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Article

Fluid Flow Shear Stress Stimulation on a Multiplex Microfluidic Device for Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Differentiation Enhancement †

by
Chia-Wen Tsao
1,*,
Yu-Che Cheng
2,3,4 and
Jhih-Hao Cheng
1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, 32001 Taoyuan, Taiwan
2
Proteomics Laboratory, Cathay General Hospital, 22174 New Taipei City, Taiwan
3
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Central University, 32001 Taoyuan, Taiwan
4
School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, 24205 New Taipei City, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
This paper is an extended version of our paper presented in the 5th International Conference on Optofluidics 2015, Taipei, Taiwan, 26–29 July 2015.
Micromachines 2015, 6(12), 1996-2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi6121470
Submission received: 28 October 2015 / Revised: 25 November 2015 / Accepted: 7 December 2015 / Published: 11 December 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optofluidics 2015)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Microfluidic devices provide low sample consumption, high throughput, high integration, and good environment controllability advantages. An alternative to conventional bioreactors, microfluidic devices are a simple and effective platform for stem cell investigations. In this study, we describe the design of a microfluidic device as a chemical and mechanical shear stress bioreactor to stimulate rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs) into neuronal cells. 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX) was used as a chemical reagent to induce rBMSCs differentiation into neurons. Furthermore, the shear stress applied to rBMSCs was generated by laminar microflow in the microchannel. Four parallel microfluidic chambers were designed to provide a multiplex culture platform, and both the microfluidic chamber-to-chamber, as well as microfluidic device-to-device, culture stability were evaluated. Our research shows that rBMSCs were uniformly cultured in the microfluidic device and differentiated into neuronal cells with IBMX induction. A three-fold increase in the neuronal cell differentiation ratio was noted when rBMSCs were subjected to both IBMX and fluid flow shear stress stimulation. Here, we propose a microfluidic device which is capable of providing chemical and physical stimulation, and could accelerate neuronal cell differentiation from bone marrow stromal cells.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Microfluidic devices, an integrated system incorporate various function such as pumping, mixing, sample separation, sample concentration, and culturing in a single chip for chemical or biological analysis. Micro total analysis system (μTAS) or lab-on-a-chip (LOC) are sometimes also referred to as microfluidic technologies. In recent decades, microfluidics has become a widely used platform for cell investigations. Compared to conventional cell culture techniques in a Petri dish, microfluidics offers low sample/reagent consumption, which offers high integration, high automation, and a real-time monitoring cell culture approach [1]. Due to these advantages, various unique microfluidic cell investigations have been demonstrated. For example, Emneus et al. developed a long-term, real-time microfluidic device to monitor human cells (HFF11) [2]. Ramsey’s group integrated cell separation and mass spectrometry in a chip for cell analysis [3]. Single-cell sorting and analysis can be achieved based on droplet microfluidics [4]. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) soft elastomer is the most commonly used material in cell culture microfluidic devices because of its good biocompatibility, gas permeability, and optical transmissivity [5,6]. Since PDMS-based microfluidic devices are mainly fabricated by a soft lithography process, the cell culture microchannel geometry can be precisely controlled and tailored to various shapes for cell culture investigations [7]. With further integration of PDMS microfluidic valves, high throughput screening can be achieved in such microfluidic devices [8]. Besides, conventional Petri dish is a two-dimensional environment. Microfluidics provides a three-dimensional microenvironment that provide more in vivo conditions for cell investigations [9]. Recently, microfluidics devices have moved to organs-on-chips [10,11] applications, which use microfluidic techniques to mimic organs in biochemical microenvironment for in vitro disease models.
Of the research conducted in cell investigations, stem cells have the ability of self-renewal and can differentiate into specific cell types through environmental stimuli. Due to their potential to regenerate and repair damaged tissue, stem cells have been applied to various promising applications, such as tissue engineering or cell-based therapies. Chemical and physical factors, which influence stem cell differentiation have been extensively studied and are known to have significant effects on cell differentiation [12]. Recently, in addition to chemical signals, mechanical forces are also found to affect stem cell differentiation. Mechanical forces, such as hydrostatic pressure [13,14,15], shear stress [16,17], and tensile strain [18,19] have critical roles in deciding stem cell fate. While conventional methods studying mechanical force effects normally require complex, custom-made bioreactor designs, microfluidic devices offer a simple, low-cost alternative choice for stem cell investigations [20,21]. Microfluidic devices provide good environmental regulatory ability to mimic in vivo microenvironment, which is ideal for stem cell investigations. Since microfluidic devices are a dynamic profusion-based environment, liquid phase chemical reagents can simply be replaced or injected into the microchannel for chemical stimuli research. Research in cell chemotaxis can be easily performed while further integrating a microfluidic gradient generator [22]. In mechanical stress stimulation experiments, a conventional bioreactor uses a compressive loading cylinder [23], rotating cone [24,25], or parallel plate chamber [26] to generate hydrostatic pressure or shear stress on cells. With a microfluidic device, on the other hand, physical shear stress can be simply created by fluid flow induction from laminar microflow behavior [27], and hydrostatic pressure can be created by a vortex in the PDMS chamber [28]. These examples show that the microfluidic device is a simple and effective approach to study the mechanical stress effects on stem cells. Therefore, in this study, we used a microfluidic device as a chemical and mechanical shear stress bioreactor to stimulate rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs). The effects of chemical and mechanical shear stress on the rBMSCs were reported in this investigation. Four parallel microfluidic rBMSCs cultures and differentiation chamber designs were used in this study to highlight potential of high-throughput screening.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Materials and Reagents

