Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Manufactured Sand and Lightweight Sand on the Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self-Compacting Lightweight Concretes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and SCLC Mix Proportions
2.2. Materials and Mix Proportions
2.2.1. Fresh Concrete Tests
2.2.2. Hardened Concrete Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Properties of Fresh SCLC
3.1.1. Slump Flow Test
Effect of the Sand Ratio of MS and LS
Effect of Fine Aggregate Types
3.1.2. L-Box Test
Effect of Sand Ratio
Effect of Fine Aggregate Type
3.2. SCLC Compressive Strength
3.2.1. Effect of Sand Ratio
3.2.2. Effect of Fine Aggregate Type
3.3. Static Elastic Modulus
3.4. Water Permeability Coefficient
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Compared with the workability of control concrete (RS-SCLC), T50 times and slump flow results indicated that higher MS and LS sand ratios can reduce the flowing ability of self-compacting concrete. Based on the test results, a sand ratio of 0.40 is recommended for MS-SCLC and LC-SCLC.
- (2)
- Despite the grading and fineness modulus of MS being much different compared to those of LS, the slump flow values of MS-SCLC are similar to those of LS-SCLC at all sand ratios. In contrast, the slump flow values of MS-SCLC and RS-SCLC are significantly different, though the grading and fineness modulus of MS and RS are similar. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effect of particle shape of fine aggregate on SCLC’s flowability is greater than the effect of its grading and fineness modulus.
- (3)
- Compared with the mechanical properties of RS-SCLC, MS-SCLC gave the highest compressive strength and elastic modulus, whereas LS-SCLC showed the lowest strength and elastic modulus. Nevertheless, the ratio of strength to density of LS-SCLC is the highest, and the ratio increased remarkably with the increase of the sand ratio.
- (4)
- Compared with the water permeability coefficient of RS-SCLC, both MS-SCLC and LS-SCCL showed less resistance to water penetration than RS-SCLC. However, the difference in permeability results between MS-SCLC and RS-SCLC is within 20% and is considered acceptable. LS-SCLC showed the highest permeability coefficient, and its permeability coefficient increased with the increase of the LS sand ratio.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MS | manufactured sand |
LS | lightweight sand |
RS | river sand |
LWA | lightweight aggregate |
SCC | self-compacting concrete |
SCLC | self-compacting lightweight concrete |
RS-SCLC | SCLC made with river sand |
MS-SCLC | SCLC made with manufactured sand |
LS-SCLC | SCLC made with lightweight sand |
References
- Martinez-Barrera, G.; Vigueras-Santiago, E.; Gencel, O.; Hagg Lobland, H. Polymer concretes: A description and methods for modification and improvement. J. Mater. Ed. 2011, 33, 37. [Google Scholar]
- Kanadasan, J.; Fauzi, A.F.A.; Razak, H.A.; Selliah, P.; Subramaniam, V.; Yusoff, S. Feasibility studies of palm oil mill waste aggregates for the construction industry. Materials 2015, 8, 6508–6530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calado, C.; Camões, A.; Monteiro, E.; Helene, P.; Barkokébas, B. Durability indicators comparison for SCC and CC in tropical coastal environments. Materials 2015, 8, 1459–1481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Badogiannis, E.G.; Sfikas, I.P.; Voukia, D.V.; Trezos, K.G.; Tsivilis, S.G. Durability of metakaolin Self-Compacting Concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 82, 133–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lo, T.; Tang, P.; Cui, H.; Nadeem, A. Comparison of workability and mechanical properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete and normal self-compacting concrete. Mater. Res. Innov. 2007, 11, 45–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Felekoğlu, B. A comparative study on the performance of sands rich and poor in fines in self-compacting concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2008, 22, 646–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grabois, T.M.; Cordeiro, G.C.; Toledo Filho, R.D. Fresh and hardened-state properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete reinforced with steel fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 104, 284–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaffetzakis, M.; Papanicolaou, C.C. Lightweight aggregate self-compacting concrete (LWASCC) semi-automated mix design methodology. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 123, 254–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Topçu, İ.B.; Uygunoğlu, T. Effect of aggregate type on properties of hardened self-consolidating lightweight concrete (SCLC). Constr. Build. Mater. 2010, 24, 1286–1295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouziani, T. Assessment of fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete made with different sand types by mixture design modelling approach. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 49, 308–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sobuz, H.; Visintin, P.; Ali, M.M.; Singh, M.; Griffith, M.; Sheikh, A. Manufacturing ultra-high performance concrete utilising conventional materials and production methods. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 111, 251–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nanthagopalan, P.; Santhanam, M. Fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete produced with manufactured sand. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2011, 33, 353–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Safi, B.; Saidi, M.; Daoui, A.; Bellal, A.; Mechekak, A.; Toumi, K. The use of seashells as a fine aggregate (by sand substitution) in self-compacting mortar (SCM). Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 78, 430–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sua-iam, G.; Makul, N. Utilization of limestone powder to improve the properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating high volumes of untreated rice husk ash as fine aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 38, 455–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sedran, T.; De Larrard, F. Optimization of self-compacting concrete thanks to packing model. In Proceedings of the 1st SCC Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden, 13–14 September 1999.
- Wong, H.; Kwan, A.K. Packing density: A key concept for mix design of high performance concrete. In Proceedings of the Materials Science and Technology in Engineering Conference, Hong Kong, China, 26–28 May 2005.
- Roquier, G. The 4-parameter compressible packing model (CPM) for sustainable concrete. In Proceedings of the Strategies for Sustainable Concrete Structures 2015, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14–17 December 2015.
- Sua-iam, G.; Makul, N. Rheological and mechanical properties of cement–fly ash self-consolidating concrete incorporating high volumes of alumina-based material as fine aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 95, 736–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gencel, O.; Koksal, F.; Brostow, W. Effect of high temperature on mechanical properties of lightweight concrete produced by using expanded vermiculite. J. Mater. Res. 2012, 16, 7–13. [Google Scholar]
- Sua-iam, G.; Makul, N. Use of increasing amounts of bagasse ash waste to produce self-compacting concrete by adding limestone powder waste. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 57, 308–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boukendakdji, O.; Kadri, E.-H.; Kenai, S. Effects of granulated blast furnace slag and superplasticizer type on the fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2012, 34, 583–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jalal, M.; Mansouri, E.; Sharifipour, M.; Pouladkhan, A.R. Mechanical, rheological, durability and microstructural properties of high performance self-compacting concrete containing SiO2 micro and nanoparticles. Mater. Des. 2012, 34, 389–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, C.; Wu, Z.; Lv, K.; Wu, L. A review on mixture design methods for self-compacting concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 84, 387–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brostow, W.; Chetuya, N.; Hnatchuk, N.; Uygunoglu, T. Reinforcing concrete: Comparison of filler effects. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 2243–2248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lo, T.; Cui, H.; Li, Z. Influence of aggregate pre-wetting and fly ash on mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. Waste Manag. 