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Trichloroethylene and Cancer: Systematic and Quantitative Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for Identifying Hazard
Cheryl Siegel Scott * and Jennifer Jinot
National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC 20460, USA; E-Mail: Jinot.Jennifer@epa.gov
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: Scott.Cheryl@epa.gov;
Tel: +1-703-347-8590; Fax: +1-703-347-8694.
Received: 22 September 2011; in revised form: 21 October 2011 / Accepted: 26 October 2011 / Published:
______________________________________________________________________________
Supplemental Table 1. Summary of rationales for study selection for meta-analysis.
Decision OutcomeStudiesPrimary reason(s)Studies Recommended for Meta-analysis:Siemiatycki ADDIN EN.CITE Siemiatycki1991174[1]1741746Siemiatycki, J.Risk factors for cancer in the workplaceNOT IN FILEcancerNRC 2006 documentORISERiskrisk factorRisk FactorsSelectedU.S.EPA,TCE Issue Papers,2005Workplace1991Boca Raton, FLCRC Press[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Siemiatycki, 1991 #174" 1];HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Siemiatycki, 1991 #174" Axelson et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Axelson1994120[2]12012017Axelson, O.Selden, A.Andersson, K.Hogstedt, C.Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Linkoping, SwedenUpdated and expanded Swedish cohort study on trichloroethylene and cancer riskJ.Occup.Med.J.Occup.Med.556-562365NOT IN FILEAAdultadverse effectsarticlecancerCardiovascular DiseasesCohort StudiesConfidence IntervalsdeathepidemiologyexposureFemaleFollow-Up StudieshumanHumansIncidenceMaleMorbiditymortalityNeoplasmsOccupational DiseasesOccupational ExposurePopulationRiskstudySwedenTrichloroethyleneworker1994PM:8027881[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Axelson, 1994 #120" 2]; Hardell et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_3" \o "Hardell, 1994 #144" 3]; Greenland et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Greenland, 1994 #141" 4]; Anttila et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_5" \o "Anttila, 1995 #119" 5]; Morgan et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Morgan, 1998 #157" 6]; Nordstrom et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_7" \o "Nordstrom, 1998 #160" 7]; Boice et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_8" \o "Boice, 2006 #128" 8, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_9" \o "Boice, 1999 #126" 9]; Dosemeci et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_10" \o "Dosemeci, 1999 #324" 10]; Persson and Fredriksson ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_11" \o "Persson, 1999 #166" 11]; Pesch et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_12" \o "Pesch, 2000 #167" 12]; Hansen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Hansen2001142[13]14214217Hansen, J.Raaschou-Nielsen, O.Christensen, J. M.Johansen, I.McLaughlin, J. K.Lipworth, L.Blot, W. J.Olsen, J. H.Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. johnni@cancer.dkCancer incidence among Danish workers exposed to trichloroethyleneJ.Occup.Environ.Med.J.Occup.Environ.Med.133-139432NOT IN FILEadverse effectsarticlecancerchemically inducedDenmarkepidemiologyEsophageal NeoplasmsFemalehumanHumansIncidenceLymphomaLymphoma,Non-HodgkinMaleNeoplasmsOccupational ExposureResearchResearch SupportRiskTrichloroethyleneurineUterine Cervical Neoplasmsworker2001PM:11227631[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_13" \o "Hansen, 2001 #142" 13]; Brning et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_14" \o "Bruning, 2003 #131" 14]; Raaschou-Nielsen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_15" \o "Raaschou-Nielsen, 2003 #168" 15]; Zhao et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_16" \o "Zhao, 2005 #184" 16]; Miligi et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Miligi, 2006 #155" 17]; Charbotel et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_18" \o "Charbotel, 2006 #132" 18]; Radican et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_19" \o "Radican, 2008 #169" 19] (Blair et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_20" \o "Blair, 1998 #125" 20] incidence); Wang et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_21" \o "Wang, 2009 #179" 21]; Moore et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_22" \o "Moore, 2010 #236" 22]; Cocco et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_23" \o "Cocco, 2010 #232" 23]; Purdue et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Purdue2011208[24]20820817Purdue, M. P.Bakke, B.Stewart, P.De Roos, A. J.Schenk, M.Lynch, C. F.Bernstein, L.Morton, L. M.Cerhan, J. R.Severson, R. K.Cozen, W.Davis, S.Rothman, N.Hartge, P.Colt, J. S.Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.A case-control study of occupational exposure to trichloroethylene and non-hodgkin lymphomaEnviron Health PerspectEnviron Health Perspect232-811922011/02/042011Nov 21552-9924 (Electronic)
0091-6765 (Linking)21288806http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21288806304061110.1289/ehp.1002106eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_24" \o "Purdue, 2011 #208" 24]Analytical study designs of cohort or case-control approaches;
Evaluation of cancer incidence or cancer mortality;
Specifically identified TCE exposure potential to individual study subjects by reference to industrial hygiene records, individual biomarkers, job exposure matrices, water distribution models, or self-reports (case-control studies);
Reported results for kidney cancer, liver cancer, or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with relative risk estimates and corresponding confidence intervals (or information to allow calculation).Supplementary Table 1. Cont.
