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Article

Preparation of Pd-Diimine@SBA-15 and Its Catalytic Performance for the Suzuki Coupling Reaction

by
Jiahuan Yu
1,†,
An Shen
2,†,
Yucai Cao
2,* and
Guanzhong Lu
1,3,*
1
Research Institute of Applied Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 200235, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Polyolefins and Catalysis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis Technology for Polyolefins and Organic Chemistry Division, Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 345 East Yunling Road, Shanghai 200062, China
3
Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Catalysts 2016, 6(12), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal6120181
Submission received: 1 October 2016 / Revised: 17 November 2016 / Accepted: 17 November 2016 / Published: 24 November 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction and Potential Applications)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A highly efficient and stable Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst was successfully prepared by immobilizing Pd onto diimine-functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15. With the help of diimine functional groups grafted onto the SBA-15, Pd could be anchored on a support with high dispersion. Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the Suzuki coupling reaction of electronically diverse aryl halides and phenylboronic acid under mild conditions with an ultralow amount of Pd (0.05 mol % Pd). When the catalyst amount was increased, it could catalyze the coupling reaction of chlorinated aromatics with phenylboronic acid. Compared with the catalytic performances of Pd/SBA-15 and Pd-diimine@SiO2 catalysts, the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst exhibited higher hydrothermal stability and could be repeatedly used four times without a significant decrease of its catalytic activity.

1. Introduction

Palladium is one of the most versatile and widely applied catalysts for the construction of carbon–carbon bonds in Heck, Suzuki, Sonogashira, or Stille coupling reaction. As a homogeneous catalyst, Pd with phosphine ligands, carbene ligands, and other coordinates have often exhibited a higher turnover number (TON) and better catalytic activity for inactive chloride substances, especially in the Suzuki coupling reaction [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. However, the homogeneous catalytic system may cause greater difficulties, including purification of final products and recycling of the expensive catalysts in large-scale applications. Fortunately, the heterogeneous catalytic system could be an alternative strategy to overcome the above difficulties [8].
The palladium nanoparticle supported on polymeric organic [9,10,11,12,13] or inorganic [14,15,16,17,18] supports is a high-efficient heterogeneous catalyst, and its catalytic activity strongly depends on the size of Pd particles. Some heterogeneous Pd catalysts showed lower catalytic activity due to leaching of Pd species or aggregation of nanoparticles. To disperse and stabilize the supported palladium nanoparticles, the nature of supports, advanced preparation methods, and essential functionalization should be taken into proper consideration [19,20].
Palladium nanoparticles immobilized on inorganic materials such as silica [21,22,23], carbon [24], and metal oxides [25] could be one promising solution. Owing to highly ordered mesoporous structures with regular channels, larger surface areas and pore size, thicker walls, and higher hydrothermal stability, mesoporous silica SBA-15 is a desirable solid support for Pd nanoparticles [26]. In addition, palladium nanoparticles supported on the channels of SBA-15 with two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal structures can be ideally dispersed, to effectively prevent the aggregation of palladium nanoparticles [27,28].
Moreover, the functional groups (such as amino, thiol, and vinyl groups) can usually be incorporated on the mesoporous walls [29]. Some of functional groups have been shown to act as anchoring sites for palladium species, thus providing additional stabilization. For example, Crudden et al. [30,31] anchored Pd on mercaptopropyl-modified mesoporous SBA-15. Their leaching study illustrated the importance of the thiol ligand to retain Pd on the support surface. An efficient and reusable catalyst SBA-15/CCPy/Pd(II) could also be synthesized by grafting melamine-bearing pyridine groups onto SBA-15 [32]. Undoubtedly, the imine groups possess good coordinating ability in a catalytic reaction, and the diimine groups might intensify its coordinating ability.
The Suzuki coupling reaction is a typical carbon–carbon bond-forming process, and has become one of the most powerful and convenient means in the fields of agrochemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, materials, and synthetic chemistry [33]. Despite the successful application of the Suzuki coupling reaction in homogeneous catalytic systems, the highly efficient and stable heterogeneous catalysts are still in great demand, and the activities and stabilities of heterogeneous catalysts for the Suzuki coupling reaction require be improvement.
Herein, we describe our design and preparation of the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst for the Suzuki coupling reaction by immobilizing Pd species onto diimine-functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 silica (Scheme 1), in which Pd ions were dispersed atomically onto the functionalized mesoporous SBA-15. The scope and limitations of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 for Suzuki coupling reactions of electronically diverse aryl halides and phenylboronic acid were also evaluated.

