Genetic Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Lung Function in Korean Men and Women: Data from KNHANES 2011–2012
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. General Characteristics
2.3. Biochemical Markers and Serum 25(OH)D Levels
2.4. Lung Function Measurements
2.5. Genetic Variants of Serum 25(OH)D Levels
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Black, P.N.; Scragg, R. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and pulmonary function in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Chest 2005, 128, 3792–3798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Choi, C.J.; Seo, M.; Choi, W.S.; Kim, K.S.; Youn, S.A.; Lindsey, T.; Choi, Y.J.; Kim, C.M. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lung function among Korean adults in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2008–2010. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 98, 1703–1710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berry, D.J.; Hesketh, K.; Power, C.; Hypponen, E. Vitamin D status has a linear association with seasonal infections and lung function in British adults. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 106, 1433–1440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Afzal, S.; Lange, P.; Bojesen, S.E.; Freiberg, J.J.; Nordestgaard, B.G. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, lung function and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2014, 69, 24–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hansen, J.G.; Gao, W.; Dupuis, J.; O’Connor, G.T.; Tang, W.; Kowgier, M.; Sood, A.; Gharib, S.A.; Palmer, L.J.; Fornage, M.; et al. Association of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D status and genetic variation in the vitamin D metabolic pathway with FEV1 in the Framingham Heart Study. Respir. Res. 2015, 16, 81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yurt, M.; Liu, J.; Sakurai, R.; Gong, M.; Husain, S.M.; Siddiqui, M.A.; Husain, M.; Villarreal, P.; Akcay, F.; Torday, J.S.; et al. Vitamin D supplementation blocks pulmonary structural and functional changes in a rat model of perinatal vitamin D deficiency. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2014, 307, L859–L867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Castro, M.; King, T.S.; Kunselman, S.J.; Cabana, M.D.; Denlinger, L.; Holguin, F.; Kazani, S.D.; Moore, W.C.; Moy, J.; Sorkness, C.A.; et al. Effect of vitamin D3 on asthma treatment failures in adults with symptomatic asthma and lower vitamin D levels: The VIDA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014, 311, 2083–2091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sluyter, J.D.; Camargo, C.A.; Waayer, D.; Lawes, C.M.M.; Toop, L.; Khaw, K.T.; Scragg, R. Effect of Monthly, High-Dose, Long-Term Vitamin D on Lung Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zendedel, A.; Gholami, M.; Anbari, K.; Ghanadi, K.; Bachari, E.C.; Azargon, A. Effects of Vitamin D Intake on FEV1 and COPD Exacerbation: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study. Glob. J. Health Sci. 2015, 7, 243–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Groot, J.C.; van Roon, E.N.; Storm, H.; Veeger, N.J.; Zwinderman, A.H.; Hiemstra, P.S.; Bel, E.H.; ten Brinke, A. Vitamin D reduces eosinophilic airway inflammation in nonatopic asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015, 135, 670–675 e673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martineau, A.R.; James, W.Y.; Hooper, R.L.; Barnes, N.C.; Jolliffe, D.A.; Greiller, C.L.; Islam, K.; McLaughlin, D.; Bhowmik, A.; Timms, P.M.; et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ViDiCO): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2015, 3, 120–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nageswari, A.D.; Rajanandh, M.G.; Priyanka, R.K.; Rajasekhar, P. Effect of vitamin D3 on mild to moderate persistent asthmatic patients: A randomized controlled pilot study. Perspect. Clin. Res. 2014, 5, 167–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shaheen, S.O.; Jameson, K.A.; Robinson, S.M.; Boucher, B.J.; Syddall, H.E.; Sayer, A.A.; Cooper, C.; Holloway, J.W.; Dennison, E.M. Relationship of vitamin D status to adult lung function and COPD. Thorax 2011, 66, 692–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wang, T.J.; Zhang, F.; Richards, J.B.; Kestenbaum, B.; van Meurs, J.B.; Berry, D.; Kiel, D.P.; Streeten, E.A.; Ohlsson, C.; Koller, D.L.; et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: A genome-wide association study. Lancet 2010, 376, 180–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahn, J.; Yu, K.; Stolzenberg-Solomon, R.; Simon, K.C.; McCullough, M.L.; Gallicchio, L.; Jacobs, E.J.; Ascherio, A.; Helzlsouer, K.; Jacobs, K.B.; et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010, 19, 2739–2745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Engelman, C.D.; Meyers, K.J.; Iyengar, S.K.; Liu, Z.; Karki, C.K.; Igo, R.P., Jr.; Truitt, B.; Robinson, J.; Sarto, G.E.; Wallace, R.; et al. Vitamin D intake and season modify the effects of the GC and CYP2R1 genes on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. J. Nutr. 