Impact of Breakfast Skipping and Breakfast Choice on the Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index of Australian Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Methodology
2.2. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Breakfast and Cereal Consumption
3.2. Energy and Nutrient Intakes
3.3. Anthropometric Measures
4. Discussion
4.1. Breakfast Consumption
4.2. Energy and Nutrient Intakes
4.3. Anthropometry
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Breakfast Category | Definition |
---|---|
1. Breakfast skippers | Children who did not consume an energy containing food or beverage during breakfast (5:00 a.m.–9:30 a.m.) on both recall days. |
2. Breakfast consumers | Children who consumed an energy containing food or beverage during breakfast on one of the recall days. |
(i) Cereal consumers | Children who consumed cereal at breakfast. |
(ii) Non-cereal consumers | Children who did not consume cereal at breakfast, where intake was 0 g. |
Breakfast | Breakfast Consumers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Skippers | Consumers | Non-Cereal | Cereal | |
Age (2–16 years) | n = 198 12.8 ± 0.3 (4%) | n = 4289 8.4 ± 0.1 * (96%) | n = 1445 9.8 ± 0.1 (34%) | n = 2844 7.6 ± 0.1 * (66%) |
Boys n (%) | 77 (38.9%) | 2172 (50.6%) | 644 (44.6%) | 1528 (53.7%) |
Girls n (%) | 121 (61.1%) * | 2117 (49.4%) | 801 (55.4%) * | 1316 (46.3%) |
Physical activity level | 1.68 ± 10.03 | 1.65 ± 0.01 | 1.65 ± 0.01 | 1.65 ± 0.01 |
TV minutes | 160 ± 9.8 | 154 ± 1.9 | 155 ± 3.1 | 153 ± 3.1 |
BMI 1 (kg/m2) | 18.6 ± 0.4 | 18.5 ± 0.1 | 18.7 ± 0.1 | 18.4 ± 0.1 |
BMI z-score 1 | 0.54 ± 0.1 | 0.62 ± 0.2 | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.58 ± 0.03 |
Waist circumference 1 (cm) | 61.9 ± 0.9 | 62.3 ± 0.2 | 62.4 ± 0.3 | 61.7 ± 0.2 |
% Normal weight | 55.6 | 67.1 * | 64.5 | 68.4 * |
% Overweight | 21.2 * | 16.4 | 16.7 * | 16.2 |
% Obese | 23.2 * | 16.5 | 18.8 * | 15.4 |
Breakfast | Breakfast Consumers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy and Nutrient Intakes * | Skippers | Consumers | Non-Cereal Consumers | Cereal Consumers |
Energy 1 (kJ/day) | 7742 ± 268 | 7813 ± 50.8 | 7753 ± 85.4 | 7816 ± 62.2 |
Protein 2 (g/day) | 75.9 ± 2.7 | 80.1 ± 0.5 | 78.7 ± 0.9 | 80.5 ± 0.6 |
Total fat (g/day) | 71.7 ± 1.3 | 66.9 ± 0.3 * | 68.5 ± 0.4 | 65.8 ± 0.3 * |
Saturated fat (g/day) | 31.7 ± 0.8 | 30.2 ± 0.2 | 30.3 ± 0.3 | 30.0 ± 0.2 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 234 ± 3.5 | 241 ± 0.7 | 237 ± 1.1 | 242 ± 0.8 * |
Total Sugars (g/day) | 112.0 ± 3.4 | 118.8 ± 0.7 | 116 ± 1.1 | 120 ± 0.8 * |
Fibre (g/day) | 18.5 ± 0.7 | 20.2 ± 0.1 | 19.4 ± 0.2 | 20.5 ± 0.2 * |
Calcium (mg/day) | 749 ± 32 | 861 ± 6.1 * | 774 ± 10.2 | 905 ± 7.5 * |
Iron (mg/day) | 10.0 ± 0.6 | 11.2 ± 0.1 | 10.1 ± 0.2 | 11.8 ± 0.1 * |
Niacin (mg/day) | 38.3 ± 3.0 | 43.9 ± 0.6 | 42.1 ± 1.0 | 44.7 ± 0.7 |
Thiamine (mg/day) | 1.58 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.1 |
Riboflavin (mg/day) | 2.30 ± 0.8 | 3.11 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 3.2 ± 0.2 |
Folate (mg/day) | 379 ± 30.7 | 491 ± 5.8 * | 462 ± 10 | 506 ± 7.3 * |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 98.0 ± 18.2 | 124 ± 3.6 | 127 ± 6.0 | 121 ± 4.3 |
Vitamin A (retinol equivalents μg/day) | 711 ± 100 | 799 ± 20 | 808 ± 33 | 790 ± 24 |
Vitamin E (a-tocopherol equivalents mg/day) | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 7.0 ± 0.3 | 6.3 ± 0.2 |
Phsphorus (mg/day) | 1304 ± 29 | 1354 ± 5.7 | 1301 ± 9.4 | 1380 ± 6.8 * |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 256 ± 7.3 | 279 ± 1.5 * | 268 ± 2.4 | 285 ± 1.7 * |
Potassium (mg/day) | 2534 ± 69 | 2680 ± 14 | 2620 ± 23 | 2704 ± 16 * |
Zinc (mg/day) | 8.8 ± 0.4 | 10.3 ± 0.1 * | 9.6 ± 0.1 | 10.6 ± 0.1 * |
Iodine (µg/day) | 121 ± 5.7 | 133 ± 1.1 | 122 ± 1.8 | 139 ± 1.3 * |
Sodium (mg/day) | 2581 ± 80.9 | 2374 ± 15.4 | 2482 ± 25 | 2311 ± 19 * |
Nutrient | Meeting EAR/AI | Breakfast | Breakfast Consumers | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skippers n (%) | Consumers n (%) | Non-Cereal n (%) | Cereal n (%) | ||
Calcium | Yes | 51 (25.8%) | 2821 (65.8%) | 706 (48.9%) | 2115 (74.4%) |
No | 147 (74.2%) | 1468 (34.2%) | 739 (51.1%) | 729 (25.6%) | |
Fibre | Yes | 45 (22.7%) | 2116 (49.3%) | 597 (41.3%) | 1519 (53.4%) |
No | 153 (77.3%) | 2173 (50.7%) | 848 (58.7%) | 1325 (46.6%) | |
Iron | Yes | 141 (71.2%) | 4074 (95.0%) | 1281 (88.7%) | 2793 (98.2%) |
No | 57 (28.8%) | 215 (5.0%) | 164 (11.3%) | 51 (1.8%) |
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Fayet-Moore, F.; Kim, J.; Sritharan, N.; Petocz, P. Impact of Breakfast Skipping and Breakfast Choice on the Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index of Australian Children. Nutrients 2016, 8, 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080487
Fayet-Moore F, Kim J, Sritharan N, Petocz P. Impact of Breakfast Skipping and Breakfast Choice on the Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index of Australian Children. Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):487. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080487
Chicago/Turabian StyleFayet-Moore, Flavia, Jean Kim, Nilani Sritharan, and Peter Petocz. 2016. "Impact of Breakfast Skipping and Breakfast Choice on the Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index of Australian Children" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080487