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Article

Experimental Studies of Phase Change and Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials in a Cold Storage/Transportation System with Solar Driven Cooling Cycle

Key Laboratory Deep Underground Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2017, 10(11), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111867
Submission received: 28 September 2017 / Revised: 4 November 2017 / Accepted: 9 November 2017 / Published: 14 November 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Technologies for Buildings)

Abstract

:
The paper presents the different properties of phase change material (PCM) and Microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) employed to cold storage/transportation system with a solar-driven cooling cycle. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) tests have been performed to analyze the materials enthalpy, melting temperature range, and temperature range of solidification. KD2 Pro is used to test the thermal conductivities of phase change materials slurry and the results were used to compare the materials heat transfer performance. The slurry flow characteristics of MEPCM slurry also have been tested. Furthermore, in order to analyze the improvement effect on stability, the stability of MEPCM slurry with different surfactants have been tested. The researches of the PCM and MEPCM thermal properties revealed a more prospective application for phase change materials in energy storage/transportation systems. The study aims to find the most suitable chilling medium to further optimize the design of the cold storage/transportation systems with solar driven cooling cycles.

1. Introduction

The human civilization has progressed on the wheels of energy resources. Energy is the power source that drives the development of society [1]. Based on the method of obtaining energy, the energy is divided into renewable energy, which can be duty-cycle operated (solar, wind, water), and non-renewable energy, which will be eventually used up (oil, coal, natural gas) [2]. The use of renewable energy is in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. The problems relating to energy consumption are becoming more and more serious, especially with regard to the energy consumption of conventional air conditioning system, which rely completely on electricity energy [3]. The solar-driven air conditioning system has gained a growing interest in recent times. The solar-driven air conditioning system presents an opportunity for the reduction of non-renewable energy consumption. In summer, the demand for electricity is substantially increased to drive air conditioning system. The concept of Solar driven air conditioning system is attractive since the indoor cooling load of the house is accordance with the availability of solar energy [4]. Solar-driven air conditioning system potentially have a growing market with regard to both residential and commercial projects [5].
However, solar energy has its own drawbacks, such as discontinuity and mismatch between the energy production and demand [6]. Therefore, to tap into the full potential of solar energy, the solar-driven air cooling cycle with a PCM cold storage/transportation system has been proposed [7,8]. Phase change materials (PCM) cold storage/transportation systems is carried out by latent heat storage systems. PCMs are widely used for the storage and transportation of energy in the different energy application fields during the phase change process [9].
PCMs can be divided into three general categories on the basis of their different melting points: organic, inorganic, and co-crystal. A novel encapsulation method, “microencapsulation”, has been proposed. Microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs) are small bi-component particles consisting of a core material of the PCM and an outer shell or capsule wall [10,11,12]. Both PCM and MEPCM can be mixed up with water to form a slurry. MEPCM slurry is a low-melting slurry in the temperature range of −30 °C to 55 °C that can store and release energy. The capsule wall is an inert, stable polymers. MEPCM is used for a variety of energy storage applications [13,14].
In this context, to select the proper cold storage/transportation medium, different thermal properties of phase change materials have been tested. The Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) scanning method is applied to test MEPCM and PCM enthalpy while KD2 Pro thermal conductivity equipment is used to test the thermal conductivity of MEPCM slurry. The experiment studies the variation among the thermal conductivity, concentration, and temperature of PCM slurry. The relationship between slurry flows power and discharge rates were tested. Then, the density of MEPCM slurry with different surfactants were tested to explore the improvement effect different surfactants on slurry stability. The thermal properties of PCM and MEPCM have also been studied to find the most suitable chilling medium to optimize the design of cold storage/transportation systems in Solar driven cooling cycles.

2. PCM DSC Experiments

The PCM cold storage/transportation system with solar-driven cooling cycle is showed in Figure 1. Figure 2 is the solar-driven cooling cycle rig.
Two types of PCMs are chosen in the experiment. The PCM was produced by RUHR TECH Company in China, and the MEPCM was produced by Microtek Laboratories in the United States of America.

