiral extraction. The results in Figure 3 show that the highest D and α values were obtained at the ChAAILs concentration of 30 wt%. This can be interpreted as follows: the enantioselectivity increases with the increasing of ChAAILs concentration, while the ChAAILs concentration reaches a critical value, and the stability of the complex formed by chiral selector and enantiomers decreases leading to the decrease of the separation factor. Therefore, 30 wt% ChAAILs concentration was chosen for the further studies.

3.3. Effect of Salt Type and Concentration

Eleven types of salt were considered, including K2CO3, Na2HPO4, Na2SO4, Na3C6H5O7, Na2CO3, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)3PO4, K3PO4, and KNO3. It was found that the phenylalanine that was precipitated in the systems formed by acidic salt or neutral salt. Moreover, only the basic salt potassium phosphate and dipotassium phosphate can form the ATPS with [Ch][L-Pro]. The [Ch][L-Pro]/K3PO4 system (α = 1.82) had higher chiral resolution ability than the [Ch][L-Pro]/K2HPO4 system (α = 1.42) under similar conditions, thus this system was chosen for further studies.
To optimize the K3PO4 concentration, the salt concentration of 7.8–15.6 wt% was investigated. When the salt concentration was lower than 7.8 wt%, the ATPS could not be formed; while it was higher than 15.6 wt%, the HP-β-CD precipitated. The results in Figure 4 show that both the D and α values decreased with the increasing of salt concentration, and the highest D and α values were obtained at 7.8 wt% K3PO4 concentration. This can be interpreted as a fact that the increase of salt in ATPS can make more free water enter into the bottom phase [50]. The decrease of water in the top phase can cause the unobvious stability difference between (R)-Phe and (S)-Phe [30], making this ATPS unsuitable for the chiral extraction.

3.4. Effect of HP-β-CD Concentration

HP-β-CD has good solubility in water, which was widely selected as the chiral selector in enantioselective extraction of various chiral compounds [26,51,52]. The HP-β-CD affecting the chiral recognition action can be attributed to some special structures and features of complexes formed by HP-β-CD and phenylalanine enantiomers, such as the inclusion interaction, electrostatic interaction, and hydrogen bond interaction [53]. The insufficient chiral selectors lead to inefficient chiral extraction, while excess chiral selectors result in waste and are even adverse to the enantioselective extraction. Thus, the HP-β-CD concentration in the range from 10 to 50 mmol/L was studied. Simultaneously, one more sample was prepared with the same components, however without the addition of HP-β-CD, and was used as the control. The result showed that no enantiomeric separation effect was observed. The results in Figure 5 show that the maximum D and α values were obtained at 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD. The excess chiral selectors may hinder the formation of complexes, which resulted in the decrease of the recognition ability [54]. Therefore, 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD was chosen for further studies.

3.5. Effect of Phenylalanine Concentration

The effect of phenylalanine concentration was studied in the range of 2.5–20 mg/mL. As it is shown in Figure 6, the DR values varied little and the DS values increased with the increasing of phenylalanine concentration, which indicates that the (S)-Phe was more sensitive to this chiral extraction system. The maximum D and α values were obtained at the phenylalanine concentration of 15 mg/mL, thus, this concentration was chosen for further studies.

3.6. Effect of System pH

The optimum [Ch][L-Pro]/K3PO4 ATPS led to a system pH around 14.0. The pH of 8.0–14.0 was adjusted using phosphoric acid solution. The phase-separation cannot be achieved below pH 8.0 because the lower pH destroys the ionization balance of [PO43−] in aqueous solution. The results shown in Figure 7 indicate that the D and α values generally decreased with the increasing of system pH, and the maximum α value was obtained at pH 8.0. The phenylalanine readily dissolved in the basic solution in the form of phenylalanine anion, and when the system pH was below 8.0, the solubility of phenylalanine decreased and then the phenylalanine precipitated. Therefore, the system pH 8.0 was chosen in this study.

3.7. Effect of Operation Temperature

The effect of temperature in the range from 4 to 60 °C was studied. The results in Figure 8 indicate that the maximum D value was obtained at 20 °C, which indicates that more phenylalanine was extracted into the top phase with the increasing of temperature. However, the further increasing of temperature was not suitable for this chiral extraction. The α values decreased with the increasing of temperature, and the maximum α of 2.05 was obtained at 4 °C. This can be interpreted as a fact that the complexation of phenylalanine enantiomers and HP-β-CD is an enthalpically driven process [53], and the complexes formed by (R)-Phe or (S)-Phe with HP-β-CD are both not stable at higher temperature, meanwhile the recognition difference between the two enantiomers becomes smaller at higher temperatures. The results obtained are in agreement with the previous work about the chiral separation of other racemic mixture [55]. Thus, the chiral extraction can be operated at 4 °C.
Under the optimized conditions, this method can obtain better or almost close enantiomeric separation effect compared with the chiral separation of phenylalanine enantiomers using PEG/salt [26] and IL/salt [29] ATPSs. The chromatograms for the standard phenylalanine, the phenylalanine sample in the top and bottom phase are shown in Figure 9. The results proved that the phenylalanine was mainly extracted into the top phase. Those results can be attributed to the reason that the much stronger coordinated action occurred between phenylalanine anion and [Ch][L-Pro] at the basic condition, resulting in the majority of phenylalanine enantiomers being extracted in the top phase [30]. Moreover, the peak area of (S)-Phe was larger than that of (R)-Phe in the top phase, whilst the former was smaller than the latter in the bottom phase, which proved that (S)-Phe was more easily extracted into the top phase than (R)-Phe. Thus, the (S)-Phe was preferentially recognized by this ATPS in the top phase.

