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• Andolfi, A
• Mugnai, L
• Luque, J
• Surico, G
• Cimmino, A
• Evidente, A
• [+] on Google Scholar
• Andolfi, A
• Mugnai, L
• Luque, J
• Surico, G
• Cimmino, A
• Evidente, A
• [+] on PubMed
• Andolfi, A
• Mugnai, L
• Luque, J
• Surico, G
• Cimmino, A
• Evidente, A

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Toxins 2011, 3(12), 1569-1605; doi:10.3390/toxins3121569

Review

Phytotoxins Produced by Fungi Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases

Anna Andolfi ^1,* , Laura Mugnai ^2,* , Jordi Luque ³ , Giuseppe Surico ² , Alessio Cimmino ¹  and Antonio Evidente ¹

¹ Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell’Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici I-80055, Italy ² Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sezione Protezione delle piante, Università degli Studi di Firenze, P.le delle Cascine 28, Firenze I-50144, Italy ³ Departament de Patologia Vegetal, IRTA, Ctra. de Cabrils km 2, Cabrils E-08348, Spain

* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 8 November 2011; in revised form: 29 November 2011 / Accepted: 30 November 2011 / Published: 20 December 2011

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytotoxins: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Potential Practical Applications)

Download PDF Full-Text [7521 KB, uploaded 20 December 2011 12:48 CET]

Abstract: Up to 60 species of fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae family, genera Cadophora, Cryptovalsa, Cylindrocarpon, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Eutypa, Eutypella, Fomitiporella, Fomitiporia, Inocutis, Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella have been isolated from decline-affected grapevines all around the World. The main grapevine trunk diseases of mature vines are Eutypa dieback, the esca complex and cankers caused by the Botryospheriaceae, while in young vines the main diseases are Petri and black foot diseases. To understand the mechanism of these decline-associated diseases and the symptoms associated with them, the toxins produced by the pathogens involved in these diseases were isolated and characterised chemically and biologically. So far the toxins of only a small number of these decline fungi have been studied. This paper presents an overview of the toxins produced by the most serious of these vine wood pathogens: Eutypa lata, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and some taxa in the Botryosphaeriaceae family, and examines how these toxins produce decline symptoms. The chemical structure of these metabolites and in some cases their vivotoxin nature are also discussed.

Keywords: black dead arm; Botryosphaeria canker; esca; Eutypa dieback; eutypiosis; grapevine trunk diseases; phytotoxins; Phaeomoniella; Phaeoacremonium; Fomitiporia

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