Materials and reagents for microfluidic device fabrication are listed as below. A 10-cm diameter P-type (100) single-side polished silicon wafer with a resistivity of 1–100 Ω·cm was purchased from Summit-Tech Resource Corp. (Hsinchu, Taiwan). SU-8 3050 kit including SU-8 photoresist and SU-8 developer was purchased from MicroChem Corp. (Newton, MA, USA). PDMS elastomer kit including PDMS base and curing agent (Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit) was purchased from Dow Corning Corp. (Midland, MI, USA). Stainless steel surgical needles (SC20/15) were purchased from Instech Laboratories Inc. (Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA). Medical grade plastic tubing (Tygon S-50-HL) were purchased from Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics (Akron, OH, USA). 75 mm × 25 mm × 1 mm microscope glass slides were purchased from Doger Instruments Co. Ltd (Taipei, Taiwan). Acetone (ACE) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA).
Materials and reagents for rBMSCs culturing and differentiation experiments are listed as below. Culture Petri dishes (Nunc) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Primary antibodies against the human neuron-specific enolase (NSE, 1:25) and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Avidin-biotin conjugate of horseradish peroxidase and Vector VIP substrate kit were purchased form Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and Penicillin/Streptomycin (P/S) were purchased from Gibco/Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) were purchased from HyClone/GE Healthcare (Novato, CA, USA).

2.2. Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Preparation

rBMSCs were harvested from eight-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats. Cell cultures were maintained at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in a 10 cm diameter culture dish with culture medium which consisted of DMEM with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 g/mL streptomycin. rBMSCs used in this study maintained in 20–25 passages for strong proliferation potential.

2.3. 4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole (DAPI) and Immunocytochemistry (ICC) Staining Procedures