2.1. Experiment Process

The test equipment is the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) from Swiss METTLER TOLEDO Company. The experiment was carried out in Analytical Testing Laboratory of Sichuan University. The testing temperature range in this experiment is 0 °C to 40 °C. The temperature accuracy is 0.1 °C. The heating rate was 40 °C/min. The heat flow endo up could be obtained through the DSC test. The DSC equipment could calculate the enthalpy, melting temperature, solidification temperature, and peak temperature in accordance to the testing result [15].

2.2. DSC Experiment Result and Analysis

The curve of materials heat flow endo up is showed in Figure 3 and Figure 4. According to the Figure 3 and Figure 4, the DSC analysis tools calculates and presents the enthalpy, melting temperature, solidification temperature and peak temperature. These properties are showed in the Table 1.
The Figure 3 and Figure 4 represents the PCM and MEPCM DSC testing curves. According to the calculated results by DSC, the PCM melting temperature ranges from 14 °C to 26 °C while the solidification temperature ranges from 12 °C to 19 °C. The MEPCM melting temperature ranges from 15 °C to 21 °C the solidification temperature ranges from 14 °C to 18 °C.
According the DSC testing results, both PCM and MEPCM could be competitively employed in cold storage/transportation system with a solar-driven cooling system. It is evident that the enthalpy of PCM is similar as that of MEPCM, however, the majority of PCM melting temperatures during the phase change interval was higher than 20 °C, which is disadvantageous to cold storage/transportation systems. But, the majority of MEPCM melting temperatures during the phase change interval were lower than 20 °C, which meant such materials can be advanced into the cold storage/transportation system.

3. PCMs Thermal Conductivity

3.1. Thermal Conductivity Experiment Rig Setp

The thermal conductivity of PCM is related to design the cold storage/transportation system. It is difficult to make a full use of the system while the thermal conductivity of the chill medium is very low. The high thermal conductivity could refer to the good thermal performances. This experiment tests the thermal conductivity of PCM and MEPCM slurry at six different volume concentration ratios; 45%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, and 15%. The relationship of the thermal conductivity with concentration and temperature are analyzed. A novel thermal conductivity model is used in this experiment. The KD2 Pro instrument is used to test the slurry thermal conductivity based on transient hot wire source technology. The physical model of the experiment could be simplified as an unsteady heat conduction in an infinite medium with an infinite length of uniform heating. KD2 Pro instrument and transient hot wire source probe are showed in the Figure 5. The thermal conductivity experiment rig is showed in the Figure 6.
The saturation of the slurry tank (Diameter 6 cm, Height 7.5 cm) is 220 mL. Slurry in tank could be heated by the electric-heated thermostatic water bath. TKD2 probe was settled by insulation. The temperature of slurry was recorded by the temperature recorder. The test time lasts 60 s. Firstly, the slurry was heated to the target temperature by warm water in a water-bath equipment, and then the slurry was stirred by the stirrer under a magnetic force. When the slurry was distributed, the KD2 Pro instrument would be started to test the thermal conductivity. The results were concluded from the average of the three sets of experiments.

3.2. The PCMs Thermal Conductivity Result and Analysis

As shown in the Figure 7, the volume concentration ratios are 45%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, and 15%, and the maximum value of the thermal conductivity corresponds to 0.453 W/(m·K); 0.636 W/(m·K); 0.691 W/(m·K); 0.633 W/(m·K); 0.631 W/(m·K); 0.638 W/(m·K), respectively.
While performing the experiment, it was found that during the phase change period, the thermal conductivity gets much higher. For each temperature (within phase change period and over phase change temperature), the thermal conductivity increased linearly to the peak value with the increase of concentration, later decreased to the stable level. In the concentration range, the largest thermal conductivity was observed for different volume concentration slurries at a temperature of 15.7 °C. The largest value of thermal conductivity was 0.68, as showed in the Figure 7.

3.3. The MEPCMs Thermal Conductivity Result and Analysis

As shown in the Figure 8, the concentration of MEPCM slurry concentration ratios are 45%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, and 15%, the maximum value of the thermal conductivity corresponds to 0.77 W/(m·K); 0.863 W/(m·K); 0.975 W/(m·K); 0.858 W/(m·K); 0.866 W/(m·K); 0.872 W/(m·K), respectively. It was found that during the phase change period, the thermal conductivity gets much higher. For each temperature (within phase change period and over phase change temperature), the thermal conductivity increased linearly to the peak value with the increase of concentration, later decreased to the stable level. The result is the same as the PCM slurry. It was found that all the thermal conductivities of the MEPCM slurry are above 0.65 W/(m·K) during the phase change period, which indicated that the thermal performance of MEPCM slurry is better than PCM slurry. Based on the experimental result, the MEPCM is more suitable for the energy storage/transportation system with a solar-driven cooling cycle than PCM.