2004, 24, 333–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cui, H.; Lo, T.Y.; Memon, S.A.; Xing, F.; Shi, X. Analytical model for compressive strength, elastic modulus and peak strain of structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 36, 1036–1043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lo, T.Y.; Cui, H. Spectrum analysis of the interfacial zone of lightweight aggregate concrete. Mater. Lett. 2004, 58, 3089–3095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gambhir, M.L. Concrete Technology: Theory and Practice; Tata McGraw-Hill Education: New Delhi, India, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Seng, C.K. Workability and Stability of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete from Rheology Perspective. Ph.D. Thesis, National Univesity of Singapore, Singapore, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Senff, L.; Hotza, D.; Labrincha, J. Effect of lightweight aggregates addition on the rheological properties and the hardened state of mortars. Appl. Rheol. 2011, 21, 13668. [Google Scholar]
- Bédérina, M.; Khenfer, M.; Dheilly, R.; Quéneudec, M. Reuse of local sand: Effect of limestone filler proportion on the rheological and mechanical properties of different sand concretes. Cem. Concr. Res. 2005, 35, 1172–1179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, H.; Sun, W.; Wu, X.; Gao, B. The effect of sand ration on the properties of self-compacting concrete. Mag. Concr. Res. 2013, 65, 275–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashtiani, M.S.; Scott, A.N.; Dhakal, R.P. Mechanical and fresh properties of high-strength self-compacting concrete containing class C fly ash. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 47, 1217–1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, W.; Gibbs, J.C. Use of different limestone and chalk powders in self-compacting concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 2005, 35, 1457–1462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Celik, K.; Jackson, M.D.; Mancio, M.; Meral, C.; Emwas, A.-H.; Mehta, P.K.; Monteiro, P.J.M. High-volume natural volcanic pozzolan and limestone powder as partial replacements for portland cement in self-compacting and sustainable concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2014, 45, 136–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Properties | Value |
---|---|
Bulk density (kg/m3) | 670 |
Particle density (kg/m3) | 1175 |
Water absorption (1 h) wt % | 9.2 |
Tube crushing strength (MPa) | 6.6 |
Grading (wt %) | |
>10 mm | 1.53 |
5~10 mm | 85.50 |
2.36~5 mm | 9.25 |
<2.36 mm | 3.72 |
Type | Particle Density (kg/m3) | Fineness Modulus | Grading (wt %) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.36~5 mm | 1.18~2.36 mm | 0.6~1.18 mm | 0.3~0.6 mm | <0.3 mm | |||
RS | 2600 | 2.77 | 9.3 | 22.6 | 20.3 | 31.0 | 16.7 |
MS | 2600 | 3.45 | 37.3 | 20.12 | 13.27 | 9.35 | 19.96 |
LS | 1727 | 2.96 | – | 2.6 | 91.0 | 5.98 | 0.42 |
SCLC Group | No. | Cement/kg | PFA/kg | Water/kg | Fine Aggregate/kg | LWA (Pre-Wetted)/kg | Superplasticizer (Litre) | Viscosity Agent (Litre) | Sand Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | C-RS-1 | 330 | 220 | 220 | 592 | 401 | 5.5 | 0.75 | 0.40 |
C-RS-2 | 330 | 220 | 220 | 665 | 368 | 5.5 | 0.75 | 0.45 | |
C-RS-3 | 330 | 220 | 220 | 739 | 334 | 5.5 | 0.75 | 0.50 | |
Studied groups | C-MS-1 | 330 | 220 | 220 | 592 | 401 | 5.5 | 0.75 | 0.40 |
C-MS-2 | 330 | 220 | 220 | 665 | 368 | 5.5 | 0.75 | 0.45 | |
C-MS-3 | 330 | 220 | 220 | 739 | 334 | 5.5 | 0.75 | 0.50 | |
C-LS-1 | 330 | 220 | 220 | 393 | 401 | 5.5 | 0.75 | 0.40 | |
C-LS-2 | 330 | 220 | 220 | 442 | 368 | 5.5 | 0.75 | 0.45 | |
C-LS-3 | 330 | 220 | 220 | 491 | 334 | 5.5 | 0.75 | 0.50 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhu, Y.; Cui, H.; Tang, W. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Manufactured Sand and Lightweight Sand on the Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self-Compacting Lightweight Concretes. Materials 2016, 9, 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9090735
Zhu Y, Cui H, Tang W. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Manufactured Sand and Lightweight Sand on the Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self-Compacting Lightweight Concretes. Materials. 2016; 9(9):735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9090735
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Yiyun, Hongzhi Cui, and Waiching Tang. 2016. "Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Manufactured Sand and Lightweight Sand on the Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self-Compacting Lightweight Concretes" Materials 9, no. 9: 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9090735