Decision OutcomeStudiesPrimary reason(s)Studies Not Recommended for Meta-analysis:ATSDR ADDIN EN.CITE ATSDR2004589[25]58958946ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryFeasibility investigation of worker exposure to trichloroethylene at the view-master factory in Beaverton, Oregon. 512004Atlanta, GARetrieved from http://www.ntis.gov/search/product.aspx?ABBR=PB2005102173[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_25" \o "ATSDR, 2004 #589" 25]; Clapp and Hoffman ADDIN EN.CITE Clapp2008502[26]50250217Clapp, R. W.Hoffman, K.Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA. rclapp@bu.eduCancer mortality in IBM Endicott plant workers, 1969-2001: an update on a NY production plantEnviron HealthEnviron Health1372008/04/30AdultAgedAged, 80 and overCarcinogensComputersDeath CertificatesFeasibility StudiesFemaleHumansIndustryMaleMiddle AgedNeoplasms/chemically induced/*mortalityNew York/epidemiologyOccupational Diseases/chemically induced/*mortalityOccupational Exposure20081476-069X (Electronic)
1476-069X (Linking)18442394http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1844239423838841476-069X-7-13 [pii]
10.1186/1476-069X-7-13eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_26" \o "Clapp, 2008 #502" 26]; Cohn et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Cohn1994508[27]50850817Cohn, P.Klotz, J.Bove, F.Berkowitz, M.Fagliano, J.New Jersey Department of Health, Environmental Health Services, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA.Drinking Water Contamination and the Incidence of Leukemia and Non-Hodgkin's LymphomaEnviron Health PerspectEnviron Health Perspect556-611026-71994/06/011994Jun1552-9924 (Electronic)
0091-6765 (Linking)9679115http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/96791151569761sc271_5_1835 [pii]Eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_27" \o "Cohn, 1994 #508" 27]Weakness with respect to analytical study design (i.e., geographic-based, ecological or proportional mortality ratio design). Wilcosky et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Wilcosky1984513[28]51351317Wilcosky, T. C.Checkoway, H.Marshall, E. G.Tyroler, H. A.Cancer mortality and solvent exposures in the rubber industryAm Ind Hyg Assoc JAm Ind Hyg Assoc J809-1145121984/12/01AdultAgedCarbon Disulfide/adverse effectsCarbon Tetrachloride/adverse effectsHumansLeukemia, Lymphoid/chemically inducedLymphatic Diseases/chemically inducedLymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/chemically inducedMiddle AgedNeoplasms/chemically induced/*mortalityOccupational Diseases/*mortality*RubberSolvents/*adverse effects1984Dec0002-8894 (Print)
0002-8894 (Linking)6549104http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6549104eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_28" \o "Wilcosky, 1984 #513" 28]; Isacson et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_29" \o "Isacson, 1985 #519" 29]; Shindell and Ulrich ADDIN EN.CITE Shindell1985524[30]52452417Shindell, S.Ulrich, S.A cohort study of employees of a manufacturing plant using trichlorethyleneJ Occup MedJ Occup Med577-92781985/08/01AdultAgedFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedOccupational Diseases/*chemically induced/mortalityRiskTrichloroethylene/*adverse effectsUnited States1985Aug0096-1736 (Print)
0096-1736 (Linking)4032094http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4032094eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_30" \o "Shindell, 1985 #524" 30]; Garabrant et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_31" \o "Garabrant, 1988 #139" 31]; Shannon et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Shannon1988532[32]53253217Shannon, H. S.Haines, T.Bernholz, C.Julian, J. A.Verma, D. K.Jamieson, E.Walsh, C.Occupational Health Program, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.Cancer morbidity in lamp manufacturing workersAm J Ind MedAm J Ind Med281-901431988/01/01Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiologyCanadaFemaleHumansIndustryLightingMaleNeoplasms/*epidemiology/etiologyOccupational Diseases/*epidemiology/etiologyProspective StudiesTime Factors19880271-3586 (Print)
0271-3586 (Linking)3189346http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3189346eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_32" \o "Shannon, 1988 #532" 32]; Blair et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_33" \o "Blair, 1989 #123" 33]; Costa et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Costa1989534[34]53453417Costa, G.Merletti, F.Segnan, N.Unit of Epidemiology, Local Health Authority of Turin, Italy.A mortality cohort study in a north Italian aircraft factoryBr J Ind MedBr J Ind Med738-4346101989/10/01AdolescentAdult*AircraftCause of DeathCohort StudiesFemaleHumans*IndustryItaly/epidemiologyMaleMiddle Aged*MortalityNeoplasms/mortalityOccupational Diseases/mortalityRetrospective Studies1989Oct0007-1072 (Print)