4. Conclusions

In this study, some environmentally friendly ATPSs based on ChAAILs (or DESs) and salt were developed for the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The [Ch][L-Pro]/K3PO4 system was screened as the optimum system. Under the following conditions: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 7.8 wt% K3PO4, 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine, 4 °C operation temperature, and system pH 8.0, the maximum α value of 2.05 was obtained. The phenylalanine enantiomers were mainly extracted into the top phase (ChAAILs-rich phase), and the (S)-Phe was preferentially recognized by the chiral selector in the top phase. This ATPS being used for the enantioselective extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers is considerably more green, simple, and rapid compared to conventional enantioselective liquid–liquid extraction, and has the potential to be used in the chiral extraction of other enantiomers.

Author Contributions

Z.T. and F.L. conceived and designed the experiments. D.S., R.W. and L.L. performed the experiments. Z.T. and D.S analyzed the data. Z.T. wrote and revised the paper. R.W. revised the paper.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21878326 and 21406262), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP-IBFC07), and the Changsha City Outstanding innovative Youth Project.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. The phase diagrams for different ATPSs (aqueous two-phase systems): (a) ChAAILs (choline-amino acid ionic liquids)/K3PO4 and (b) DESs (deep eutectic solvents)/K3PO4 at T = 298.15 K.
Figure 1. The phase diagrams for different ATPSs (aqueous two-phase systems): (a) ChAAILs (choline-amino acid ionic liquids)/K3PO4 and (b) DESs (deep eutectic solvents)/K3PO4 at T = 298.15 K.
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Figure 2. The separation factor (α) for different ATPSs composed of ChAAILs (or DESs) and K3PO4. The extraction conditions were as follow: 50 wt% ChAAILs (or DESs), 15 wt% K3PO4, 30 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine. The experiments were performed at room temperature and without adjusting the system pH.
Figure 2. The separation factor (α) for different ATPSs composed of ChAAILs (or DESs) and K3PO4. The extraction conditions were as follow: 50 wt% ChAAILs (or DESs), 15 wt% K3PO4, 30 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine. The experiments were performed at room temperature and without adjusting the system pH.
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Figure 3. Effect of [Ch][L-Pro] concentration to the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions: 15.6 wt% K3PO4, 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine. The extraction experiments were performed at room temperature and without adjusting the system pH.
Figure 3. Effect of [Ch][L-Pro] concentration to the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions: 15.6 wt% K3PO4, 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine. The extraction experiments were performed at room temperature and without adjusting the system pH.
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Figure 4. Effect of K3PO4 concentration to the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions were as follow: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine. The extraction experiments were done at room temperature and without adjusting the system pH.
Figure 4. Effect of K3PO4 concentration to the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions were as follow: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine. The extraction experiments were done at room temperature and without adjusting the system pH.
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Figure 5. Effect of HP-β-CD concentration on the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions were as follows: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 7.8wt% K3PO4, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine. The extraction experiments were done at room temperature and without adjusting the system pH.
Figure 5. Effect of HP-β-CD concentration on the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions were as follows: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 7.8wt% K3PO4, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine. The extraction experiments were done at room temperature and without adjusting the system pH.
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Figure 6. Effect of phenylalanine concentration on the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions were as follows: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 7.8wt% K3PO4, 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD. The extraction experiments were done at room temperature and without adjusting the system pH.
Figure 6. Effect of phenylalanine concentration on the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions were as follows: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 7.8wt% K3PO4, 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD. The extraction experiments were done at room temperature and without adjusting the system pH.
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Figure 7. Effect of system pH on the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions were as follows: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 7.8 wt% K3PO4, 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine. The extraction experiments were done at room temperature.
Figure 7. Effect of system pH on the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions were as follows: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 7.8 wt% K3PO4, 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine. The extraction experiments were done at room temperature.
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Figure 8. Effect of temperature on the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions were as follows: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 7.8 wt% K3PO4, 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine, and system pH 8.0.
Figure 8. Effect of temperature on the chiral extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers. The extraction conditions were as follows: 30 wt% [Ch][L-Pro], 7.8 wt% K3PO4, 40 mmol/L HP-β-CD, 15 mg/mL phenylalanine, and system pH 8.0.
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Figure 9. The HPLC chromatograms for phenylalanine enantiomers in ATPS. (a) phenylalanine standard, (b) phenylalanine sample withdrawn in the top phase, and (c) phenylalanine sample withdrawn in the bottom phase.
Figure 9. The HPLC chromatograms for phenylalanine enantiomers in ATPS. (a) phenylalanine standard, (b) phenylalanine sample withdrawn in the top phase, and (c) phenylalanine sample withdrawn in the bottom phase.
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Sun, D.; Wang, R.; Li, F.; Liu, L.; Tan, Z. Enantioselective Extraction of Phenylalanine Enantiomers Using Environmentally Friendly Aqueous Two-Phase Systems. Processes 2018, 6, 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6110212

AMA Style

Sun D, Wang R, Li F, Liu L, Tan Z. Enantioselective Extraction of Phenylalanine Enantiomers Using Environmentally Friendly Aqueous Two-Phase Systems. Processes. 2018; 6(11):212. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6110212

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sun, Danyu, Runping Wang, Fenfang Li, Lianglei Liu, and Zhijian Tan. 2018. "Enantioselective Extraction of Phenylalanine Enantiomers Using Environmentally Friendly Aqueous Two-Phase Systems" Processes 6, no. 11: 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6110212

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