2. Results and Discussions

2.1. Structure and Textural Properties of Samples

The Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of SBA-15, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS)@SBA-15, diimine@SBA-15, and Pd-diimine@SBA-15 are shown in Figure 1. The peaks at 600–1200 cm−1 can be attributed to the vibration of Si–O groups in the mesoporous silica framework. The absorption bands of SBA-15-based materials at 1083, 801, and 466 cm−1 are attributed to the Si–O–Si anti-stretching vibration, the Si–O–Si stretching vibration, and the bending vibration of Si–O, respectively [34]. Meanwhile, the band around 956 cm−1 should be attributed to the bending vibration of Si–O–H in SBA-15 [35]. In the FT-IR spectrum of APTMS@SBA-15, there are the characteristic bands of –NH2 at 1645 and 1538 cm−1. For the diimine@SBA-15 sample, the absorption peak at 1656 cm−1 is observed and attributed to the characteristic peaks of diimine, due to the presence of the C=N bond. After diimine@SBA-15 coordinated with Pd, this IR absorption peak shifted from 1656 to 1622 cm−1, which is indicative for the formation of a Pd–ligand bond [22,36]. The results above imply the presence of diimine bonded on the surface of SBA-15, and that the molecular structure of these functional moieties can be perfectly retained in the complex of Pd-diimine@SBA-15.
The Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst before and after reactions were tested by 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) solid-state NMR, and the results are shown in Figure 2. 13C {1H} CPMAS NMR spectrum of fresh Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst exhibits peaks at 10.1 (CH2Si groups), 22.4 (CH2 groups), and 50.6 ppm (CH2 groups in α-position of C=N bond). The other broad peak at 169.8 ppm could be attributed to C=N function groups. After this catalyst was repeatedly used four times, the 13C {1H} CPAMS NMR spectrum of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst is hardly changed. The additional singlet at 128.5 ppm might correspond to the presence of a biphenyl product. This shows that the diimine ligands remain on the catalyst and were not hydrolyzed after the catalytic reactions.
The N contents in APTMS@SBA-15 and diimine@SBA-15 were tested by element analysis; the former was 2.05 mmol/g and the latter was 1.92 mmol/g. Thus, the loadings of APTMS and diimine were 2.05 and 0.96 mmol/g, respectively. The Pd content in the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 sample was 5.8 wt %, determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The oxidation state of Pd in the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst was investigated by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique, and the results are shown in Figure 3. In the fresh Pd-diimine@SBA-15 sample, the peak at 3d3/2 BE = 337.8 eV (or 3d5/2 BE = 343.0 eV) corresponds to the Pd(II) ions [18], and the peak at 336.5 eV (or 3d5/2 BE = 341.7 eV) corresponds to the Pd(II) ions in the diimine-Pd(II) complex [27]. This shows that the Pd(II) ions existed in two kinds of chemical environments, and Pd(II) was not reduced to Pd(0) during the synthesis.
The N2 sorption isotherms and pore-size distribution curves of the samples are displayed in Figure 4, and their textural parameters (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas, pore volumes, and pore diameters) are listed in Table 1. As shown in Figure 4, all the isotherms exhibited a typical type IV isotherm with an H1 hysteresis loop starting from P/P0 = 0.6. This is the characteristic of mesoporous SBA-15 with ordered pore structures [37], which is quite important to disperse and stabilize the supported palladium species. Compared with the BET surface area (641 m2/g) of SBA-15, the surface area of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 was decreased to 351 m2/g after SBA-15 was functionalized. Meanwhile, its pore volume was decreased from 0.96 to 0.48 cm3/g, average pore diameter was decreased from 6.35 to 5.50 nm, and most probable pore diameter was decreased from 10.5 to 6.90 nm. These results are in good agreement with the fact that the surface of mesoporous SBA-15 has been modified successfully by diimine groups. Pd species have entered into the channels of the SBA-15 materials, resulting in the decrease in its pore size.
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of SBA-15 and Pd-diimine@SBA-15 are shown in Figure 5. The SBA-15 sample exhibits three peaks at 2θ = 0.9°, 1.6°, and 1.9°, which correspond to (100), (110), and (200) facets, the characteristic diffraction peaks of mesoporous SBA-15 with a hexagonal geometry [38]. After SBA-15 was modified with diimine, its peak of (110) facet shifted to a lower angle and its intensity was obviously weakened. Compared with SBA-15, the diffraction peak intensities of (110) and (200) facets for Pd-diimine@SBA-15 were greatly decreased. These results are consistent with the fact that Pd-diimine@SBA-15 has smaller surface area, pore volume, and pore size than the SBA-15 sample. The reduced ordering degree of the mesoporous structure is mainly attributed to the occupation of Pd species in the pore channels [39]. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that Pd species have been dispersed well in the pore channels of SBA-15.
In the XRD patterns of SBA-15, Pd/SBA-15, and Pd-diimine@SBA-15 (Figure 5 inset), a very broad and typical diffraction peak of silica is slightly visible around 2θ = 25°. That is, there is no major change in the crystallinity of SBA-15 after diimine-functionalization and Pd immobilization. Furthermore, the diffraction peaks of Pd species cannot be detected, which also shows that the Pd species were immobilized into the pore channels of SBA-15 in the atom dispersion [9], and no crystal Pd species existed in the sample.
As shown in the SEM images of Figure 6A, the SBA-15 sample is that with the bagel-shaped particles with relatively uniform sizes. After being functionalized with diimine and Pd, the shape of SBA-15 is unchanged (Figure 6B). To investigate the role of diimine groups in the catalyst, we prepared the Pd/SBA-15 sample as a comparison. The Pd/SBA-15 sample was synthesized by a method similar to Pd-dimine@SBA-15, but without using 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane and glyoxal. The TEM image of the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 sample (Figure 6C) reveals that no palladium nanoparticles can be observed in the pores, which shows the Pd2+ ions have coordinated with two N atoms in diimine@SBA-15. Unlike the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 sample, more Pd nanoparticles in the pores of SBA-15 can be observed in the TEM image of Pd/SBA-15 (Figure 6D), which shows that the growth of Pd nanoparticles can be inhibited by Pd ions coordinating with diimine anchored on SBA-15.