0007-1072 (Linking)2818961http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28189611009856eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_34" \o "Costa, 1989 #534" 34]; ADHS ADDIN EN.CITE ADHS1995585[35,36]58558546ADHS, Arizona Department Health ServicesUpdate of the incidence of childhood cancers and testicular cancer in Southwest Tuscon: 1987-1991.1995Phoenizhttp://www.azdhs.gov/phs/oeh/epistudy.htmADHS199058658658646ADHS, Arizona Department Health ServicesIncidence study of childhood cancer in Maricopa County: 1965-1986.1990http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/oeh/epistudy.htm[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_35" \o "ADHS, 1995 #585" 35, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_36" \o "ADHS, 1990 #586" 36]; Mallin ADDIN EN.CITE Mallin1990538[37]53853817Mallin, K.Illinois Cancer Council, Division of Epidemiology, Chicago 60603.Investigation of a bladder cancer cluster in northwestern IllinoisAm J EpidemiolAm J EpidemiolS96-1061321 Suppl1990/07/01AdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overChildChild, PreschoolCluster AnalysisFemaleHumansIllinoisIncidenceInfantInfant, NewbornMaleMiddle AgedResidence CharacteristicsRisk FactorsSurvival RateUrinary Bladder Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiology/mortalityWater Pollution, Chemical/adverse effects1990Jul0002-9262 (Print)
0002-9262 (Linking)2356842http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2356842eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_37" \o "Mallin, 1990 #538" 37]; Aickin et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Aickin1992591[38]59159117Aickin, M.Chapin, C. A.Flood, T. J.Englender, S. J.Caldwell, G. G.Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson.Assessment of the spatial occurrence of childhood leukaemia mortality using standardized rate ratios with a simple linear Poisson modelInt J EpidemiolInt J Epidemiol649-552141992/08/01AdolescentArizona/epidemiologyChildChild, PreschoolCluster AnalysisFemaleHumansInfantLeukemia/epidemiology/*mortalityLinear ModelsMaleModels, StatisticalPoisson Distribution*Statistics as Topic1992Aug0300-5771 (Print)
0300-5771 (Linking)1521967http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521967eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_38" \o "Aickin, 1992 #591" 38]; Sinks et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Sinks1992539[39]53953917Sinks, T.Lushniak, B.Haussler, B. J.Sniezek, J.Deng, J. F.Roper, P.Dill, P.Coates, R.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.Renal cell cancer among paperboard printing workersEpidemiologyEpidemiology483-9361992/11/01AdolescentAdultCarcinoma, Renal Cell/*epidemiology/etiology/mortalityCase-Control StudiesCause of DeathCohort StudiesCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansIncidenceKidney Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiology/mortalityMaleMiddle AgedOccupational Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/mortalityOccupational Exposure/*adverse effectsOdds Ratio*Paper*PrintingRisk Factors1992Nov1044-3983 (Print)
1044-3983 (Linking)1420513http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1420513eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_39" \o "Sinks, 1992 #539" 39]; Vartiainen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_40" \o "Vartiainen, 1993 #560" 40]; Morgan and Cassady ADDIN EN.CITE Morgan2002564[41]56456417Morgan, J. W.Cassady, R. E.Loma Linda University School of Public Health, USA. jmorgan@dscsp.comCommunity cancer assessment in response to long-time exposure to perchlorate and trichloroethylene in drinking waterJ Occup Environ MedJ Occup Environ Med616-214472002/07/24AdultCalifornia/epidemiologyChildCommunity Health ServicesConfidence IntervalsEducational StatusFemaleHumansIncidenceIncomeMaleNeoplasms/chemically induced/*epidemiologyPerchloric Acid/*analysisRegistriesSodium Compounds/*analysisTrichloroethylene/*analysisWater Pollution, Chemical/adverse effects/*analysis2002Jul1076-2752 (Print)
1076-2752 (Linking)12134524http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134524eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_41" \o "Morgan, 2002 #564" 41]; Lee et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Lee2003565[42]56556517Lee, L. J.Chung, C. W.Ma, Y. C.Wang, G. S.Chen, P. C.Hwang, Y. H.Wang, J. D.Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.Increased mortality odds ratio of male liver cancer in a community contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwaterOccup Environ MedOccup Environ Med364-96052003/04/24AdultAgedCause of DeathDeath CertificatesEnvironmental ExposureFemaleHumansHydrocarbons, Chlorinated/*adverse effectsLiver Neoplasms/epidemiology/*mortalityMaleMiddle AgedOdds Ratio*Public HealthResidence CharacteristicsRisk FactorsWater Pollutants, Chemical/*adverse effectsWater Supply/analysis2003May1351-0711 (Print)