2013, 143, 17–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Snellman, G.; Melhus, H.; Gedeborg, R.; Olofsson, S.; Wolk, A.; Pedersen, N.L.; Michaelsson, K. Seasonal genetic influence on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: A twin study. PLoS ONE 2009, 4, e7747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hallberg, J.; Iliadou, A.; Anderson, M.; de Verdier, M.G.; Nihlén, U.; Dahlbäck, M.; Pedersen, N.L.; Higenbottam, T.; Svartengren, M. Genetic and environmental influence on lung function impairment in Swedish twins. Respir. Res. 2010, 11, 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gibson, J.; Martin, N.; Oakeshott, J.; Rowell, D.; Clark, P. Lung function in an Australian population: Contributions of polygenic factors and the Pi locus to individual differences in lung function in a sample of twins. Ann. Hum. Biol. 1983, 10, 547–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McClearn, G.E.; Svartengren, M.; Pedersen, N.L.; Heller, D.A.; Plomin, R. Genetic and environmental influences on pulmonary function in aging Swedish twins. J. Gerontol. 1994, 49, 264–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhai, G.; Valdes, A.M.; Cherkas, L.; Clement, G.; Strachan, D.; Spector, T.D. The interaction of genes and smoking on forced expiratory volume: A classic twin study. Chest 2007, 132, 1772–1777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harik-Khan, R.I.; Muller, D.C.; Wise, R.A. Racial difference in lung function in African-American and White children: Effect of anthropometric, socioeconomic, nutritional, and environmental factors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 160, 893–900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kweon, S.; Kim, Y.; Jang, M.J.; Kim, Y.; Kim, K.; Choi, S.; Chun, C.; Khang, Y.H.; Oh, K. Data resource profile: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Int. J. Epidemiol. 2014, 43, 69–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chun, M.Y. Validity and Reliability of Korean Version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form in the Elderly. Korean J. Fam. Med. 2012, 33, 144–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Friedewald, W.T.; Levy, R.I.; Fredrickson, D.S. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem. 1972, 18, 499–502. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- IOM; Ross, A.C.; Tayler, C.L.; Yakine, A.L.; Del Valles, H.B. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D; The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Miller, M.R.; Hankinson, J.; Brusasco, V.; Burgos, F.; Casaburi, R.; Coates, A.; Crapo, R.; Enright, P.; van der Grinten, C.P.; Gustafsson, P.; et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur. Respir. J. 2005, 26, 319–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yoo, K.H.; Kim, Y.S.; Sheen, S.S.; Park, J.H.; Hwang, Y.I.; Kim, S.H.; Yoon, H.I.; Lim, S.C.; Park, J.Y.; Park, S.J.; et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korea: The fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008. Respirology 2011, 16, 659–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Vimaleswaran, K.S.; Cavadino, A.; Berry, D.J.; Jorde, R.; Dieffenbach, A.K.; Lu, C.; Alves, A.C.; Heerspink, H.J.; Tikkanen, E.; Eriksson, J.; et al. Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: A mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014, 2, 719–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brøndum-Jacobsen, P.; Benn, M.; Afzal, S.; Nordestgaard, B.G. No evidence that genetically reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of ischaemic heart disease or myocardial infarction: A Mendelian randomization study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2015, 44, 651–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ong, J.S.; Cuellar-Partida, G.; Lu, Y.; Fasching, P.A.; Hein, A.; Burghaus, S.; Beckmann, M.W.; Lambrechts, D.; Van Nieuwenhuysen, E.; Vergote, I.; et al. Association of vitamin D levels and risk of ovarian cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2016, 45, 1619–1630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, X.; O’Reilly, P.F.; Aschard, H.; Hsu, Y.H.; Richards, J.B.; Dupuis, J.; Ingelsson, E.; Karasik, D.; Pilz, S.; Berry, D.; et al. Genome-wide association study in 79,366 European-ancestry individuals informs the genetic architecture of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- O’Brien, K.M.; Sandler, D.P.; Shi, M.; Harmon, Q.E.; Taylor, J.A.; Weinberg, C.R. Genome-Wide Association Study of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in US Women. Front. Genet. 2018, 9, 67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kwak, S.Y.; Park, C.Y.; Jo, G.; Kim, O.Y.; Shin, M.J. Association among genetic variants in the vitamin D pathway and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Korean adults: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012. Endocr. J. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- National Hypertension Center. Available online: http://www.hypertension.or.kr/viewC.php?vCode=10 1003 (accessed on 22 September 2018).