4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole (DAPI) staining was performed on the rBMSCs to ensure accurate cell number calculations for the rBMSCs cell growth experiments. The DAPI staining process is performed directly on the microfluidic bioreactor and the detailed staining procedure is illustrated below. A PBS rinse was performed between each chemical injection step. The following on-chip staining was operated at room temperature and injected with 1.5 μL/min unless described elsewhere. First, we injected 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min to fix the cells followed by the PBS rinse. Then, we injected 0.1% Triton-X 100 for 4 min to permit cell permeabilization. Finally, diluted DAPI solution (DAPI: PBS, 1:800, v/v) was injected into the microchannel to stain the rBMSCs cell nucleus.
Similar to DAPI staining, the immunocytochemistry (ICC) staining process was performed in this study to confirm the neuronal cell type and ensure accurate neuronal cell calculation. The ICC staining process was also performed directly on the microfluidic bioreactor and the staining procedure was illustrated as follows. The rBMSCs were first treated with paraformaldehyde and Triton-X 100 to fix and permeabilize the cells, which is identical to the DAPI staining process as described above. Then, 3% H2O2 solution was injected into the microchannel and allowed to rest for 30 min before 1.5% normal horse serum was injected into the microchannel. This was allowed to rest for 30 min and was followed by a PBS rinse. Next, rBMSCs were treated with primary antibody against the human antigen neuron-specific enolase and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. After primary antibody treatment, the cells were then stained with biotinylated anti-rabbit antibody followed by an avidin-biotin conjugated horseradish peroxidase for 30 min. Finally, Vector VIP substrate kit was introduced to the microfluidic chamber as a visualization reagent to reveal the resulting peroxidase activity.

2.4. Microfluidic Device Fabrication

Fabrication of the microfluidic device is based on a standard PDMS soft lithography process which requires micromold fabrication and PDMS replication process as shown in Figure 1a–c and Figure 1d–f, respectively. In micromold fabrication, the bare silicon wafer was first cleaned with acetone (ACE), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and deionized (D.I.) water, followed by baking at 130 °C for 15 min on a hot plate (Super-Nuova, Barnstead Thermolyne, Waltham, MA, USA) to remove the moisture on the silicon surface for enhanced SU-8 attachment. Then, spin coat (SPC-703, Yi YANG Co., Taoyuan, Taiwan) SU-8 photoresist was added to the silicon substrate (Figure 1a). The spin coating speed was set at 500 rpm for 30 s and 1000 rpm for 40 s. After spin coating, the SU-8 layer was subject to UV exposure for 90 s (AGL100 UV Light source, M & R Nano Technology Co., Taoyuan, Taiwan) via a patterned transparent film mask (Ching Acme Enterprises Corp., Taipei, Taiwan) to generate microchannel patterns on the SU-8 layer (Figure 1b). Immersed, UV-exposed SU-8 substrate in SU-8 developer for 3–5 min to create a SU-8 micromold for the subsequent PDMS replication process (Figure 1c). After SU-8 micromold fabrication, PDMS casting was performed to create the microchannel. The PDMS replication process started with pouring a 10:1 volume ratio of Sylgard 184 base and curing agent mixture over the SU-8 micromold before degassing in a vacuum oven to remove the air bubbles inside the PDMS layer. Then, the PDMS layer was cured at 70 °C for 4 h (Figure 1d), removed from the SU-8 micromold and O2 plasma bond PDMS with a glass slide (Duffy et al. 1998) in O2 plasma cleaner (PDC-32G, Harrick Plasma, Ithaca, NY, USA) for 150 s (Figure 1e). Punch fluid inlet and outlet holes was conducted using a biopsy punch (Harris Uni-Core, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and inserted stainless steel surgical needles as microfluidic bioreactors for injection and outlet connectors (Figure 1f). Medical grade plastic tubing was used to connect the needle inject connector to the syringe pump or waste beaker.
All microfluidic channels, plastic tubes, surgical needles, and injection syringes were fully sterilized to prevent cell contamination during experiments. The plastic tube, surgical needles, and injection syringe were cleaned by immersion in 75% alcohol solution followed by UV sterilization at 30 min. After UV sterilization, the microfluidic bioreactor was connected to the syringe pump, and Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) was flushed into the microchannel for 90 min to clean the microchannel walls.
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Figure 1. Schematic illustration of SU-8 micromold fabrication procedure: (a) silicon wafer cleaning and spin coat SU-8; (b) UV exposure; (c) SU-8 development and PDMS replication process; (d) casting the PDMS on SU-8 micromold; (e) O2 plasma bonding PDMS layer with glass substrate; and (f) photography of PDMS microchannel with blue color dye injection.
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of SU-8 micromold fabrication procedure: (a) silicon wafer cleaning and spin coat SU-8; (b) UV exposure; (c) SU-8 development and PDMS replication process; (d) casting the PDMS on SU-8 micromold; (e) O2 plasma bonding PDMS layer with glass substrate; and (f) photography of PDMS microchannel with blue color dye injection.
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3. Results and Discussion

