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Toxins 2010, 2(8), 1963-1983; doi:10.3390/toxins2081963
Review
Therapeutic Down-Modulators of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Induced Inflammation and Toxic Shock
Department of Immunology, Integrated Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
Received: 30 June 2010; in revised form: 16 July 2010 / Accepted: 28 July 2010 / Published: 29 July 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enterotoxins)
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Abstract: Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins are potent stimulators of the immune system and cause a variety of diseases in humans, ranging from food poisoning to toxic shock. These toxins bind directly to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and specific Vb regions of T-cell receptors (TCR), resulting in hyperactivation of both monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes. Activated host cells produce massive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, activating inflammation and coagulation, causing clinical symptoms that include fever, hypotension, and shock. This review summarizes the in vitro and in vivo effects of staphylococcal superantigens, the role of pivotal mediators induced by these toxins in the pathogenic mechanisms of tissue injury, and the therapeutic agents to mitigate the toxic effects of superantigens.
Keywords: staphylococcal superantigens; therapeutics; inflammatory mediators; toxic shock; murine models
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MDPI and ACS Style
Krakauer, T. Therapeutic Down-Modulators of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Induced Inflammation and Toxic Shock. Toxins 2010, 2, 1963-1983.
AMA StyleKrakauer T. Therapeutic Down-Modulators of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Induced Inflammation and Toxic Shock. Toxins. 2010; 2(8):1963-1983.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrakauer, Teresa. 2010. "Therapeutic Down-Modulators of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Induced Inflammation and Toxic Shock." Toxins 2, no. 8: 1963-1983.