- Korean Diabetes Association. 2015 Treatment Guideline for Diabetes; Korean Diabetes Association: Seoul, Korea, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Health and Welfare (KR). Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015; Ministry of Health and Welfare: Sejong, Korea, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Mao, Y.; Zhan, Y.; Huang, Y. Vitamin D and asthma: A Mendelian randomization study. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017, 119, 95–97.e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Horita, N.; Miyazawa, N.; Tomaru, K.; Inoue, M.; Ishigatsubo, Y.; Kaneko, T. Vitamin D binding protein genotype variants and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis. Respirology 2015, 20, 219–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, X.; Cheng, J.; Yang, K. Vitamin D-Related Gene Polymorphisms, Plasma 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D, Cigarette Smoke and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Risk. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kong, J.; Xu, F.; Qu, J.; Wang, Y.; Gao, M.; Yu, H.; Qian, B. Genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D pathway in relation to lung cancer risk and survival. Oncotarget 2015, 6, 2573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hansen, J.G.; Tang, W.; Hootman, K.C.; Brannon, P.M.; Houston, D.K.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Harris, T.B.; Garcia, M.; Lohman, K.; Liu, Y.; et al. Genetic and environmental factors are associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in older African Americans. J. Nutr. 2015, 145, 799–805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, Y.; Kim, Y.S.; Kang, Y.A.; Shin, J.H.; Oh, Y.M.; Seo, J.B.; Jung, J.Y.; Lee, S.D. Relationship between vitamin D-binding protein polymorphisms and blood vitamin D level in Korean patients with COPD. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2016, 11, 731–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jung, J.Y.; Choi, D.P.; Won, S.; Lee, Y.; Shin, J.H.; Kim, Y.S.; Kim, S.K.; Oh, Y.M.; Suh, I.; Lee, S.D. Relationship of vitamin D binding protein polymorphisms and lung function in Korean chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Yonsei Med. J. 2014, 55, 1318–1325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carey, M.A.; Card, J.W.; Voltz, J.W.; Arbes, S.J.; Germolec, D.R.; Korach, K.S.; Zeldin, D.C. It’s all about sex: Gender, lung development and lung disease. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 18, 308–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laghi, F.; Antonescu-Turcu, A.; Collins, E.; Segal, J.; Tobin, D.E.; Jubran, A.; Tobin, M.J. Hypogonadism in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevalence and quality of life. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2005, 171, 728–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mousavi, S.A.; Kouchari, M.R.; Samdani-Fard, S.H.; Gilvaee, Z.N.; Arabi, M. Relationship between Serum Levels of Testosterone and the Severity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Tanaffos 2012, 11, 32. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Svartberg, J.; Schirmer, H.; Medbø, A.; Melbye, H.; Aasebø, U. Reduced pulmonary function is associated with lower levels of endogenous total and free testosterone. The tromsø study. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 22, 107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pilz, S.; Frisch, S.; Koertke, H.; Kuhn, J.; Dreier, J.; Obermayer-Pietsch, B.; Wehr, E.; Zittermann, A. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm. Metab. Res. 2011, 43, 223–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rafiq, R.; van Schoor, N.M.; Sohl, E.; Zillikens, M.C.; Oosterwerff, M.; Schaap, L.; Lips, P.; de Jongh, R. Associations of vitamin D status and vitamin D-related polymorphisms with sex hormones in older men. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2016, 164, 11–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marquez-Garban, D.C.; Chen, H.W.; Fishbein, M.C.; Goodglick, L.; Pietras, R.J. Estrogen receptor signaling pathways in human non-small cell lung cancer. Steroids 2007, 72, 135–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Farha, S.; Asosingh, K.; Laskowski, D.; Licina, L.; Sekigushi, H.; Losordo, D.W.; Dweik, R.A.; Wiedemann, H.P.; Erzurum, S.C. Pulmonary gas transfer related to markers of angiogenesis during the menstrual cycle. J. Appl. Physiol. 2007, 103, 1789–1795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Daffara, V.; Verdoia, M.; Rolla, R.; Nardin, M.; Marino, P.; Bellomo, G.; Carriero, A.; De Luca, G. Impact of polymorphism rs7041 and rs4588 of Vitamin D Binding Protein on the extent of coronary artery disease. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2017, 27, 775–783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Junaid, K.; Rehman, A.; Jolliffe, D.A.; Saeed, T.; Wood, K.; Martineau, A.R. Vitamin D deficiency associates with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Pakistan, but polymorphisms in VDR, DBP and CYP2R1 do not. BMC Pulmon. Med. 2016, 16, 73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Speeckaert, M.; Huang, G.; Delanghe, J.R.; Taes, Y.E. Biological and clinical aspects of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin) and its polymorphism. Clin. Chim. Acta 2006, 372, 33–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gomme, P.T.; Bertolini, J. Therapeutic potential of vitamin D-binding protein. Trends Biotechnol. 2004, 22, 340–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shui, I.M.; Mucci, L.A.; Kraft, P.; Tamimi, R.M.; Lindstrom, S.; Penney, K.L.; Nimptsch, K.; Hollis, B.W.; DuPre, N.; Platz, E.A.; et al. Vitamin D–Related Genetic Variation, Plasma Vitamin D, and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Nested Case–Control Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2012, 104, 690–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Barry, E.L.; Rees, J.R.; Peacock, J.L.; Mott, L.A.; Amos, C.I.; Bostick, R.M.; Figueiredo, J.C.; Ahnen, D.J.; Bresalier, R.S.; Burke, C.A.; et al. Genetic Variants in CYP2R1, CYP24A1, and VDR Modify the Efficacy of Vitamin D3 Supplementation