3.1. rBMSCs Culture and Stability in the Four Parallel Microfluidic Chambers

The rBMSCs were cultured and differentiated into neuronal cells in a microfluidic device. The microfluidic device design layout and experiment setup are shown in Figure 2. The microchannel consists of a 1 mm diameter inlet and outlet port for surgical stainless needle insertion. The microfluidic device injection inlet was connected to the syringe pump and the outlet was connected to the waste beaker through a plastic surgical tube, respectively. The microchannel is 200 μm in width and 100 μm in height. Two Y-shaped microchannel splitters (first splitter: 44°, second splitter: 25°) split the flow equally into the four microfluidic chambers (dimensions: 4 mm length, 1 mm width, and 0.1 mm height), where rBMSCs culture and differentiation took place. The microfluidic device system was placed inside the CO2 incubator (SCA-165DRS, ASTEC, Fukuoka, Japan) and maintained at 37°C and 5% CO2 concentration.
The rBMSCs culture started with a dynamic injection in the inlet port of ~10 μL of 106 cells/mL rBMSCs suspension at 2 μL/min to seed the rBMSCs in the four microfluidic chambers. The seeding procedure was operated under inverted microscope to check the cells are fully injected into each chambers. After rBMSCs seeding, the cells were left in the CO2 incubator without motion for 24 h under stable conditions, allowing the rBMSCs to fully adhere to the microfluidic chamber. As shown in Figure 3a, around 1 μm diameter rBMSCs suspension can clearly be found and were uniformly distributed inside the microfluidic chamber right after the rBMSCs suspension injection step. As shown in Figure 3b, spindle-like rBMSCs morphology was uniformly distributed inside the microfluidic chamber, which indicates that the rBMSCs were tightly adherent to the microfluidic device substrate.
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Figure 2. Schematic illustration of rBMSCs fluid flow stimulation microchannel design and experimental setup.
Figure 2. Schematic illustration of rBMSCs fluid flow stimulation microchannel design and experimental setup.
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Figure 3. Microscopy images of rBMSCs seeding after (a) cell suspension injection and (b) 24 h static seeding.
Figure 3. Microscopy images of rBMSCs seeding after (a) cell suspension injection and (b) 24 h static seeding.
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In the high-throughput microfluidic device, cell culture stability is important to ensure good cell culture uniformity, as well as controlled chemical and physical stimulation conditions among all microfluidic chambers. In theory, the hydraulic resistance of four parallel microfluidic channels is identical and delivers equal amounts of rBMSCs and fluid flow shear stress to each microfluidic chamber. However, because of the microfabrication variations, fluid flow as well as the culture conditions for the four parallel microfluidic chamber may vary. Therefore, the microfluidic chamber-to-chamber and device-to-device culture stability were evaluated. Figure 4 shows the bright field microscopic and DAPI staining images of rBMSCs inside the four microfluidic chambers. The rBMSCs were uniformly distributed and cultured inside each individual microfluidic chamber, but the cell number among individual microfluidic chambers was found to be slightly different.
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Figure 4. Microscopy (left) and DAPI-stained (right) images of rBMSCs culturing conditions in the microfluidic chambers 1–4.
Figure 4. Microscopy (left) and DAPI-stained (right) images of rBMSCs culturing conditions in the microfluidic chambers 1–4.
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To quantify the cell number inside the microfluidic chamber, the DAPI staining images taken from the fluorescence microscope (ECLIPSE Ti-U, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) were further analyzed by the image analysis software ImageJ to calculate the cell number inside the microfluidic chambers. Figure 5 shows the rBMSCs number from microfluidic chambers 1–4. Four individual microfluidic devices were fabricated to evaluate the microfluidic chamber-to-chamber as well as microfluidic device-to-device variations. In microfluidic Device 1, the DAPI stained rBMSCs inside the microfluidic chamber numbered 138 (Chamber 1), 178 (Chamber 2), 167 (Chamber 3), and 237 (Chamber 4), with an average value of 181 ± 43 cells. Similarly, the rBMSCs inside the microfluidic chambers numbered 156/254/177 (Chamber 1), 140/224/237 (Chamber 2), 175/234/171 (Chamber 3), and 227/207/202 (Chamber 4), with an average value of 175 ± 38/230 ± 20/197 ± 30 cells for microfluidic Device 2/Device 3/Device 4.
From the DAPI stained cell number data, the microfluidic chamber-to-chamber relative standard deviation percentage (RSD%) was measured as 23.5%, 21.7%, 8.5%, and 15.2% for Devices 1–4, respectively. The microfluidic chip-to-chip RSD% value was measured at 28.2%, 22.8%, 17.0%, and 7.9% for Chambers 1–4, respectively. Compared with multiplex fluid flow delivery microfluidic device with 34.7% volume variation between microfluidic channels [29]. The fluid-flow driven microfluidic device shows good stability with an overall average RSD% of 17.3% between microfluidic chambers and an overall average RSD% of 18.9% between microfluidic device events.
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Figure 5. rBMSCs number uniformity in four microfluidic chamber.
Figure 5. rBMSCs number uniformity in four microfluidic chamber.
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In the microfluidic system, the shear stress is generated by the fluid flow injection and stimulates rBMCs. This concept is based on the laminar flow Navier–Stokes theory, since the flow in the microfluidic chamber is laminar, Newtonian flow, and incompressible. The shear stress in the microfluidic chamber surface can be estimated as τ w a l l = 6 μ Q w h 2 . Where μ is the fluid dynamic viscosity, Q is the fluid injection flow rate, h is the chamber height, and w is chamber width. Thus, the mechanical shear stress generated on the cell chamber is proportionally relative to the flow rate. For a Y-shaped splitter with equal microchannel width delivering an equal flow rate into each cell chamber, the shear stress generating in each microfluidic chamber is the same. With a different Y-shaped microchannel width, the shear stress generated in each cell chamber will be different. This provides benefits in studying different shear stress effects on a single chip, and its cell culture stability within different microchannels will require further characterization. Figure 6 shows the microfluidic device with 300, 400, 500, and 600 μm microchannel width connecting to cell Chambers 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. rBMSCs cell culture results show that the cell number inside Chambers 1, 2, 3, and 4 were measured as 276, 337, 428, and 438, respectively. Since the cell number inside the chamber is related to the flow rate injected into the microchamber and the fluid flow split into each microchannel is based on the hydraulic resistance of each microchannel network. Based on the hydraulic resistance, smaller microchannel width chambers exhibit higher hydraulic resistance than the larger microchannel width chambers. Therefore, an increased cell number tendency shows with the microchannel width. The cell number in Chamber 4 is 1.6 times higher than Chamber 1. However, small cell number difference such as cell number in Chambers 3 and 4 may still be observed due to the chamber-to-chamber variation. In the previous rBMSCs number uniformity test with the same microchannel width (Figure 5), the average cell number variation between each chamber-to-chamber event is 17.2%.
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Figure 6. rBMSCs fluid flow shear stress microfluidic chip with different microchannel widths.
Figure 6. rBMSCs fluid flow shear stress microfluidic chip with different microchannel widths.
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3.2. Induction of rBMSCs Differentiation into Neuronal Cells by IBMX Stimulation