2.2. Catalytic Activities of Pd-Diimine@SBA-15 for Suzuki Coupling Reactions

The catalytic activity of Pd-diimine@SBA-15, SBA-15, and PdCl2 were tested for the Suzuki coupling reaction of para-bromotoluene with phenylboronic acid at 80 °C, and the results are listed in Table 2. The reaction could not occur over SBA-15 (Table 2, entry 1), and 85% yield could be obtained on the PdCl2 homogenous catalyst (Table 2, entry 2). Using the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst, almost the same yield as that on the PdCl2 catalyst was achieved. The effect of alkalinity in the reaction system on the stability of mesoporous silica SBA-15 and the catalytic activity of the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst was tested. The results show that stronger alkalinity could increase the product yield. For instance, 91% yield was obtained by adding KOH after 4 h, while only 84% yield could be reached by adding K2CO3 after 24 h (Table 2, entries 3–5).
However, the alkali solution might damage the structure of mesoporous SBA-15 during the Suzuki coupling reaction. The TEM, SEM, and XRD analyses for Pd-diimine@SBA-15 treated with KOH and K3PO4 during the Suzuki coupling reaction were carried out, and their results are shown in Figure 7. The TEM and SEM pictures of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 used in the KOH solution display irregular structures and Pd crystallites (Figure 7A,C). However, Pd-diimine@SBA-15 used in the K3PO4 solution still retained the basic shape of mesoporous SBA-15 (Figure 7D) and abundant wormlike mesoporous structures can be clearly observed (Figure 7B inset). The Pd nanoparticles can be observed in Figure 7A (inset) but not in Figure 7B (inset). As shown in Figure 7, after the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst was treated in the alkali (KOH or K3PO4) solution, the dispersing diffraction peaks of Pd° at 2θ = ~40° can be observed. Unlike the XRD pattern of the sample treated in the K3PO4 solution, the sample treated in the KOH solution has three weak diffraction peaks at 2θ = ~40°, ~46°, and ~68°, which shows that the sample treated with the KOH solution has the larger size (2.6 nm, estimated by Scherrer equation) of Pd0 crystallites than that (2.1 nm) of the sample treated with the K3PO4 solution. These results show that that active Pd species were dispersed quite well on the support, though the mesoporous structure of SBA-15 had been damaged after being treated in the KOH solution. Thus, it is reasonable that the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst could maintain its catalytic activity due to the high dispersion of Pd.
To evaluate the scope and limitation of the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst for Suzuki coupling reactions, the reactions of electronically diverse aryl halides and phenylboronic acid were further examined under optimized condition (Table 3). High yields can be obtained for the coupling reactions of bromobenzene with electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents and phenylboronic acid (Table 3, entries 1–8). The better catalytic activity of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 might be contributed to the good dispersion of Pd in the pore channels and high surface area of the SBA-15 support. For instance, the biphenyl yield reached 87% for the reaction of bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid at 80 °C for 12 h (Table 3, entry 1). When an aryl bromide including an electron-withdrawing groups (as bromopentafluorobenzene) was used as a reactant, only 27% yield was obtained at 80 °C for 12 h (Table 3, entry 9) due to the homocoupling of bromopentafluorobenzene, and only 33% selectivity for product. When 2-bromopyridine was used as a reactant, only 13% yield was achieved (Table 3, entry 10). These results indicate that the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst can easily catalyze the Suzuki coupling reaction of the electron-rich Br-including aromatic compounds with phenylboronic acid. When the amount of catalyst was increased to 60 mg (1 mol % Pd), aryl chlorides became applicable substrates (Table 3, entries 11 and 12); for instance, 20% yield was obtained for the coupling of activated (electron-deficient) 4-nitrochlorobenzene and phenylboronic acid (Table 3, entry 12).
Based on the research results above, the possible mechanism of the Suzuki coupling reaction of aryl halide and phenylboronic acid over Pd-diimine@SBA-15 can be described as Scheme 2 [32,40]. In Scheme 2, there are three main stages in the mechanism of the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction over Pd-diimine@SBA-15: the oxidative addition of substrate, transmetalation, and reductive elimination to produce the final product, in which the catalytic cycle of Pd(0)/Pd(II) occurred.