for Increasing Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in a Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 99, E2133–E2137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Batai, K.; Murphy, A.B.; Shah, E.; Ruden, M.; Newsome, J.; Agate, S.; Dixon, M.A.; Chen, H.Y.; Deane, L.A.; Hollowell, C.M.; et al. Common vitamin D pathway gene variants reveal contrasting effects on serum vitamin D levels in African Americans and European Americans. Hum. Genet. 2014, 133, 1395–1405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
SNP | Nearest Gene | Chromosome | Serum 25(OH)D-Decreasing Allele | Effect Allele Frequency | Beta-Coefficient 1 | p-Value 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs12785878 | DHCR7 | 11 | G | 0.617 | −0.009 | 0.003 |
rs2282679 | GC | 4 | G | 0.304 | −0.008 | 0.004 |
rs10741657 | CYP2R1 | 11 | G | 0.610 | −0.007 | 0.016 |
rs12794714 | CYP2R1 | 11 | A | 0.394 | −0.009 | 0.003 |
rs6013897 | CYP24A1 | 20 | T | 0.886 | −0.002 | 0.374 |
Males (n = 758) | Females (n = 837) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genetic Risk Score (5 SNP; 1–10) | Genetic Risk Score (5 SNP; 1–10) | |||||||||
1–4 (n = 174) | 5 (n = 172) | 6 (n = 188) | 7–10 (n = 224) | p-Value 1 | 1–4 (n = 210) | 5 (n = 162) | 6 (n = 215) | 7–10 (n = 250) | p-Value 1 | |
Mean serum 25(OH)D levels (ng/mL) | 19.1 ± 0.5 | 19.3 ± 0.4 | 18.1 ± 0.3 | 18.0 ± 0.4 | 0.013 | 17.6 ± 0.4 | 17.1 ± 0.5 | 16.6 ± 0.4 | 15.6 ± 0.3 | 0.001 |
FVC (L) | 4.13 ± 0.05 | 4.15 ± 0.05 | 4.16 ± 0.05 | 4.10 ± 0.05 | 0.472 | 2.97 ± 0.03 | 2.89 ± 0.04 | 2.96 ± 0.03 | 2.90 ± 0.03 | 0.008 |
FEV1 (L) | 3.09 ± 0.05 | 3.14 ± 0.05 | 3.14 ± 0.04 | 3.07 ± 0.04 | 0.452 | 2.37 ± 0.03 | 2.29 ± 0.03 | 2.36 ± 0.03 | 2.31 ± 0.03 | 0.004 |
Age (years) | 56.8 ± 0.8 | 57.2 ± 0.8 | 56.7 ± 0.7 | 56.7 ± 0.7 | 0.762 | 57.3 ± 0.7 | 57.2 ± 0.8 | 55.3 ± 0.7 | 55.9 ± 0.6 | 0.045 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 0.2 | 24.8 ± 0.2 | 24.7 ± 0.2 | 24.7 ± 0.2 | 0.009 | 24.4 ± 0.2 | 24.7 ± 0.2 | 23.9 ± 0.2 | 24.5 ± 0.2 | 0.069 |
Education (elementary school/middle school/high school/university) (%) | 16.8/18.5/38.7/26.0 | 21.8/21.2/28.8/28.2 | 22.2/17.8/34.1/26.0 | 18.9/18.0/30.6/32.4 | 0.586 | 39.7/18.7/30.1/11.5 | 38.3/14.8/26.5/20.4 | 35.1/15.0/32.7/17.3 | 37.8/14.2/30.5/17.5 | 0.498 |
Smoking status (never/former/current smoker) (%) | 16.8/49.1/34.1 | 16.5/48.8/34.7 | 11.9/51.9/36.2 | 14.9/44.6/40.5 | 0.627 | 93.8/2.9/3.4 | 93.8/2.5/3.7 | 91.1/3.7/5.1 | 91.1/3.7/5.3 | 0.897 |
Current drinker (%, N) | 75.6 (130) | 66.5 (113) | 76.2 (141) | 75.7 (168) | 0.114 | 37.3 (78) | 37.0 (60) | 34.6 (74) | 34.6 (85) | 0.891 |
Physical activity (%, N) | 45.1 (78) | 45.3 (77) | 41.6 (77) | 50.2 (111) | 0.377 | 44.5 (93) | 37.7 (61) | 37.9 (81) | 44.3 (109) | 0.292 |
SBP (mmHg) | 124.1 ± 1.1 | 125.1 ± 1.2 | 124.6 ± 1.2 | 125.2 ± 1.1 | 0.521 | 120.5 ± 1.2 | 123.6 ± 1.3 | 120.9 ± 1.2 | 122.0 ± 1.1 | 0.284 |
DBP (mmHg) | 81.0 ± 0.8 | 79.7 ± 0.8 | 80.9 ± 0.8 | 80.2 ± 0.7 | 0.631 | 75.3 ± 0.7 | 76.4 ± 0.7 | 76.0 ± 0.6 | 76.2 ± 0.7 | 0.205 |
TG (mg/dL) 2 | 167.4 ± 10.4 | 161.8 ± 6.9 | 178.6 ± 11.5 | 171.0 ± 9.3 | 0.595 | 130.6 ± 5.4 | 129.4 ± 5.5 | 130.6 ± 5.5 | 137.1 ± 10.1 | 0.459 |
