The prevalence of active smokers in Italy is still very high (26.4% and 17.9%, respectively, for men and for women over 15 years of age) [6]. About 80,000 annual deaths are attributable to tobacco smoking in Italy (of which approximately 48% is due to cancer, 25% to cardiovascular disease, and 17% to respiratory disease) [7].

More than 25% of the deaths attributable to smoking occur in people between the ages of 35 and 65. Smoking is detrimental at any age, but the correlated risks of developing pathologies (cardiovascular, oncological, and respiratory) are closely correlated to the age the habit started. For example, a person who starts smoking at age 15 is three-times more likely to develop a cancer compared to an individual who starts smoking at age 20 [8,9].

Exposure to passive smoke causes an increased risk for respiratory disease (particularly in children) [10], for myocardial infarction [11] and for lung cancer [12]. Mothers’ smoking during pregnancy is the cause of many pathologies, with serious consequences on the neurobehavioral development of the infant; among the most prominent consequences to note is the significant reduction in birth weight [13] and an excess risk of sudden infant death (SIDS) [14]. Despite such epidemiological data, the negative effects of smoking in Italy are still underestimated by both the general population and health professionals.

Telephone-based tobacco cessation services, commonly known as quitlines or helplines, have many advantages that have made them a top cessation and health promotion strategies for several countries (e.g., USA, Australia, England, etc.). These advantages have led the Interagency Committee on Smoking and Health, Cessation Subcommittee, to recommend the establishment of a national network of state-managed quitlines to provide universal coverage for tobacco cessation [15].

Their effectiveness with smokers who use them is well established [16–18] and in many nations with comprehensive tobacco control programs, heplines play an integral role in media-based efforts to increase quittingattempts and to disseminate tobacco -related issues to the general population [19].

Consequently, recognising the potential of a centralised telephone service, several countries in the world have established nationwide tobacco helplines such as: Australian Quitline (from 1989), Scotland Antismoking Telephone Helpline, California Smokers’ Helpline (from 1992), Massachussetts Quitline, Oregon Quitline, Arizona Smokers’Helpline, Nevada Tobacco User's Helpline, Canadian Toll-free Quitlines, England Telephone Helpline (from 1994) [20]. In Italy, the Antismoking Helpline was set up in 2000, within the framework of the Italian Epidemiological Observatory on Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs of abuse located at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità. All of these helplines have their own specific characteristics that depend on the geographical place, on the professionals involved and on the specific objectives of the service.

Indeed, the majority of the above-mentioned helplines provide services through proactive counselling and in this case the counsellors use outbound calls. The outbound service, which often entails multiple follow-up sessions, is typically scheduled by agreement with the smoker. In this concern, the efficacy of such proactive interventions has been established by randomized, controlled trials [18]. Differently, the Italian Antismoking Helpline provides services through reactive counselling, answering to callers’ immediate requests for assistance but does not provide outbound counselling calls.

In general, the helplines have many advantages, such as their accessibility. A telephone operation eliminates many of the barriers of traditional cessation classes, such as having to wait for classes to form or needing to arrange for transportation. For example as evidence of the greater accessibility of helplines, surveys have indicated that smokers are several times more likely to use such a service than they are to use a face-to-face program [21,22].

Due to their quasi-anonymous nature, telephone services may also appeal to those who are reluctant to seek help provided in a group setting, helping them overcome what can be a significant psychological barrier [22].

Moreover, populations that are underrepresented in traditional cessation services, such as smokers of ethnic minority backgrounds, actively seek help from quitlines. Helplines are particularly helpful for people with limited mobility and those who live in rural or remote areas [23].

Another advantage of antismoking helplines is that the centralized nature of their operations creates opportunities for efficiency in executing the cessation component of a state’s tobacco control program. A single large-scale promotional campaign for a statewide quitline is more feasible than numerous smaller campaigns for a wide range of local programs. A centralized quitline can also serve as an information clearinghouse and provide direct referrals to local programs for callers who want to use them [19].

The Italian Antismoking Helpline, offered free of charge to all Italians, includes individual counselling, self help materials, information related to tobacco cessation, referral to local services and information about current legislation. It is important to underline that the Italian Helpline has been set up not only to address smokers toward cessation services (SCS), but also to provide useful counselling and information to various groups of targets (Table 1).