2.3. Repeated Use of the Pd-Diimine@SBA-15 Catalyst

The catalyst was separated immediately by filtration after the reaction was finished, and was washed by deionized water, ethanol, and diethyl ether successively. After drying in air, the recovered catalyst could be used repeatedly in the Suzuki coupling reaction. To facilitate the recycling of the catalyst, the reaction scale was magnified to 50 mg catalyst. As shown in Table 4 and Figure 8, after the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst was repeatedly reused four times, its catalytic performance had not decreased based on the yield obtained (first 87%, second 87%, third 86%, and fourth 85%), in which the slight reduction of yield should be ascribed to the loss of the catalyst in the process of recovery and washing. As a comparison, the performances of Pd/SBA-15 and Pd-diimine@SiO2 catalysts after repeated use were also measured. With an increase in recycle times, the catalytic activities of Pd/SBA-15 and Pd-diimine@SiO2 catalysts were reduced gradually, in which the stability of Pd-diimine@SiO2 was higher than that of Pd/SBA-15. For the Pd/SBA-15 catalyst, the yield of first run was 84%, and after the fourth run its yield fell to 19%.
The TEM image, N2 sorption isotherm curve, and the small-angle (SA)-XRD pattern were employed to evaluate the reused catalyst (Figure 9). After Pd-diimine@SBA-15 was repeatedly used four times, the TEM image (Figure 9A) still showed basic shape of SBA-15, which meant that the Pd species were still highly dispersed with some nanoparticles of 2~3 nm. The N2 sorption isotherm and the SA-XRD pattern suggested that the 1D mesoporous structure of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 cannot be observed, but abundant wormlike mesoporous structures still exists obviously (Figure 9C). However, the TEM image of reused Pd/SBA-15 catalyst after four runs (Figure 9B) showed that Pd nanoparticles were aggregated on the surface of the support, and their size was 5~7 nm. In the XPS Pd 3d spectrum of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 after being used four times (Figure 3), the small peak at 337.8 eV (or 3d5/2 BE = 343.0 eV) corresponds to the Pd(II) ions, and the larger peak at 335.4 eV (or 3d5/2 BE = 340.7 eV) corresponds to Pd(0), which shows that a majority of Pd(II) ions were reduced to Pd(0) after the reaction. The FT-IR spectrum of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 after being used four times is shown in Figure 1. The absorption band at 1622~1656 (the top at 1635 cm−1) was observed, which shows the existence of diimine@SBA-15 and Pd-diimine@SBA-15; that is to say, some Pd-diimine@SBA-15 was damaged and turned to supported Pd(0) and diimine@SBA-15 after being used four times. These are evidences accounting for the effect of diimine-functionalization on silica. With the help of diimine groups, Pd species could be anchored on the support tightly with high dispersion and stability, which greatly enhanced the catalytic activity and recyclability [41]. Thus, the mesoporous structure and organic functional groups grafted on the SBA-15 simultaneously improved the catalytic performance of Pd-diimine@SBA-15.
Palladium leaching was also taken into consideration. After the reaction, the solid catalyst was filtrated, and the filtrate was measured by ICP; the results are shown in Table 4. The amount of leaching Pd in the reaction solution using Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst (1.9–3.7 ppm, Pd leaching/Pd loading of ~1%) was lower than that using the Pd/SBA-15 catalysts (9.1–22.5 ppm, Pd leaching/Pd loading of 5%~12%). This result suggests that diimine groups can anchor palladium ions effectively.
Palladium leaching was also taken into consideration. After the reaction, the solid catalyst was filtrated, and the filtrate was measured by ICP; the results are shown in Table 4. The amount of leaching Pd in the reaction solution using Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst (1.9–3.7 ppm, Pd leaching/Pd loading of ~1%) was lower than that using the Pd/SBA-15 catalysts (9.1–22.5 ppm, Pd leaching/Pd loading of 5%~12%). This result suggests that diimine groups can anchor palladium ions effectively.
The hot filtration test was done to check the reaction process. The test entails filtering a portion of the reaction solution to remove the catalyst before the reactants are added and the reaction is initiated. The results show that unfiltered portion still proceeded up to 87% yield, while the filtered portion could not react any more. When the reaction mixture after 2 h of the reaction proceeding at 80 °C was filtered with 38% yield, the filtrate was further heated at 80 °C for 2 h and 8% yield was added on the basis of original yield. This shows that Pd leaching can catalyze this coupling reaction. Nevertheless, this test could lead to inaccurate conclusions if fast redeposition of soluble species occurs; if an induction period can be observed, due to an activation of the catalyst, the immobilized species is definitely not the active catalytic species [42].