TC (mg/dL) | 192.3 ± 2.6 | 187.9 ± 2.6 | 188.1 ± 2.6 | 196.6 ± 2.5 | 0.201 | 196.0 ± 2.5 | 197.7 ± 2.6 | 198.7 ± 2.6 | 197.5 ± 2.3 | 0.924 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.9 ± 0.9 | 44.8 ± 0.8 | 45.1 ± 0.8 | 46.7 ± 0.8 | 0.445 | 50.3 ± 0.9 | 50.7 ± 0.9 | 50.6 ± 0.8 | 50.8 ± 0.8 | 0.590 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 113.4 ± 2.4 | 111.3 ± 2.5 | 110.3 ± 2.4 | 118.1 ± 2.4 | 0.166 | 119.4 ± 2.2 | 121.5 ± 2.5 | 122.3 ± 2.3 | 120.9 ± 2.0 | 0.872 |
FBG (mg/dL) 2 | 103.1 ± 1.7 | 105.4 ± 1.8 | 107.4 ± 1.8 | 103.0 ± 1.3 | 0.782 | 101.6 ± 1.8 | 100.1 ± 1.1 | 98.0 ± 1.3 | 99.8 ± 1.4 | 0.560 |
HbA1c (%) 2 | 5.89 ± 0.06 | 5.93 ± 0.06 | 6.02 ± 0.08 | 5.81 ± 0.04 | 0.438 | 5.99 ± 0.07 | 5.87 ± 0.05 | 5.85 ± 0.05 | 5.83 ± 0.05 | 0.295 |
AST (IU/L) 2 | 25.4 ± 0.9 | 26.9 ± 1.0 | 25.6 ± 0.8 | 26.1 ± 1.8 | 0.576 | 21.9 ± 0.5 | 22.2 ± 0.8 | 22.1 ±0.7 | 24.5 ± 2.5 | 0.092 |
ALT (IU/L) 2 | 26.6 ± 1.5 | 28.4 ± 1.5 | 25.0 ± 0.9 | 27.5 ± 3.5 | 0.228 | 20.0 ± 0.8 | 20.5 ± 1.1 | 20.6 ± 1.4 | 19.9 ± 1.2 | 0.488 |
Males (n = 758) | Females (n = 837) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum 25(OH)D Categories | Serum 25(OH)D Categories | |||||||
0–12 ng/mL (n = 68) | 12–20 ng/mL (n = 416) | ≥20 ng/mL (n = 274) | p-Value 1 | 0–12 ng/mL (n = 169) | 12–20 ng/mL (n = 464) | ≥20 ng/mL (n = 204) | p-Value 1 | |
Mean serum 25(OH)D levels (ng/mL) | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 16.0 ± 0.1 | 24.4 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 10.0 ± 0.1 | 15.6 ± 0.1 | 24.8 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
FVC (L) | 4.12 ± 0.09 | 4.13 ± 0.03 | 4.14 ± 0.04 | 0.007 | 2.99 ± 0.04 | 2.95 ± 0.02 | 2.85 ± 0.04 | 0.231 |
FEV1 (L) | 3.04 ± 0.09 | 3.13 ± 0.03 | 3.08 ± 0.04 | 0.006 | 2.39 ± 0.04 | 2.36 ± 0.02 | 2.23 ± 0.03 | 0.312 |
Age (years) | 55.4 ± 1.4 | 56.4 ± 0.5 | 57.8 ± 0.6 | 0.031 | 54.6 ± 0.7 | 55.2 ± 0.4 | 60.4 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 0.3 | 24.6 ± 0.1 | 24.4 ± 0.2 | 0.407 | 24.5 ± 0.3 | 24.4 ± 0.1 | 24.2 ± 0.2 | 0.530 |
Education (elementary school/middle school/high school/university) (%) | 9.1/24.2/34.9/31.8 | 18.9/16.3/33.3/31.6 | 23.9/21.3/32.0/22.8 | 0.024 | 27.7/21.1/30.1/21.1 | 35.3/14.1/32.9/17.8 | 51.2/14.8/24.1/9.9 | <0.001 |
Smoking status (never/former/current smoker) (%) | 16.7/37.9/45.5 | 16.0/46.6/37.4 | 12.9/53.7/33.5 | 0.147 | 91.6/3.6/4.8 | 90.9/3.5/5.6 | 96.1/2.5/1.5 | 0.168 |
Current drinker (%, N) | 69.7 (46) | 73.2 (301) | 75.4 (205) | 0.612 | 28.9 (48) | 40.3 (186) | 31.0 (63) | 0.009 |
Physical activity (%, N) | 50.0 (33) | 41.4 (170) | 51.5 (140) | 0.027 | 38.0 (63) | 42.9 (198) | 40.9 (83) | 0.538 |
SBP (mmHg) | 126.6 ± 2.0 | 124.0 ± 0.8 | 125.5 ± 1.0 | 0.848 | 123.2 ± 1.5 | 120.9 ± 0.8 | 122.2 ± 1.2 | 0.004 |
DBP (mmHg) | 81.1 ± 1.4 | 80.3 ± 0.5 | 80.4 ± 0.6 | 0.736 | 77.0 ± 0.8 | 76.3 ± 0.5 | 74.3 ± 0.6 | 0.015 |
TG (mg/dL) 2 | 210.1 ± 19.5 | 176.3 ± 7.5 | 150.4 ± 5.1 | 0.003 | 135.9 ± 6.6 | 131.1 ± 5.9 | 132.1 ± 5.5 | 0.351 |