1351-0711 (Linking)12709523http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/127095231740539eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_42" \o "Lee, 2003 #565" 42]; Aickin ADDIN EN.CITE Aickin2004573[43]57357317Aickin, M.Center for Health Research, 3800 North Interstate Avenue, Portland, OR 97227, USA. mikel.aickin@kpchr.orgBayes without priorsJ Clin EpidemiolJ Clin Epidemiol4-135712004/03/17Arizona/epidemiologyBayes TheoremCluster AnalysisEpidemiologic MethodsHumansIllinois/epidemiologyIncidenceMesothelioma/mortalityPrecursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/epidemiology*Statistics as TopicSurvival Rate2004Jan0895-4356 (Print)
0895-4356 (Linking)15019005http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1501900510.1016/S0895-4356(03)00251-8
S0895435603002518 [pii]eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_43" \o "Aickin, 2004 #573" 43]; Chang et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_44" \o "Chang, 2003 #576" 44, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_45" \o "Chang, 2005 #575" 45]; Coyle et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_46" \o "Coyle, 2005 #584" 46]; ATSDR ADDIN EN.CITE ATSDR2006587[47,48]58758746ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryU. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health ServiceHealth Consultation, Endicott Area Investigation, Cancer and Birth Outcome Analysis, Endicott Area, Town of Union, Broome County, New York862006Atlanta, GA 30333http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/EndicottAreaInvestigation/EndicottHealthStatsReviewHC052606.pdfATSDR200858858858846ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryU.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health ServiceHealth Consultation, Health Statistics Review Follow-up, Cancer and Birth Outcome Analysis, Endicott Area Investigation, Endicott Area, Town of Union, Broome County, New York602008Atlanta, GAhttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha//EndicottAreaInvestigationFollowUp/EndicottAreaHC051508.pdf[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_47" \o "ATSDR, 2006 #587" 47, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_48" \o "ATSDR, 2008 #588" 48]; Sung et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_49" \o "Sung, 2007 #582" 49, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_50" \o "Sung, 2008 #581" 50]TCE exposure potential not assigned to individual subjects using job exposure matrix, individual biomarkers, water distribution models, or industrial hygiene data. Lowengart et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Lowengart1987593[51]59359317Lowengart, R. A.Peters, J. M.Cicioni, C.Buckley, J.Bernstein, L.Preston-Martin, S.Rappaport, E.Childhood leukemia and parents' occupational and home exposuresJ Natl Cancer InstJ Natl Cancer Inst39-467911987/07/01Acute DiseaseCaliforniaChildChild, Preschool*Environmental ExposureEpidemiologic MethodsFemaleHumansLeukemia/*etiologyMale*ParentsPregnancyPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsRisk1987Jul0027-8874 (Print)
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0008-543X (Linking)2702592http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2702592eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_52" \o "Fredriksson, 1989 #599" 52]; McKinney et al. ADDIN EN.CITE McKinney1991610[53]61061017McKinney, P. A.Alexander, F. E.Cartwright, R. A.Parker, L.Leukaemia Research Fund, University of Leeds.Parental occupations of children with leukaemia in west Cumbria, north Humberside, and GatesheadBMJBMJ681-730267781991/03/23AdolescentBenzene/adverse effectsCase-Control StudiesChildChild, PreschoolEnglandFemaleHumansInfantLeukemia/chemically induced/*etiologyLeukemia, Radiation-Induced/etiologyLymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/*etiologyMaleOccupational Exposure*OccupationsOdds Ratio*ParentsPregnancyPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsRisk FactorsTime FactorsWood1991Mar 230959-8138 (Print)
0959-535X (Linking)2021741http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20217411669138eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_53" \o "McKinney, 1991 #610" 53]; Heineman et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Heineman1994614[54]61461417Heineman, E. F.Cocco, P.Gomez, M. R.Dosemeci, M.Stewart, P. A.Hayes, R. B.Zahm, S. H.Thomas, T. L.Blair, A.Occupational Studies Section, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892.Occupational exposure to chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons and risk of astrocytic brain cancerAm J Ind MedAm J Ind Med155-692621994/08/01Astrocytoma/chemically induced/epidemiologyBrain Neoplasms/*chemically inducedCarbon Tetrachloride Poisoning/epidemiologyGlioblastoma/*chemically induced/epidemiologyHumansHydrocarbons, Chlorinated/*poisoningLouisiana/epidemiologyMaleMethylene Chloride/poisoningNew Jersey/epidemiology*Occupational ExposurePhiladelphia/epidemiologyRisk FactorsTetrachloroethylene/poisoningTrichloroethylene/poisoning1994Aug0271-3586 (Print)