4. MEPCMs Flow Characteristic

4.1. MEPCMs Flow Characteristic Experiment Rig Setp

The flow characteristics of MEPCM slurry are tested. The schematics of the circulation system are illustrated in Figure 9. The circulation system includes the radiator, peristaltic pump, accumulator tank, and flow-regulating valve. In this experiment, the circulation system has been powered by the peristaltic pump.
The experiment rig is showed in the Figure 10. In the circulation system, an air conditioning machine provides the cold energy to the phase change slurry in the cold storage tank. The slurry temperature was recorded by a temperature recorder. The flow rate was controlled by the valve. The radiator coil is used to dissipate the heat. The total volume of the storage tank is 24 L. In this experiment, only 20 L slurry was contained in the tank. The spare space was left to avoid the effects of the material volume changes during the phase change process. Firstly, the temperature recorder was started up in order to monitor the temperature, then the peristaltic pump was started up to power the system.

4.2. MEPCMs Flow Characteristic Result and Analysis

The testing results are illustrated in the Figure 11. The flow rate increased with the increase of peristaltic pump power. This result was obvious at low concentrations of slurry. When the concentration was 42.5%, the flow rate was nearly invariant with the increase of peristaltic pump power. Under the same peristaltic pump power, the lower concentration of slurry had the higher flow rate. Because of the decline proportion of MEPCM in slurry, the proportion of water in slurry was increased. The flow characteristic of the slurry was closer to the water. The higher concentration of the slurry would make pipeline system at higher pressure.

5. MEPCMs Stability

5.1. MEPCMs Stability Experiment Rig Setp

The aim of this experiment is to research whether surfactant can improve the stability of MEPCM slurry. The turbidity method is a common method used to evaluate the property of slurry stability. Lower turbidity implies higher stability of the mixed slurry [16]. In this experiment, the turbidity method is employed to investigate the stability of the slurry. Since the material is less dense than water, the dispersion caused by gravity will make the slurry unstable [17]. The experiment tests MEPCM slurry with water and other two different surface-active agent materials, PEG400 (Polyethylene glycol 400) and SA (sodium alginate), at volume concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 40%. The materials were produced by Chang Zheng company (Chengdu, China).The measurements are tested by a US AHCH2100Q (Chang Zheng company, Chengdu, China) portable turbid meter (Figure 12).
Sodium alginate (SA) is an anionic poly glycan electrolyte with highly hydrophilic molecules, which is insoluble in ethanol and acid liquid. PEG 400 is a water-soluble polymer carbon chain, which is widely used in the field of biomedical materials because of its good biocompatibility [18,19]. SA and PEG 400 are mixed with MEPCMs to obtain slurry at volume concentrations of 15%, 30%, 40%. The slurry is observed after standing for 48 h and then the US AHCH2100Q portable turbid meter is used to test the turbidity of the slurry.

5.2. MEPCMs Stability Result and Analysis

Figure 13 shows different volume concentration slurry after stood 48 h. According to the observation, the MEPCM slurry with PEG400 was more uniformly-distributed than MEPCM slurry with SA. It was found that the MEPCM slurry with SA slurry was homogeneous at concentrations 30% and 40%. The experimental turbidity measurements are shown in Figure 14. The results show that the turbidity of both MEPCM slurry with PEG 400 and MEPCM slurry with SA are lower than MEPCM slurry. Thus, it can be determined that both of these surfactants have a positive effect on the stability of the slurry. Compared to the slurry of MEPCM with PEG400, the slurry of MEPCM with SA is more stable.