To ensure good cell culture and differential stability, we used a microfluidic device with identical microchannel width for the IBMX chemical and physical shear stress stimulation experiments rBMSCs. The rBMSCs were cultured until the cell number approached 400 cells inside each microfluidic chamber after seeding. In a previous investigation [30], we showed that chemical IBMX can efficiently stimulate human placenta-derived stem cells to differentiate into neuronal cells. Neuronal cells can be clearly identified by their cell morphology under optical microscopy. Thus, in this research, we applied IBMX to differentiate rBMSCs into neuronal cells on the microfluidic bioreactor to study the chemical as well as mechanical shear stress effects on rBMSCs. Figure 7 shows the rBMSCs stimulation results under IBMX concentrations from 0.2–0.6 mM and neuronal cell dendrites, as well as condensed and round cell bodies could be observed under optical microscopy, which indicated successful neuronal cell differentiation under IBMX influence. Because the IBMX is toxic to rBMSCs at high concentration. The rBMSCs differentiation ratio is tested under 0.2–0.6 mM gradient concentration, and the rBMSCs differentiation ratio by IBMX is summarized in Figure 7f. From this chart, it can be shown that the neuronal cell differentiation ratio increased with increasing IBMX concentrations. The differentiation ratio reached a plateau at around 0.5–0.6 mM IBMX.
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Figure 7. rBMSCs under (a) 0.2 mM, (b) 0.3 mM, (c) 0.4 mM, (d) 0.5 mM, and (e) 0.6 mM IBMX stimulation. (f) Neuronal cell differentiation ratio under various IBMX concentration. Y-axis indicates neuronal cell differentiation ratio and X-axis indicates the IBMX concentration (mM).
Figure 7. rBMSCs under (a) 0.2 mM, (b) 0.3 mM, (c) 0.4 mM, (d) 0.5 mM, and (e) 0.6 mM IBMX stimulation. (f) Neuronal cell differentiation ratio under various IBMX concentration. Y-axis indicates neuronal cell differentiation ratio and X-axis indicates the IBMX concentration (mM).
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3.3. Effects of Fluid Flow Shear Stress on rBMSCs