3. Experimental Section

Triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 (EO20PO70EO20) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane and others chemicals were obtained from Aladdin (Los Angeles, CA, USA). All chemicals were purchased as reagent grade from commercial suppliers and used without further purification, unless otherwise noted.

3.1. Synthesis of Materials

Synthesis of SBA-15. In a 250 mL round-bottomed flask, Pluronic P123 (4 g) was dissolved in the mixed solution of water (30 mL) and 2 M HCl (120 mL) under stirring at room temperature for 2 h. Then, the mixed solution was heated to 40 °C, and 8.50 g tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was added under stirring. After this synthesis solution was stirred at 40 °C for 20 h, it was aged at 100 °C for 24 h under static condition. The solid formed was filtered and dried at room temperature overnight. The template in as-synthesized sample was removed by washing twice with the mixed solution of hydrochloric acid and ethanol (1.5 g hydrochloric acid per 200 mL ethanol) under reflux for 6 h and designated as SBA-15 [43,44].
Synthesis of APTMS@SBA-15. In a 100 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) (8 mL, 45 mmol) was added dropwise to a suspension of SBA-15 (5 g) in dry toluene (30 mL) under a N2 atmosphere. This mixture solution was refluxed for 24 h. After that, the solid was filtered and washed repeatedly with dichloromethane to remove the unreacted starting material, and dried in a vacuum oven at 120 °C for 8 h. The white powder obtained was designated as APTMS@SBA-15 [45].
Synthesis of diimine@SBA-15. In a 250 mL round-bottomed flask, glyoxal (4 mmol) and formic acid (4 drops) was added to the suspension of APTMS@SBA-15 (4 g) in MeOH (100 mL). The mixture solution was refluxed for 4 h. Then, the solid was filtered and washed repeatedly with ice-cold MeOH and dried at room temperature by infrared radiation. The yellow solid obtained was designated as diimine@SBA-15.
Synthesis of Pd-diimine@SBA-15. In a 100 mL round-bottomed flask, diimine@SBA-15 (0.4 g) was added to the mixture solution of PdCl2 (35.4 mg, 0.2 mmol) in acetone (40 mL). After this mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, the solid was filtered and washed repeatedly with acetone until the eluate became colorless, and then dried at room temperature by infrared radiation. The light-orange solid obtained was designated as Pd-diimine@SBA-15. The Pd content in the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst was 5.8 wt % Pd, determined by ICP-OES. The samples above were prepared by the strategy shown in Scheme 1.
Synthesis of Pd/SBA-15. As a comparison sample, the Pd/SBA-15 catalyst was prepared. In a 100 mL round-bottomed flask, SBA-15 (0.4 g) was added to the mixed solution of PdCl2 (35.4 mg, 0.2 mmol) in acetone (40 mL). After this mixed solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, the solid was filtered and washed repeatedly with acetone until the eluate became colorless, and then dried at room temperature by infrared radiation. The Pd content in the Pd/SBA-15 catalyst was 4.7 wt % Pd, determined by ICP-OES.
Synthesis of Pd-diimine@SiO2. As a comparison example, the Pd-diimine@SiO2 catalyst was prepared by using the same method as Pd-diimine@SBA-15. In a 100 mL round-bottomed flask, diimine@SiO2 (0.4 g) was added to the mixture solution of PdCl2 (35.4 mg, 0.2 mmol) in acetone (40 mL). After this mixture solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, the solid was filtered and washed repeatedly with acetone until the eluate became colorless, and then dried at room temperature by infrared radiation. The Pd content in the Pd-diimine@SiO2 catalyst was 5.2 wt % Pd, determined by ICP-OES.