6. Conclusions

In this article, thermal properties of PCM and MEPCM such as phase change temperature, enthalpy, thermal conductivity, flow rates and energy transport effectiveness have been tested. Based on the results of DSC tests, it was discovered that it is more advantageous to use MEPCM in cold storage/transportation system with solar-driven cooling cycle than PCM. In addition, it can be concluded that MEPCM has a better heat conductivity performance than PCM based on the comparative study of their thermal conductivities performed. The flow characteristics experiment showed that the flow rate increases with the increased power of the peristaltic pump. The results of the stability experiment performed on MEPCM slurry indicated that the stability of the slurry can be improved by surfactants SA and PEG400. Furthermore, SA has the better improvement rate on slurry stability than PEF400. The study can assist in the selection of the most suitable chilling medium and thus further optimize the design of the cold storage/transportation system with solar driven cooling cycle.

Acknowledgments

This project is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51508352), Science & Technology Bureau Foundation of Chengdu City, China (No. 2015-HM01-00244-SF) and Key Laboratory Deep Underground Science and Engineering Foundation of Sichuan University, China (No. DUSE201702).

Author Contributions

Lin Zheng took part in all the experiments and write the manuscript. The corresponding author Wei Zhang guided the experiments and the paper writing. Shuang Lin was responsible for recording data. Fei Liang and Xiangyu Jin was responsible for setting up the experimental rig.

Conflicts of Interest

There is no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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Figure 1. PCM cold storage/transportation system with solar-driven cooling cycle.
Figure 1. PCM cold storage/transportation system with solar-driven cooling cycle.
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Figure 2. Solar-driven cooling cycle rig.
Figure 2. Solar-driven cooling cycle rig.
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Figure 3. PCM phase change process according to the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) testing curve.
Figure 3. PCM phase change process according to the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) testing curve.
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Figure 4. Microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) phase change process according to the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) testing curve.
Figure 4. Microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) phase change process according to the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) testing curve.
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Figure 5. KD2 Pro thermal conductivity tester.
Figure 5. KD2 Pro thermal conductivity tester.
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Figure 6. The thermal conductivity experiment rig.
Figure 6. The thermal conductivity experiment rig.
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Figure 7. The variety concentration PCMs thermal conductivity with different temperatures.
Figure 7. The variety concentration PCMs thermal conductivity with different temperatures.
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Figure 8. The variety concentration MEPCMs thermal conductivity with different temperatures.
Figure 8. The variety concentration MEPCMs thermal conductivity with different temperatures.
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Figure 9. Experimental circulation system.
Figure 9. Experimental circulation system.
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Figure 10. The flow characteristics experiment rig.
Figure 10. The flow characteristics experiment rig.
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Figure 11. Relation between peristaltic pump power and flow rate for various concentrations of slurry.
Figure 11. Relation between peristaltic pump power and flow rate for various concentrations of slurry.
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Figure 12. US AHCH2100Q portable turbid meter.
Figure 12. US AHCH2100Q portable turbid meter.
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Figure 13. (a) MEPCM slurry with PEG400 for 48 h; (b) MEPCM slurry with SA for 48 h;
Figure 13. (a) MEPCM slurry with PEG400 for 48 h; (b) MEPCM slurry with SA for 48 h;
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Figure 14. The turbidity values of MEPCMs mixed with SA, PEG 400 and water.
Figure 14. The turbidity values of MEPCMs mixed with SA, PEG 400 and water.
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Table 1. The properties of two phase change materials.
Table 1. The properties of two phase change materials.
MaterialsMEPCMPCM
Melting temperature (°C)15~2114~26
Melting peak temperature (°C)18.1418
Melting peak enthalpy (KJ/Kg)129.3135
Solidification temperature (°C)14~1812~19
Solidification peak temperature (°C)14.5117
Solidification peak enthalpy (KJ/Kg)129.1126

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zheng, L.; Zhang, W.; Liang, F.; Lin, S.; Jin, X. Experimental Studies of Phase Change and Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials in a Cold Storage/Transportation System with Solar Driven Cooling Cycle. Energies 2017, 10, 1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111867

AMA Style

Zheng L, Zhang W, Liang F, Lin S, Jin X. Experimental Studies of Phase Change and Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials in a Cold Storage/Transportation System with Solar Driven Cooling Cycle. Energies. 2017; 10(11):1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111867

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zheng, Lin, Wei Zhang, Fei Liang, Shuang Lin, and Xiangyu Jin. 2017. "Experimental Studies of Phase Change and Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials in a Cold Storage/Transportation System with Solar Driven Cooling Cycle" Energies 10, no. 11: 1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111867

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