The service operates five days a week (Monday to Friday) between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. (working hours of the Public Institution which hosts the helpline), qualified counsellors provide service [24]. Voice mails are recorded during non-operation hours and public holidays. Overall, the Helpline received over 17,000 calls from May 2000 to December 2008. The Table 2 shows the socio-demographic profile of callers to the helpline and their main questions.

When a call comes into the Helpline, a staff member conducts a brief intake interview, gathering information about the caller (gender, age, geographic range, areas of interest, etc.); all data are then collected by the counsellors, in properly dedicated database. The main areas of interest are defined through the analysis of the main topics coming out during the phone calls.

Many callers are smokers or other tobacco users (61.4%) who are contemplating quitting; in this case the counsellor asks about tobacco use, previous quitting attempts, attitudes about quitting, and demographics. Those who are ready to quit receive information about smoking cessation services (SCS) set up within the Italian National Health Service (Servizio Sanitario Nazionale - SSN) and if they want self help materials, the staff will send it to their home address.

Some callers (9.8%) do not use tobacco themselves but are simply requesting information for a family member or a friend; the counsellor will support such callers in their effort to help the family member or friend. Other callers (7.2%) are people that want advice with respect to exposure to secondhand smoke. In these cases the Helpline Staff gives information on legislation to protect themselves and helps people to put in practice actions to eliminate the passive smoking exposure. Other callers (17.9%) are health care professionals, social workers, public and private institutions who request scientific material or cooperation to carry out studies and to promote health promotion campaigns.

In all these cases the methodology used by Helpline Staff is counselling and orienting the individual in recognizing personal, familiar and environmental resources.

The mean age of the people who contacted the Antismoking Helpline is 42 years. The most frequently represented age groups were 30–39 years (24.3%), 40–49 years (25.9%) and 50–59 years (23.1). The callers were interested in: psychological support, health care information, scientific and legislative information.

With respect to smokers, it has to be acknowledged that people younger than 25 years rarely (less than 5%) call the helpline, although it is know that 24% of smokers are younger than 25 years of age. Furthermore, even if in Italy 57.6% smokers are men and 42.4% are women, these latter are more prone to call the helpline than male smokers (56.3% women vs 43.2% men). Finally, the geographic range of callers fairly matches the regional distribution of active smokers.

Overall, about 80% of callers reported that they had heard about the helpline from media sources and about 11% said that their health care providers referred them. About 8% reported that they had heard about the Helpline from family or friends, who may have used the Helpline themselves or simply seen the media spots and passed the information along.

An important Italian Antismoking Helpline activity is the assessment of the Network of the Italian Cessation Services (SCS). Every year the Helpline Staff carries out an investigation aimed at providing information about structural and organizational characteristics of SCS set up within the Italian National Health Service. To obtain structural and organizational characteristics of smoking cessation services and monitor their activities, telephone interviews are held involving principal coordinators of each Italian SCS and the data is collected using a standard monitoring interview form, entered in a dedicated database and analyzed by SPSS 15.0 software [25].

The last update was carried out in April 2008, a total of 267 SCS were counted in a census: 149 (55.8%) belonging to the Local Care Departments, 109 (40.8%) to hospital’s organizations and 9 (3.4%) to both of them. These services provide different tobacco-use cessation programs. To assist the smokers, 94% of them suggest pharmacotherapies, 83.9% individual counselling and 62.5% group therapy. In addiction, 20% of them provide other treatments such as acupuncture, relaxation therapy and hypnotherapy. However in 97% of SCS, tobacco use cessation programs consist of a combination of the above mentioned therapeutic treatments.

A variety of health care professionals operate in the SCS, 96.8% of services is led by at least one physician who might operate alone (6.4%) or in a team with either clinical psychologists (59.9%) or other health care professionals (30.5%). To access to the tobacco-use cessation programs, 75% of the SCS require some patient contribution (e.g., ticket, association’s fee), 15% are cost-free and 10% a combination of both.

The national-based survey, a uniform method for gathering homogeneous and comparable data is the platform for the development of integrated, coordinated and effective tobacco cessation strategies.