3.2. Characterization of Sample

The Pd content of the catalyst was determined with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Optima 7000DV, Perkin-Elmmer Co., Waltham, MA, USA) after the sample was dissolved in the HF solution. The FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet NEXUS 670 FT-IR spectrometer (Thermo Scientific Co., Madison, WI, USA), and the sample to be measured was ground with KBr and pressed into thin wafer. The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of samples were performed on a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 Sorptometer (Micromeritics Instrument Co., Norcross, GA, USA) using static adsorption procedures, and the surface areas of catalysts were calculated by the BET method. The pore-size distribution was calculated by Barrett–Joyner–Halanda (BJH) method. The single-point pore volume (Vp) of sample was estimated based on the amount adsorbed at the relative pressure of P/P0 = 0.989. The X-ray diffractions (XRD) patterns of catalysts were performed on a PANalytical PW3040/60 X’pert PRO diffractometer (PANalytical, Almelo, Netherlands) with Cu Kα radiation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of samples were taken on a Hitachi S4800 scanning electron microscope. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained on a JEOL JEM-2100 microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan), and the sample to be measured was first dispersed in ethanol and then collected on a copper grids covered with carbon film.

3.3. Suzuki Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides over Supported Pd Catalyst

Aryl halide (3 mmol), arylboronic acid (3.3 mmol), K3PO4 (4.5 mmol), catalyst (appropriate quantity), and solvent (6 mL) were added in a 50 mL two-necked round-bottomed flask under a N2 atmosphere and stirring. After this mixture solution was heated to 80 °C in an oil bath under stirring, the Suzuki coupling reaction occurred at 80 °C for 3–12 h. After the reaction was finished, the catalyst was separated by filtration immediately, and washed by deionized water, ethanol, and diethyl ether, successively. After drying in air, the recovered catalyst could be used repeatedly in the Suzuki coupling reaction. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate, which was uncolored and clear, and no catalyst particles could be observed. The solvent was evaporated and the resultant crude products were purified by silica column chromatography with hexane as eluent. The reactant conversion and product selectivity were determined by gas chromatograph (GC-950, Shanghai, China) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and the method of correction area.

4. Conclusions

In summary, the highly efficient Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst for Suzuki coupling reactions has been successfully prepared by immobilizing Pd species onto diimine-functionalized mesoporous SBA-15, in which the Pd species were atomically dispersed on support. The Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst exhibited high-efficient catalytic performance for the Suzuki coupling reaction of electronically diverse aryl halides and phenylboronic acid under mild conditions with an ultralow amount of Pd (0.05 mol % Pd). High yield of product can be obtained for almost all coupling reactions of bromobenzene with electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents and phenylboronic acid. When the amount of catalyst was increased to 1 mol % Pd, this catalyst can catalyze the coupling reaction of chlorinated aromatics and phenylboronic acid. Compared with the catalytic performances of Pd/SBA-15 and Pd-diimine@SiO2 catalysts, the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst exhibited higher hydrothermal stability and could be repeatedly used four times without significant decrease of its catalytic activity. This study might offer a new strategy for synthesis of supported metal catalysts on different types of mesoporous silica.

Acknowledgments

Financial supports from Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (12NM0504500 and 13XD1421700) are gratefully acknowledged.