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1351-0711 (Linking)10769298http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/107692981739952eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_62" \o "Parent, 2000 #629" 62]; Pesch et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_63" \o "Pesch, 2000 #631" 63]; DeRoos et al. ADDIN EN.CITE De Roos2001679[64]67967917De Roos, A. J.Teschke, K.Savitz, D. A.Poole, C.Grufferman, S.Pollock, B. H.Olshan, A. F.Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. deroosa@mail.nih.govParental occupational exposures to electromagnetic fields and radiation and the incidence of neuroblastoma in offspringEpidemiologyEpidemiology508-171252001/08/16Case-Control StudiesElectromagnetic Fields/*adverse effectsFemaleHumansIncidenceInfant, NewbornMaleMaternal ExposureNeuroblastoma/epidemiology/*etiology*Occupational Exposure*Paternal ExposurePregnancy*RadiationUnited States/epidemiology2001Sep1044-3983 (Print)
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0271-3586 (Linking)11385637http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1138563710.1002/ajim.1052 [pii]eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_65" \o "Goldberg, 2001 #653" 65]; Costas et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_66" \o "Costas, 2002 #655" 66]; Krishnadasan et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_67" \o "Krishnadasan, 2007 #657" 67]Cancer incidence or mortality reported for cancers other than kidney, liver, or NHL. Ritz ADDIN EN.CITE Ritz1999660[68]66066017Ritz, B.Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1772, USA.Cancer mortality among workers exposed to chemicals during uranium processingJ Occup Environ MedJ Occup Environ Med556-664171999/07/21AdultCohort StudiesConfidence IntervalsHumansIncidenceIndustrial Oils/*adverse effectsKerosene/*adverse effectsLogistic ModelsMaleNeoplasms/chemically induced/*mortalityOccupational Diseases/chemically induced/*mortalityOccupational Exposure/*adverse effectsOhio/epidemiologyProportional Hazards ModelsRadiation DosageSmoking/epidemiologyTrichloroethylene/*adverse effects*Uranium1999Jul1076-2752 (Print)
1076-2752 (Linking)10412097http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10412097eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_68" \o "Ritz, 1999 #660" 68]Subjects monitored for radiation exposure with likelihood for potential confounding;
Cancer mortality and TCE exposure not reported for kidney cancer and all hemato- and lymphopoietic cancer reported as broad category. Henschler et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Henschler1995337[69]33733717Henschler, D.Vamvakas, S.Lammert, M.Dekant, W.Kraus, B.Thomas, B.Ulm, K.Institut fur Toxikologie, Universitat Wurzburg, Germany.Increased incidence of renal cell tumors in a cohort of cardboard workers exposed to trichloroetheneArch ToxicolArch Toxicol291-96951995/01/01AdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overCarcinogens/toxicityCarcinoma, Renal Cell/*chemically induced/*epidemiology/mortalityCohort StudiesHumansKidney Neoplasms/*chemically induced/*epidemiology/mortalityMaleMiddle AgedOccupational Exposure/*adverse effectsPaper/standardsTrichloroethylene/*adverse effects/metabolism19950340-5761 (Print)
0340-5761 (Linking)7654132http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7654132eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_69" \o "Henschler, 1995 #337" 69]Incomplete identification of cohort and index kidney cancer cases included in case seriesVamvakas et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Vamvakas1998342[70]34234217Vamvakas, S.Bruning, T.Thomasson, B.Lammert, M.Baumuller, A.Bolt, H. M.Dekant, W.Birner, G.Henschler, D.Ulm, K.Institute of Toxicology, University of Wurzburg, Germany.Renal cell cancer correlated with occupational exposure to trichloroetheneJ Cancer Res Clin OncolJ Cancer Res Clin Oncol374-8212471998/08/27AgedCarcinoma, Renal Cell/epidemiology/*etiologyCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedOccupational Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology*Occupational ExposureSolvents/*adverse effectsTrichloroethylene/*adverse effects19980171-5216 (Print)
0171-5216 (Linking)9719500http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9719500eng[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_70" \o "Vamvakas, 1998 #342" 70]Control selection may not represent case series, with potential for selection bias.