The update allows the OssFAD to prepare a SCS Guide that represents a useful system to collect information that facilitates access to the services, by making the health services action on user demand easier and faster[ 26].

Moreover, the Helpline Staff carries out important research in cooperation with SCS and other Health Services, such as a prospective longitudinal multicentre study involving 41 smoking cessation services in 16 Italian regions to describe the characteristics and effectiveness of various smoking cessation programs offered by SCS.

The study population of 1,226 patients (54.2% males and 45.4% females), mean age 47 years entered smoking cessation programs between April 2003 and June 2004. Patients had a middle/high level of education (24.8% middle school, 46.9%, high school, 18.4% graduated) and a long history of active smoking (29.4 years); the majority were highly dependent on nicotine (23.5 cigarettes/day) and 61.1% of the participants reported previous attempts to quit smoking.

Results showed that at three months follow up, of the 84% participants still in contact with the SCS 45% declared to have quit smoking. At six months follow up, of the 66% participants still in contact with the SCS, 39% declared to have quit smoking and finally at 12 months the proportion of abstinents was still around 40% within contacted participants. Enrolling people in any type of therapeutic program, in particular nicotine replacement therapy combined with group therapy, increased the probability of successfully quitting smoking; moreover, patients that begin a smoking cessation program should be encouraged to complete the therapy. In general, participants who lost contact with the Center resulted more prone to smoking relapse [27].

These studies are helpful for monitoring activity on the qualities and efficacy of therapies provided by different SCSs. The constant monitoring of characteristics and activities is fundamental for the Helpline Staff to increase the access to local services and support efficiently the people who contact the Italian Helpline.

Moreover to support SCS’ activities the Helpline Staff sends them OssFAD materials and scientific disseminations on related-tobacco issues (self help material for smokers, manuals, scientific articles, posters). Indeed, this ongoing relationship between Antismoking Italian Helpline and SCS enables networking between the different structures.

The OssFAD is continuously publishing information material and self-help publications concerning tobacco smoking and smoking cessation. Some examples of publications are: the “Guidelines to quit smoking habit” aimed for family physicians who wish provide counselling to quit smoking for all the people coming for a visit; “Guidelines to quit smoking habit” for personal use (to be self administered), Risk Charts for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer, learning material such as CD, videos, DVD and books for primary and secondary schools, posters and pamphlets.

The Italian Antismoking Helpline has a key role in promoting and providing the above-mentioned kinds of materials. The telephone number (800-554088) of the service is reported with the aim to inform both on its use and on tobacco-related issues.

Particularly in recent years the Helpline Staff has given an important support for the tobacco use prevention projects promoted by OssFAD and addressed to school settings. These projects are a key element in the overall tobacco control program; in fact tobacco use is a crucial problem that typically starts during adolescence; in Italy t he percentage of smokers between 15 and 24 years is 24% [28].

For this reason primary prevention in schools setting is believed to be one of the most appropriate strategies to tackle substance use, also because schools offer a systematic and efficient way of reaching a large number of youngsters.

A recent Cochrane Review of school-based interventions to prevent drug use stated that only programs based on enhancing social skills have some chance of being effective [29]. The Cochrane report [30] affirms that it is necessary to support the programs based on the model of social influence with community interventions or with empowering social abilities to reinforce its effectiveness, because there is no strong evidence of the effectiveness of the interventions based only on the transmission of information.

Many studies [31] agree with World Health Organization (WHO) statement that it is important to develop Life Skills (LS) of young people to facilitate the development of the psychological skills that are required to deal with the demands and challenges of every day life.

For these reasons the OssFAD, in cooperation with other Italian Public Institutions, has produced the educational material for drug addictions prevention for the Italian primary, secondary and high schools [32].

The proposed methodology used to produce the educational material is innovative, because it starts from a perspective linked to the active participation of the beneficiaries. In fact in these last years new methodologies have been implemented which focused on the development of the life skills (decision making, critical thinking, problems solving, interpersonal relationship skills) and on the development of the competence of the beneficiaries [33].

The project was developed within several phases:

The collection of educational material on addiction prevention developed in Italy;

The Helpline Staff in this project has had a significant role in setting up the schools’ database, to promote educational material, to help the schools to develop the activities of prevention providing the learning material and indicate available sources to support the teaching activity. The Helpline Staff informed schools through a letter which explained the project and provided indications on the material and on the ways to obtain it.