In addition to the chemical signals, mechanical force is also an important factor in regulating rBMSCs differentiation. Therefore, in addition to IBMX chemical stimulation, we also studied the mechanical shear stress stimulation on the rBMSCs. In the fluid flow shear stress experiments, we introduced 10 min of fluid flow shear stress stimulation on the rBMSCs with addition of 0.2 mM IBMX reagent. Three different fluid flow shear stress conditions were selected: 0.042 μL/min, 1 μL/min, and 15 μL/min. We find rBMSCs will be washed away when the fluid flow injection flow rate exceeds 60 μL/min. Thus, the highest flow rate of 15 μL/min was selected to ensure cells are well adhered on the microfluidic substrate after fluid-flow shear stress stimulation in our experiment. Using a rectangular microfluidic chamber of dimensions 100 μm height and 1000 μm width, fluid flow shear stress was calculated as 0.0009, 0.022, and 0.33 dynes/cm2 on the rBMSCs. After 10 min of fluid flow shear stress stimulation, the flow rate changed to 0.042 μL/min to culture rBMSCs and we observed neural cell differentiation at 1, 2, 6, and 10 h.
Figure 8a shows the immunocytochemistry images of rBMSCs stained with anti-neuron-specific enolase antibody. The rBMSCs were subject to 0.042, 1, and 15 μL/min fluid flow shear stress stimulations for 10 min and cultured for 1, 2, 6, and 10 h respectively before immunocytochemistry. From the figure, it can be observed that relatively more neuronal cells were found in the microfluidic chamber at higher fluid flow shear stress conditions. Figure 8b summarizes the neuronal cell differentiation ratio. The neuronal cell differentiation ratio is defined by the number of immunocytochemistry-positive cells divided by the total rBMSCs number in the microfluidic chamber at each measurement time. At 0.042 μL/min, the neuronal cell differentiation ratio increased from 0.31 ± 0.02 at 1 h and 0.35 ± 0.04 at 2 h to 0.37 ± 0.06 at 6 h and then decreased to 0.22 ± 0.03 at 10 h. This indicates that rBMSCs start to differentiate into neuronal cells in the first hour and continue differentiating into neuronal cells over the next few hours. Similar differentiation tendencies were also observed at higher fluid flow shear stress conditions of 1 and 15 μL/min. By increasing fluid flow shear stress to 1 μL/min, the neuronal cell differentiation ratio also increased from 0.33 ± 0.03 (1 h) to 0.60 ± 0.05 (2 h) and then decreased to 0.38 ± 0.08 (6 h) and 0.30 ± 0.06 (10 h). At the highest fluid flow condition of 15 μL/min, neuronal cell differentiation ratio increased from 0.57 ± 0.04 to 0.75 ± 0.09 and decreased to 0.53 ± 0.02 for 1, 2, and 6 h, respectively.
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Figure 8. (a) Immunocytochemistry staining images captured from 1, 2, 6, and 10 h after 10 min of 0.042, 1, and 15 μL/min fluid flow shear stress simulation; (b) Neuronal cell differentiation ratio under 10 min of 0.042, 1, and 15 μL/min fluid flow shear stress simulation
Figure 8. (a) Immunocytochemistry staining images captured from 1, 2, 6, and 10 h after 10 min of 0.042, 1, and 15 μL/min fluid flow shear stress simulation; (b) Neuronal cell differentiation ratio under 10 min of 0.042, 1, and 15 μL/min fluid flow shear stress simulation
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rBMSCs neural cell differentiation ratio enhancement were found at increased fluid flow shear stress condition. Highest differentiation ratio of 0.75 were observed at 15 μL/min, two hours condition which is over 2–3 times the neural cell differentiation ratio enhancement than the lowest flow rate condition (neural cell differentiation ratio: 0.22~0.37). The fluid-flow shear stress also accelerate neural cell differentiation earlier. Highest differentiation ratio condition accelerated from six hours (0.042 μL/min) to two hours (1 and 15 μL/min). Additionally, it is found that the neural differentiation ratio decrease at six and 10 h for the high fluid flow shear stress condition of 1 and 15 μL/min. This neural cell number decline was presumably the result from the cell