Supplemental Table 2. Summary of some meta-analysis results for TCE (overall) and kidney cancer.
Analysis# of studiesModelRRm 95% LCL95% UCLHeterogeneityCommentsAll studies15Random1.271.131.43None obs
(fixed = random)Statistical significance not dependent on single study. No apparent publication bias.Fixed1.271.131.43Cohort9Random1.160.961.40None obsNot significant difference between CC and cohort studies (p = 0.12).Fixed1.160.961.40Not significant difference between CC and cohort studies (p = 0.19).Case-control6Random1.481.151.91Not significant
(p = 0.14)Fixed1.361.171.39Alternate RR selections a15Random1.271.281.131.14 1 . 4 2 "1 . 4 3 N o n e o b s W i t h 3 d i f f e r e n t a l t e r n a t e s f r o m Z h a o e t a l . A D D I N E N . C I T E A D D I N E N . C I T E . D A T A [ H Y P E R L I N K \ l " _ E N R E F _ 1 6 " \ o " Z h a o , 2 0 0 5 # 1 8 4 " 1 6 ] . 1 5 R a n d o m 1 . 2 9 1 . 1 5 1 . 4 5 N o n e o b s W i t h B o i c e e t a l . A D D I N E N . C I T E A D D I N E N . C I T E . D A T A [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_8" \o "Boice, 2006 #128" 8] rather than Zhao et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_16" \o "Zhao, 2005 #184" 16].15Random1.271.131.43None obsWith estimated female contribution to Axelson et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Axelson1994120[2]12012017Axelson, O.Selden, A.Andersson, K.Hogstedt, C.Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Linkoping, SwedenUpdated and expanded Swedish cohort study on trichloroethylene and cancer riskJ.Occup.Med.J.Occup.Med.556-562365NOT IN FILEAAdultadverse effectsarticlecancerCardiovascular DiseasesCohort StudiesConfidence IntervalsdeathepidemiologyexposureFemaleFollow-Up StudieshumanHumansIncidenceMaleMorbiditymortalityNeoplasmsOccupational DiseasesOccupational ExposurePopulationRiskstudySwedenTrichloroethyleneworker1994PM:8027881[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Axelson, 1994 #120" 2]. 15Random1.281.141.43None obsWith Morgan et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Morgan, 1998 #157" 6] published SMR.15Random1.271.131.42None obsWith Raaschou-Nielsen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_15" \o "Raaschou-Nielsen, 2003 #168" 15] all kidney cancer.15Random1.321.171.49None obsWith Raaschou-Nielsen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_15" \o "Raaschou-Nielsen, 2003 #168" 15] high-exposure subcohort.Supplemental Table 2. Cont.
Analysis# of studiesModelRRm 95% LCL95% UCLHeterogeneityComments15Random1.261.121.41None obsWith Brning et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [14] longest job held in industry with TCE. 15Random1.281.141.43None obsWith Charbotel et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [18] full study, with and without 10-year lag.15Random1.271.131.43None obsWith Moore et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [22] full study.15Random1.211.091.34None obsWith Pesch et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [12] JEM.Highest exposure groups10Random1.641.312.04None obs13Random1.581.281.96None obsUsing RR=1 for Anttila et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [5], Axelson et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Axelson1994120[2]12012017Axelson, O.Selden, A.Andersson, K.Hogstedt, C.Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Linkoping, SwedenUpdated and expanded Swedish cohort study on trichloroethylene and cancer riskJ.Occup.Med.J.Occup.Med.556-562365NOT IN FILEAAdultadverse effectsarticlecancerCardiovascular DiseasesCohort StudiesConfidence IntervalsdeathepidemiologyexposureFemaleFollow-Up StudieshumanHumansIncidenceMaleMorbiditymortalityNeoplasmsOccupational DiseasesOccupational ExposurePopulationRiskstudySwedenTrichloroethyleneworker1994PM:8027881[2], and Hansen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Hansen2001142[13]14214217Hansen, J.Raaschou-Nielsen, O.Christensen, J. M.Johansen, I.McLaughlin, J. K.Lipworth, L.Blot, W. J.Olsen, J. H.Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. johnni@cancer.dkCancer incidence among Danish workers exposed to trichloroethyleneJ.Occup.Environ.Med.J.Occup.Environ.Med.133-139432NOT IN FILEadverse effectsarticlecancerchemically inducedDenmarkepidemiologyEsophageal NeoplasmsFemalehumanHumansIncidenceLymphomaLymphoma,Non-HodgkinMaleNeoplasmsOccupational ExposureResearchResearch SupportRiskTrichloroethyleneurineUterine Cervical Neoplasmsworker2001PM:11227631[13].13Random1.471.601.201.291.791.98See Supplemental Table 3Using RR=1 for Anttila et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [5], Axelson et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Axelson1994120[2]12012017Axelson, O.Selden, A.Andersson, K.Hogstedt, C.Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Linkoping, SwedenUpdated and expanded Swedish cohort study on trichloroethylene and cancer riskJ.Occup.Med.J.Occup.Med.556-562365NOT IN FILEAAdultadverse effectsarticlecancerCardiovascular DiseasesCohort StudiesConfidence IntervalsdeathepidemiologyexposureFemaleFollow-Up StudieshumanHumansIncidenceMaleMorbiditymortalityNeoplasmsOccupational DiseasesOccupational ExposurePopulationRiskstudySwedenTrichloroethyleneworker1994PM:8027881[2], and Hansen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Hansen2001142[13]14214217Hansen, J.Raaschou-Nielsen, O.Christensen, J. M.Johansen, I.McLaughlin, J. K.Lipworth, L.Blot, W. J.Olsen, J. H.Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. johnni@cancer.dkCancer incidence among Danish workers exposed to trichloroethyleneJ.Occup.Environ.Med.J.Occup.Environ.Med.133-139432NOT IN FILEadverse effectsarticlecancerchemically inducedDenmarkepidemiologyEsophageal NeoplasmsFemalehumanHumansIncidenceLymphomaLymphoma,Non-HodgkinMaleNeoplasmsOccupational ExposureResearchResearch SupportRiskTrichloroethyleneurineUterine Cervical Neoplasmsworker2001PM:11227631[13] and various alternate RR selection results.a a Changing the primary analysis by one alternate RR each time.
CC = case-control; JEM = job-exposure-matrix; LCL = lower confidence limit; obs = observable; RR = relative risk estimate; RRm = summary relative risk estimate; UCL = upper confidence limit.
Supplemental Table 3. Summary of some meta-analysis results for TCE (highest exposure groups) and kidney cancer.
AnalysisModelRRm 95% LCL95% UCLHeterogeneityCommentsAnalysis based on reported resultsRandom1.641.312.04None obs
(fixed = random)Primary analysisRandom1.581.281.96None obs
Includes assumed values for Anttila et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_5" \o "Anttila, 1995 #119" 5], Axelson et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Axelson1994120[2]12012017Axelson, O.Selden, A.Andersson, K.Hogstedt, C.Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Linkoping, SwedenUpdated and expanded Swedish cohort study on trichloroethylene and cancer riskJ.Occup.Med.J.Occup.Med.556-562365NOT IN FILEAAdultadverse effectsarticlecancerCardiovascular DiseasesCohort StudiesConfidence IntervalsdeathepidemiologyexposureFemaleFollow-Up StudieshumanHumansIncidenceMaleMorbiditymortalityNeoplasmsOccupational DiseasesOccupational ExposurePopulationRiskstudySwedenTrichloroethyleneworker1994PM:8027881[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Axelson, 1994 #120" 2], and Hansen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Hansen2001142[13]14214217Hansen, J.Raaschou-Nielsen, O.Christensen, J. M.Johansen, I.McLaughlin, J. K.Lipworth, L.Blot, W. J.Olsen, J. H.Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. johnni@cancer.dkCancer incidence among Danish workers exposed to trichloroethyleneJ.Occup.Environ.Med.J.Occup.Environ.Med.133-139432NOT IN FILEadverse effectsarticlecancerchemically inducedDenmarkepidemiologyEsophageal NeoplasmsFemalehumanHumansIncidenceLymphomaLymphoma,Non-HodgkinMaleNeoplasmsOccupational ExposureResearchResearch SupportRiskTrichloroethyleneurineUterine Cervical Neoplasmsworker2001PM:11227631[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_13" \o "Hansen, 2001 #142" 13].