Author Contributions

All authors conceived the idea for the work and designed the experiments. G.L. and Y.C. directed the experiments; J.Y. and A.S. performed the experiments; J.Y. and G.L. wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the results.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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Catalysts 06 00181 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Schematic diagram of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 fabrication.
Scheme 1. Schematic diagram of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 fabrication.
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Catalysts 06 00181 g001 550
Figure 1. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of SBA-15, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS)@SBA-15, diimine@SBA-15, and Pd-diimine@SBA-15 (fresh and used repeatedly four times).
Figure 1. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of SBA-15, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS)@SBA-15, diimine@SBA-15, and Pd-diimine@SBA-15 (fresh and used repeatedly four times).
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Catalysts 06 00181 g002 550
Figure 2. 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR spectra of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 before and after being repeatedly used four times.
Figure 2. 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR spectra of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 before and after being repeatedly used four times.
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Catalysts 06 00181 g003 550
Figure 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 (fresh and after being used four times).
Figure 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 (fresh and after being used four times).
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Catalysts 06 00181 g004 550
Figure 4. N2 sorption isotherms and pore-size distribution curves of SBA-15, diimine@SBA-15, and Pd-diimine@SBA-15.
Figure 4. N2 sorption isotherms and pore-size distribution curves of SBA-15, diimine@SBA-15, and Pd-diimine@SBA-15.
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Catalysts 06 00181 g005 550
Figure 5. Small-angle X-ray diffraction (SA-XRD) and XRD patterns of SBA-15, Pd/SBA-15, and Pd-diimine@SBA-15.
Figure 5. Small-angle X-ray diffraction (SA-XRD) and XRD patterns of SBA-15, Pd/SBA-15, and Pd-diimine@SBA-15.
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Catalysts 06 00181 g006 550
Figure 6. SEM images of (A) SBA-15 and (B) Pd-diimine@SBA-15, and TEM images of (C) Pd-diimine@SBA-15 and (D) Pd/SBA-15.
Figure 6. SEM images of (A) SBA-15 and (B) Pd-diimine@SBA-15, and TEM images of (C) Pd-diimine@SBA-15 and (D) Pd/SBA-15.
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Catalysts 06 00181 g007 550
Figure 7. TEM images of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 after use with (A) KOH and (B) K3PO4; SEM image of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 after use with (C) KOH and (D) K3PO4, and (E) their XRD patterns.
Figure 7. TEM images of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 after use with (A) KOH and (B) K3PO4; SEM image of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 after use with (C) KOH and (D) K3PO4, and (E) their XRD patterns.
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Catalysts 06 00181 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Possible mechanism of the Suzuki coupling reaction over Pd-diimine@SBA-15.
Scheme 2. Possible mechanism of the Suzuki coupling reaction over Pd-diimine@SBA-15.
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Figure 8. Repeated-use testing of the Pd catalysts for the coupling reaction of bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid at 80 °C for 12 h. (Reaction condition: 50 mg catalyst (0.05 mol% Pd), ArX (50 mmol), ArB(OH)2 (55 mmol, 1.1 equiv), K3PO4 (75 mmol, 1.5 equiv), i-PrOH/H2O (50 mL/50 mL)).
Figure 8. Repeated-use testing of the Pd catalysts for the coupling reaction of bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid at 80 °C for 12 h. (Reaction condition: 50 mg catalyst (0.05 mol% Pd), ArX (50 mmol), ArB(OH)2 (55 mmol, 1.1 equiv), K3PO4 (75 mmol, 1.5 equiv), i-PrOH/H2O (50 mL/50 mL)).
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Figure 9. TEM images of (A) Pd-diimine@SBA-15 and (B) Pd/SBA-15 repeatedly used four times; (C) SA-XRD pattern and N2 sorption isotherm of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 repeatedly used four times.