TC (mg/dL) | 191.9 ± 5.1 | 193.2 ± 1.8 | 189.0 ± 2.0 | 0.398 | 196.3 ± 2.8 | 197.8 ± 1.7 | 197.6 ± 2.6 | 0.902 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 42.5 ± 1.5 | 46.1 ± 0.6 | 47.1 ± 0.6 | 0.009 | 50.0 ± 1.0 | 50.8 ± 0.5 | 50.6 ± 0.8 | 0.272 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 111.2 ± 4.6 | 114.9 ± 1.7 | 112.2 ± 1.9 | 0.832 | 120.2 ± 2.3 | 121.5 ± 1.5 | 120.5 ± 2.5 | 0.858 |
FBG (mg/dL) 2 | 103.5 ± 2.2 | 105.2 ± 1.2 | 104.1 ± 1.2 | 0.841 | 98.2 ± 1.4 | 101.1 ± 1.1 | 98.4 ± 1.0 | 0.636 |
HbA1c (%) 2 | 5.91 ± 0.10 | 5.90 ± 0.04 | 5.91 ± 0.05 | 0.750 | 5.80 ± 0.05 | 5.91 ± 0.04 | 5.89 ± 0.05 | 0.567 |
AST (IU/L) 2 | 30.6 ± 5.8 | 25.3 ± 0.5 | 25.9 ± 0.7 | 0.883 | 25.5 ± 3.7 | 22.1 ± 0.5 | 22.1 ± 0.5 | 0.587 |
ALT (IU/L) 2 | 35.4 ± 11.1 | 26.6 ± 0.9 | 25.3 ± 1.0 | 0.762 | 21.1 ± 2.0 | 20.4 ± 0.7 | 19.1 ± 0.6 | 0.823 |
Individual | Combined | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adj R2 | GRS | Adj R2 | 25(OH)D | Adj R2 | GRS | 25(OH)D | |||||
β-Coefficient (95% CI) | p-Value | β-Coefficient (95% CI) | p-Value | β-Coefficient (95% CI) | p-Value | β-Coefficient (95% CI) | p-Value | ||||
Total | |||||||||||
FVC (L) | 0.648 | −0.016 (−0.032, −0.001) | 0.036 | 0.649 | 0.006 (0.002, 0.010) | 0.008 | 0.649 | −0.014 (−0.029, 0.001) | 0.070 | 0.006 (0.001, 0.010) | 0.014 |
FEV1 (L) | 0.591 | −0.016 (−0.029, −0.003) | 0.014 | 0.592 | 0.006 (0.002, 0.010) | 0.003 | 0.593 | −0.014 (−0.027, −0.001) | 0.033 | 0.005 (0.001, 0.009) | 0.006 |
Males | |||||||||||
FVC (L) | 0.256 | −0.008 (−0.034, 0.018) | 0.545 | 0.260 | 0.008 (0.001, 0.016) | 0.034 | 0.259 | −0.005 (−0.031, 0.021) | 0.686 | 0.008 (0.000, 0.016) | 0.038 |
FEV1 (L) | 0.402 | −0.009 (−0.031, 0.013) | 0.435 | 0.406 | 0.008 (0.002, 0.015) | 0.016 | 0.405 | −0.006 (−0.028, 0.016) | 0.580 | 0.008 (0.001, 0.014) | 0.019 |
Females | |||||||||||
FVC (L) | 0.315 | −0.022 (−0.039, −0.005) | 0.013 | 0.310 | 0.002 (−0.003, 0.007) | 0.360 | 0.314 | −0.002 (−0.038, −0.004) | 0.017 | 0.002 (−0.003, 0.007) | 0.534 |
FEV1 (L) | 0.388 | −0.020 (−0.035, −0.005) | 0.007 | 0.383 | 0.002 (−0.003, 0.006) | 0.482 | 0.387 | −0.020 (−0.034, −0.005) | 0.009 | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.005) | 0.701 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Park, C.Y.; Kwak, S.-Y.; Jo, G.; Shin, M.-J. Genetic Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Lung Function in Korean Men and Women: Data from KNHANES 2011–2012. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1362. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101362
Park CY, Kwak S-Y, Jo G, Shin M-J. Genetic Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Lung Function in Korean Men and Women: Data from KNHANES 2011–2012. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1362. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101362
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Clara Yongjoo, So-Young Kwak, Garam Jo, and Min-Jeong Shin. 2018. "Genetic Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Lung Function in Korean Men and Women: Data from KNHANES 2011–2012" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1362. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101362