Statistical significance not dependent on single study.Alternate RR selections aRandom1.571.271.95None obsWith Blair et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_20" \o "Blair, 1998 #125" 20] incidence RR instead of Radican et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_19" \o "Radican, 2008 #169" 19] mortality HR.Random1.601.291.98None obsWith Morgan et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Morgan, 1998 #157" 6] peak metric.Random1.47, 1.551.20, 1.251.80, 1.91None obsWith Raaschou-Nielsen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_15" \o "Raaschou-Nielsen, 2003 #168" 15] >5years in total cohort for all kidney cancer and for RCC, respectively. Random 1 . 5 6 "1 . 5 8 1 . 2 6 "1 . 2 8 1 . 9 3 "1 . 9 6 N o n e o b s W i t h Z h a o e t a l . A D D I N E N . C I T E A D D I N E N . C I T E . D A T A [ H Y P E R L I N K \ l " _ E N R E F _ 1 6 " \ o " Z h a o , 2 0 0 5 # 1 8 4 " 1 6 ] i n c i d e n c e u n l a g g e d a n d m o r t a l i t y w i t h a n d w i t h o u t l a g . R a n d o m 1 . 5 8 "1 . 5 9 1 . 2 8 "1 . 2 9 1 . 9 5 "1 . 9 6 N o n e o b sWith Boice et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_8" \o "Boice, 2006 #128" 8] alternate for Zhao et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_16" \o "Zhao, 2005 #184" 16].Random1.591.291.95None obsWith Moore et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_22" \o "Moore, 2010 #236" 22] full study.Random 1 . 5 4 "1 . 5 8 1 . 2 4 "1 . 2 7 1 . 9 0 "1 . 9 5 N o n e o b s W i t h C h a r b o t e l e t a l . A D D I N E N . C I T E A D D I N E N . C I T E . D A T A [ H Y P E R L I N K \ l " _ E N R E F _ 1 8 " \ o " C h a r b o t e l , 2 0 0 6 # 1 3 2 " 1 8 ] h i g h c u m u l a t i v e d o s e + p e a k s i n s u b g r o u p ; a n d h i g h c u m u l a t i v e d o s e a n d h i g h c u m u l a t i v e d o s e + peaks in full study with and without 10-year lag and with and without additional adjustment for exposure to cutting fluids and other petroleum oils. Random1.471.201.79Not significant (p = 0.44)With Pesch et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_12" \o "Pesch, 2000 #167" 12] JEM. a Changing the primary analysis by one alternate RR each time.
HR = hazard ratio; JEM = job-exposure-matrix; LCL = lower confidence limit; obs = observable; RCC = renal cell carcinoma; RR = relative risk estimate; RRm = summary relative risk estimate; UCL = upper confidence limit.
Supplemental Table 4. Summary of some meta-analysis results for TCE and liver cancer.
Analysis# of studiesModelRRm95% LCL95% UCLHeterogeneityCommentsAll studies
(all cohort studies)9Random1.291.071.56None obs
(fixed = random)Statistical significance not dependent on single study, except for Raaschou-Nielsen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_15" \o "Raaschou-Nielsen, 2003 #168" 15], without which p=0.15. No apparent publication bias.Fixed1.291.071.56All studies; liver cancer only, when available9Random1.250.991.57None obsUsed RR estimates for liver cancer alone for the 3studies that presented these; remaining RR estimates are for liver and gall bladder/biliary passage cancers.Alternate RR selections a9Random1.281.061.55None obsWith RR = 1 assumed for Zhao et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_16" \o "Zhao, 2005 #184" 16] in lieu of Boice et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_8" \o "Boice, 2006 #128" 8].9Random1.341.091.63None obsWith Boice et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_9" \o "Boice, 1999 #126" 9] potential routine exposure rather than any potential exposure.9Random1.291.071.55None obsWith estimated female contribution to Axelson et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Axelson1994120[2]12012017Axelson, O.Selden, A.Andersson, K.Hogstedt, C.Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Linkoping, SwedenUpdated and expanded Swedish cohort study on trichloroethylene and cancer riskJ.Occup.Med.J.Occup.Med.556-562365NOT IN FILEAAdultadverse effectsarticlecancerCardiovascular DiseasesCohort StudiesConfidence IntervalsdeathepidemiologyexposureFemaleFollow-Up StudieshumanHumansIncidenceMaleMorbiditymortalityNeoplasmsOccupational DiseasesOccupational ExposurePopulationRiskstudySwedenTrichloroethyleneworker1994PM:8027881[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Axelson, 1994 #120" 2].9Random1.261.051.52None obsWith Morgan et al. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Morgan, 1998 #157" 6] published SMR.Highest exposure
groups6Random1.320.931.86None obs8Random1.280.931.77None obsPrimary analysis. Using RR=1 for Hansen et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Hansen2001142[13]14214217Hansen, J.Raaschou-Nielsen, O.Christensen, J. M.Johansen, I.McLaughlin, J. K.Lipworth, L.Blot, W. J.Olsen, J. H.Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. johnni@cancer.dkCancer incidence among Danish workers exposed to trichloroethyleneJ.Occup.Environ.Med.J.Occup.Environ.Med.133-139432NOT IN FILEadverse effectsarticlecancerchemically inducedDenmarkepidemiologyEsophageal NeoplasmsFemalehumanHumansIncidenceLymphomaLymphoma,Non-HodgkinMaleNeoplasmsOccupational ExposureResearchResearch SupportRiskTrichloroethyleneurineUterine Cervical Neoplasmsworker2001PM:11227631