death. The rBMSCs’ differentiated neural cells leads the differentiated neuron death after hours, which results in a neural cell differentiation ratio decrease at six and 10 h. In a previous research demonstration, the IBMX-induced neural cells also showed decreased cell numbers after hours [31]. Rishmanchi [32] also found higher differentiation rate results in faster cell death. This also explains the 15 μL/min fluid flow shear stress condition showing a faster differentiation ratio decline in six and 10 h. Regarding the reason of acceleration of neuronal differentiation, there are several factors, such as micro-environment, small molecule, and genetic manipulation were mentioned. As to the micro-environment cues, Akhavan et al. reported accelerated differentiation of neural stem cells cultivated on ginseng-reduced graphene oxide sheets [33]. It is addressed that a three-dimensional collagen-hyaluronan matrix could enhance neuronal differentiation [34]. Francis et al. demonstrated that preconditioning the human embryonic stem cell with hypoxic environment and its derived cytoprotective phenotype may promote the neural differentiation and enhanced cell survival rates [35]. Chao et al. found that using 2D thin film scaffolds composed of biocompatible polymer grafted carbon nanotubes could promote neuron differentiation [36]. These results suggest that environmental cues participate in enhanced neuronal differentiation probably through the cell matrix proteins adsorption and cell attachment and result in the cell physiological responses. Regarding to the small molecules, it is found that higher iron concentration can drastically accelerate the motor neuron differentiation from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) [37]. A small chemical, called KHS 101, was also found have the ability to accelerate the neuronal differentiation by interaction with TACC3 protein and force the neural progenitor cells to exit the cell cycle [38]. Many reports mentioned neuronal differentiation acceleration are focused on genetic manipulation, such as expression of an extra copy of IκB kinase α blocks self-renewal and accelerates the differentiation of NPCs [39]. The suppression of p53 either by the addition of anti-sense oligonucleotides to culture medium or by the culture of neurons from tumor suppressor protein p53(−/−) mice accelerated their differentiation [40].
In terms of physical stimulation, there is growing evidence suggesting that physical and mechanical stresses, in addition to soluble molecules, may direct cell fate. Stress generated by physical stimulation is known to affect the structure, composition, and function of living tissues [41,42,43], probably through alterations in the extracellular matrix [44,45,46]. Chung et al. demonstrated a gradient-generating microfluidic device that could be a platform for minimizing autocrine and paracrine signaling and optimizing proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in culture [47]. Chowdhury et al. showed that a local cyclic stress through focal adhesions induced spreading in mouse embryonic stem cells but not in mouse embryonic stem-cell-differentiated cells. The applied stress also led to gene expression of oct3/4 down-regulation in mES cells [48]. A series researches done by Chien demonstrate the shear stress are able to convert mechanical stimuli into intracellular signals that affect cellular functions of endothelial cells such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration, as well as gene expression. The cytoskeleton provides a structural framework for the endothelial cells to transmit mechanical forces between cell surfaces and cytosol [49,50,51]. We previously demonstrate the shear stress could accelerate the neuronal differentiation in human placenta-derived multipotent cells [52]. Here we also obtain similar results by utilizing rat bone marrow stromal cells, indicating the shear stress-stimulated neuronal differentiation is a universal phenomenon and may be utilized to improve the effectiveness of human neural precursor transplantation therapies in the future.

