Iodine Concentration in Breastmilk and Urine among Lactating Women of Bhaktapur, Nepal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Urine and Breastmilk Collection
2.4. Analytical Procedures
2.5. Definitions
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMIC | Breastmilk iodine concentration |
ERM | European Reference Material |
IDD | Iodine deficiency disorders |
ICP-MS | Inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometry |
SAC | School aged children |
UIC | Urinary iodine concentration |
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Age of women, years (mean, SD) | 25.7 ± 4.1 |
Age of child, months (mean, SD) | 6.8 ± 3.0 |
Home delivery, % | 10.1 |
Parity | |
One, % | 40.9 |
Two, % | 41.5 |
Three or more, % | 17.6 |
Exclusive breastfeeding 1 3 months, % | 50.2 |
Exclusive breastfeeding 6 months, % | 16.4 |
Frequency of breastfeeding (mean, SD) | 9.7 ± 3.4 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) (mean, SD) | 22.4 ± 3.1 |
<18.5, % | 4.7 |
18.5–25, % | 78.7 |
>25, % | 16.6 |
Dependent Variables a | Predictor Variables | Unadjusted Beta Coefficients d (95% CI) | p | Adjusted Beta Coefficients d (95% CI) b | p | Stand Beta |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMIC, µg/L | Constant | 5.58 (4.58, 6.59) | ||||
UIC, µg/L | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | 1.0 (0.1, 2.0) | <0.01 | 0.41 | ||
Time since birth c | 4.0 (1.0, 6.0) | <0.001 | 3.0 (0.2, 5.0) | 0.03 | 0.12 | |
R2 | 0.26 |
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Henjum, S.; Kjellevold, M.; Ulak, M.; Chandyo, R.K.; Shrestha, P.S.; Frøyland, L.; Strydom, E.E.; Dhansay, M.A.; Strand, T.A. Iodine Concentration in Breastmilk and Urine among Lactating Women of Bhaktapur, Nepal. Nutrients 2016, 8, 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050255
Henjum S, Kjellevold M, Ulak M, Chandyo RK, Shrestha PS, Frøyland L, Strydom EE, Dhansay MA, Strand TA. Iodine Concentration in Breastmilk and Urine among Lactating Women of Bhaktapur, Nepal. Nutrients. 2016; 8(5):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050255
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenjum, Sigrun, Marian Kjellevold, Manjeswori Ulak, Ram K. Chandyo, Prakash S. Shrestha, Livar Frøyland, Emmerentia E. Strydom, Muhammad A. Dhansay, and Tor A. Strand. 2016. "Iodine Concentration in Breastmilk and Urine among Lactating Women of Bhaktapur, Nepal" Nutrients 8, no. 5: 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050255