Figure 9. TEM images of (A) Pd-diimine@SBA-15 and (B) Pd/SBA-15 repeatedly used four times; (C) SA-XRD pattern and N2 sorption isotherm of Pd-diimine@SBA-15 repeatedly used four times.
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Table
Table 1. Textural parameters of SBA-15, diimine@SBA-15, and Pd-diimine@SBA-15.
Table 1. Textural parameters of SBA-15, diimine@SBA-15, and Pd-diimine@SBA-15.
SampleBET Surface Area (m2/g)Pore Volume (cm3/g)Pore Diameter (nm)
AverageMost Probable
SBA-156410.966.3510.5
diimine@SBA-153980.535.586.90
Pd-diimine@SBA-153510.485.506.90
Table
Table 2. Effect of base on the Suzuki coupling reaction of para-bromotoluene with phenylboronic acid over the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst at 80 °C (a).
Table 2. Effect of base on the Suzuki coupling reaction of para-bromotoluene with phenylboronic acid over the Pd-diimine@SBA-15 catalyst at 80 °C (a).
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EntryCatalystBaseTime (h)Conversion (%)Selectivity (%)Yield (%) (b)
1SBA-15K2CO312000
2PdCl2 (0.05 mol% Pd)K2CO3128510085
3Pd-diimine@SBA-15K2CO3248410084
4Pd-diimine@SBA-15K3PO4128810088
5Pd-diimine@SBA-15KOH49110091
(a) Reaction condition: 3 mmol 4-bromotoluene, 3.3 mmol phenylboronic acid, 4.5 mmol base, solvent (i-PrOH/H2O = 3 mL/3 mL), 3 mg catalyst (0.05 mol % Pd); (b) gas chromatography (GC) yield based on 4-bromotoluene.
Table
Table 3. Suzuki coupling reactions of various aryl halides (X) and phenylboronic acid over Pd-diimine@SBA-15catalyst (a).
Table 3. Suzuki coupling reactions of various aryl halides (X) and phenylboronic acid over Pd-diimine@SBA-15catalyst (a).
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EntryAryl XBoronic acidTime (h)Conversion (%)Selectivity (%)Yield (%) (b)
1Catalysts 06 00181 i003Catalysts 06 00181 i015128710087 (87)
2Catalysts 06 00181 i004Catalysts 06 00181 i015128810088 (84)
3Catalysts 06 00181 i005Catalysts 06 00181 i01589110091 (87)
4Catalysts 06 00181 i006Catalysts 06 00181 i01589110091 (88)
5Catalysts 06 00181 i007Catalysts 06 00181 i01568710087 (79)
6Catalysts 06 00181 i008Catalysts 06 00181 i015108410084 (77)
7Catalysts 06 00181 i009Catalysts 06 00181 i01538810088 (81)
8Catalysts 06 00181 i010Catalysts 06 00181 i01549910099 (96)
9Catalysts 06 00181 i011Catalysts 06 00181 i01512833327
10Catalysts 06 00181 i012Catalysts 06 00181 i01541310013
11Catalysts 06 00181 i013Catalysts 06 00181 i015421002 (c)
12Catalysts 06 00181 i014Catalysts 06 00181 i01542010020 (c)
(a) Reaction condition: 3 mg catalyst (0.05 mol % Pd), ArX (3.0 mmol), ArB(OH)2 (3.3 mmol, 1.1 equiv), K3PO4 (4.5 mmol, 1.5 equiv), i-PrOH/H2O (3 mL/3 mL); (b) GC yield based on ArX and isolated yield shown in brackets; (c) 60 mg catalyst (1 mol % Pd).
Table
Table 4. Recyclability test of the Pd catalyst for the coupling reaction of bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid at 80 °C for 12 h (a).
Table 4. Recyclability test of the Pd catalyst for the coupling reaction of bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid at 80 °C for 12 h (a).
Catalysts 06 00181 i016
CatalystCycle TimesYield (b) (%)Pd Leaching (ppm)Pd leaching/Pd Loading (%)
Pd-diimine@SBA-15 (5.8wt % Pd)1873.71.6
2873.01.3
3862.20.9
4851.90.8
Pd/SBA-15 (4.7wt % Pd)1842312.2
273136.9
3562312.2
4199.14.8
Pd-diimine@SiO2 (5.2wt % Pd)188--
287--
374--
473--
(a) Reaction condition: 50 mg catalyst (0.05 mol % Pd), ArX (50 mmol), ArB(OH)2 (55 mmol, 1.1 equiv), K3PO4 (75 mmol, 1.5 equiv), i-PrOH/H2O (50 mL/50 mL); (b) GC yield based on 4-bromotoluene.

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Yu, J.; Shen, A.; Cao, Y.; Lu, G. Preparation of Pd-Diimine@SBA-15 and Its Catalytic Performance for the Suzuki Coupling Reaction. Catalysts 2016, 6, 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal6120181

AMA Style

Yu J, Shen A, Cao Y, Lu G. Preparation of Pd-Diimine@SBA-15 and Its Catalytic Performance for the Suzuki Coupling Reaction. Catalysts. 2016; 6(12):181. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal6120181

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu, Jiahuan, An Shen, Yucai Cao, and Guanzhong Lu. 2016. "Preparation of Pd-Diimine@SBA-15 and Its Catalytic Performance for the Suzuki Coupling Reaction" Catalysts 6, no. 12: 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal6120181

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