4. Conclusions

Microfluidic devices provide advantages in low sample consumption, multiplex, high integration, and good environmental regulation. As an alternative to conventional bioreactors, microfluidic devices are a simple and effective platform for stem cell investigations. In this study, we used a microfluidic device to deliver chemical IBMX stimuli and physical fluid flow shear stress to stimulate rBMSCs in four parallel microfluidic chamber formats. The microfluidic bioreactor with the same microchannel width showed good stability with an average RSD% of 17.3% between microfluidic chambers and an average RSD% of 18.9% between microfluidic device events. We showed that rBMSCs can be differentiated into neuronal cells by IBMX. Enhanced neuronal cell differentiation behavior was observed when rBMSCs were subjected to mechanical shear stress created by microfluidic flow injection. With increased fluid flow shear stress, more rBMSCs differentiated into neuronal cells. The highest neuronal cell differentiation ratio of 0.75 was achieved at the highest fluid flow rate condition of 15 μL/min. Our findings identify a significant role afforded by shear stress in neuronal differentiation. The impact of the mechanical forces on neuronal differentiation allows us to better understand stem cell responses to chemical and mechanical manipulations and may contribute to the area of tissue engineering in the future.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank National Science Council, Taiwan (Grant # MOST 104-2221-E-008 -080 and NCU-CGH joint research program 103CGH-NCU-A2) financially supporting this project.

Author Contributions

Chia-Wen Tsao and Yu-Che Cheng conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, analyzed the data and wrote the paper; Jhih-Hao Cheng performed the experiments.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tsao, C.-W.; Cheng, Y.-C.; Cheng, J.-H. Fluid Flow Shear Stress Stimulation on a Multiplex Microfluidic Device for Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Differentiation Enhancement. Micromachines 2015, 6, 1996-2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi6121470

AMA Style

Tsao C-W, Cheng Y-C, Cheng J-H. Fluid Flow Shear Stress Stimulation on a Multiplex Microfluidic Device for Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Differentiation Enhancement. Micromachines. 2015; 6(12):1996-2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi6121470

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tsao, Chia-Wen, Yu-Che Cheng, and Jhih-Hao Cheng. 2015. "Fluid Flow Shear Stress Stimulation on a Multiplex Microfluidic Device for Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Differentiation Enhancement" Micromachines 6, no. 12: 1996-2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi6121470

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