A number of 3,521 primary, 2,231 secondary and 3,353 high schools were contacted, and out of those 4,098 schools (67.8% primary, 35% secondary and 31% high schools) all over Italy, answered and received the learning material. Answering a questionnaire on provided materials 80% of teachers agreed on usefulness of the materials, their pertinence and the easiness of proposed activities. For the teachers and the schools involved in this project, the Italian Antismoking Helpline has been an important institutional support easily available and free of charge.

The major goal of the anti-tobacco media campaigns is to denormalise tobacco use in society and motivate current users to quit [34,35]. Media was the most important referral source for Helpline callers, followed by health care providers. The helplines, by their nature, are frequently used to provide information and to promote anti-tobacco media campaigns because, as above mentioned, they are services that can be more accessible to those who traditionally have not had access to health information [36].

When used in conjunction with mass media campaigns, a major challenge for helpline service providers is to maintain a high call answering rate, while providing at least minimal assistance to all callers [37].

The media campaigns involve making specific media spots to encourage tobacco users and others people to call the Helpline. The oragnizers of the media campaign considered it important to send a message, along with the anti-tobacco agenda, that assistance is available for those who want to quit but also for those who need information about tobacco-related issues.

To generate calls by different kinds of people the Italian Antismoking Helpline was involved in numerous media campaigns and other initiatives. Various mass media strategies were launched including newspaper articles, press releases, press interviews of investigators and counsellors, advertisements in local newspapers, feature articles.

Helpline posters, leaflets, and bookmarkers were designed and sent to various agencies to promote the service including schools, tertiary institutions, nongovernment organizations (NGO), public hospitals, healthcare professional organizations/associations, District Offices, and other Government Departments. Finally the OssFAD web site (www.iss.it/ofad) provides information about Helpline (Figure 1).

These campaigns were based on several concepts of social marketing; one such concept is the primary and secondary audiences [38]. In these campaigns, tobacco users who can be encouraged to call helplines are the primary audience, but there are important secondary audiences as well [38], such as tobacco users who may not call the helpline, but who will nonetheless make an attempt to quit as a result of the campaign. Friends and family members of tobacco users, local tobacco control advocates, health care providers, and policy makers make up another secondary audience for helpline. An effective marketing campaign will strive to obtain buy-in from this audience, because these individuals can help to encourage tobacco users to call.

Consequently, developing partnerships with organizations that represent members of these audiences is important because these groups can help to broadcast the quitline’s message to audiences that it might not otherwise reach. Moreover, as above mentioned, the secondary audiences can have a support for themselves from Helpline.

It is hard to measure the effect of anti-tobacco media campaigns, of course, but our experience demonstrate that the number of calls received by the helpline and the kind of calls is very much influenced by media campaigns (Quit and Win, World No Tobacco Day, Health Ministry Campaigns, etc.). The Figure 2 shows the monthly trend of phone calls connected with main Italian Anti-Tobacco Campaigns.

In fact, the media campaigns and the helpline message can sometimes work together to produce a synergistic effect. An example is the coming into force in 2005 of Law 3 of 16th January 2003 regarding a smoking ban in all indoor public places (Sirchia Law). On this occasion the Italian Antismoking Helpline was involved to support the campaign to provide information about the law.

There were many mass media activities about the law and about the services to help people stop smoking; the Helpline’s telephone number was always mentioned in these activities. In this period there was a fourfold increase in the number of calls to the Italian Helpline, compared to the same week of the previous year (Figure 3).

The data shows that the variability in the number and kind of calls is connected with the attention given to the tobacco-related problems by health policies. Of course, the media campaign can affect not only those who actually call, but also those who don’t call, though it is hard to measure the effect of this case.

Ossip-Klein et al. [39] have shown, in a randomised study, which a majority of tobacco users who were informed of the existence of a helpline did not call for counselling services. However, the group that knew of the existence of a helpline was more likely to make an attempt to quit than the group that did not know about it. This suggests that it is beneficial to tag helpline telephone numbers to media happenings whenever it is appropriate.