Sociodemographic Associations of Physical Activity in People of Working Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What percentage of respondents meets the criteria of health-related physical activity formulated by the American College of Sports Medicine?
- Do such sociodemographic features as age, level of education, occupation, marital status, and the number of people in the household determine respondents’ compliance with ACSM recommendations for health-related physical activity?
- Are the strength and directions of relationships between physical activity and sociodemographic variables similar in both the studied women and men?
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The level of physical activity of the majority of respondents was insufficient to obtain significant health benefits.
- Age, level of education, occupation, marital status, and the number of people in the household significantly differentiated respondents’ physical activity.
- The highest physical activity was observed in persons aged up to 34 years, with a secondary education, manual workers, college students, single respondents, and respondents living in one- member households.
- The unemployed respondents of both sexes and the oldest men are two groups at particular risk of hypokinesia. Consequently, programs aimed at physical activity improvement should be addressed primarily to these groups.
- In the studied group, there were not many differences in the directions and strength of physical activity and sociodemographic characteristics in respondents of both sexes. The exceptions were the high physical activity of respondents aged 55–64 years, found only in the group of women, and the lowest level of physical activity among women from four-person households and men from two-person households.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (n = 4460) | Women (n = 2331) | Men (n = 2129) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Age (years) | ||||||
15–24 | 620 | 13.9 | 317 | 13.6 | 303 | 14.2 |
25–34 | 1189 | 26.7 | 609 | 26.1 | 580 | 27.2 |
35–44 | 882 | 19.8 | 444 | 19.0 | 438 | 20.6 |
45–54 | 756 | 17.0 | 396 | 17.0 | 360 | 16.9 |
55–64 | 1013 | 22.6 | 565 | 24.3 | 448 | 21.1 |
Education | ||||||
primary and basic vocational | 1740 | 39.0 | 802 | 34.4 | 938 | 44.1 |
secondary | 1617 | 36.3 | 996 | 42.7 | 621 | 29.2 |
higher | 1103 | 24.7 | 533 | 22.9 | 570 | 26.7 |
Occupation | ||||||
manual worker | 1165 | 26.1 | 424 | 18.2 | 741 | 34.8 |
white-collar worker | 1356 | 30.4 | 764 | 32.8 | 592 | 27.8 |
self-employed | 616 | 13.8 | 216 | 9.3 | 400 | 18.8 |
student | 637 | 14.3 | 441 | 18.9 | 196 | 9.2 |
pensioner | 283 | 6.3 | 240 | 10.3 | 43 | 2.0 |
unemployed | 403 | 9.1 | 246 | 10.5 | 157 | 7.4 |
Marital status | ||||||
unmarried | 1828 | 41.0 | 1000 | 42.9 | 828 | 38.9 |
married | 2632 | 59.0 | 1331 | 57.1 | 1301 | 61.1 |
Number of people in the household | ||||||
1 | 561 | 12.6 | 218 | 9.4 | 343 | 16.1 |
2 | 1003 | 22.5 | 564 | 24.2 | 439 | 20.6 |
3 | 1264 | 28.3 | 675 | 29.0 | 589 | 27.7 |
4 | 1173 | 26.3 | 622 | 26.7 | 551 | 25.9 |
≥5 | 459 | 10.3 | 252 | 10.7 | 207 | 9.7 |
Variable | Category | Energy Expenditure of Physical Activity (METmin/week) | Test Post Hoc—p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Me | Q | H (Z) | p | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | ||
Age (years) | (1) 18–24 | 2430.0 | 1165.0 | 42.2 | 0.00 | x | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | x |
(2) 25–34 | 2565.0 | 1404.2 | 1.00 | x | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | x | |||
(3) 35–44 | 1980.0 | 1147.5 | 0.04 | 0.00 | x | 1.00 | 1.00 | x | |||
(4) 45–54 | 1752.0 | 1042.5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | x | 1.00 | x | |||
(5) 55–64 | 1880.0 | 1181.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | x | x | |||
Education | (1) primary | 1950.0 | 1200.0 | 47.1 | 0.00 | x | 0.00 | 0.00 | x | x | x |
(2) secondary | 2586.0 | 1392.3 | 0.00 | x | 1.00 | x | x | x | |||
(3) higher | 2556.0 | 1802.2 | 0.00 | 1.00 | x | x | x | x | |||
Occupation | (1) unemployed | 1752.0 | 845.0 | 65.0 | 0.00 | x | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(2) student | 2748.0 | 1357.7 | 0.00 | x | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |||
(3) pensioner | 1950.0 | 1520.5 | 0.45 | 0.00 | x | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.06 | |||
(4) worker | 2785.0 | 1428.0 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | x | 0.00 | 1.00 | |||
(5) white collar | 2100.0 | 1438.2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | x | 0.19 | |||
(6) self-employed | 2641.5 | 1227.0 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 0.19 | x | |||
Marital status | (1) unmarried | 2550.0 | 1341.0 | 5.3 | 0.00 | x | x | x | x | x | x |
(2) married | 2175.0 | 1379.0 | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Number of people in the household | (1) 1 | 2696.0 | 1502.2 | 13.7 | 0.00 | x | 1.00 | 0.82 | 1.00 | 0.18 | x |
(2) 2 | 2670.0 | 1210.0 | 1.00 | x | 1.00 | 0.38 | 1.00 | x | |||
(3) 3 | 2455.0 | 1387.5 | 0.82 | 1.00 | x | 0.08 | 1.00 | x | |||
(4) 4 | 2034.0 | 1174.0 | 1.00 | 0.38 | 0.08 | x | 0.02 | x | |||
(5) ≥5 | 2565.0 | 1331.2 | 0.18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.02 | x | x |
Variable | Category | Energy Expenditure of Physical Activity (METmin/week) | Test Post Hoc—p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Me | Q | H (Z) | p | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | ||
Age (years) | (1) 18–24 | 3386.0 | 1344.0 | 97.3 | 0.00 | x | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | x |
(2) 25–34 | 3066.0 | 1653.3 | 0.00 | x | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | x | |||
(3) 35–44 | 2316.0 | 1246.5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | x | 0.00 | 1.00 | x | |||
(4) 45–54 | 3105.0 | 1713.3 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | x | 0.05 | x | |||
(5) 55–64 | 2031.0 | 1518.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.05 | x | x | |||
Education | (1) primary | 2190.0 | 1680.0 | 25.2 | 0.00 | x | 0.00 | 0.11 | x | xx | x |
(2) secondary | 2994.0 | 1672.5 | 0.00 | x | 0.03 | x | x | x | |||
(3) higher | 2649.0 | 1555.7 | 0.11 | 0.03 | x | x | x | x | |||
Occupation | (1) unemployed | 2072.0 | 720.0 | 58.0 | 0.00 | x | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 1.00 |
(2) student | 3220.5 | 1248.3 | 0.00 | x | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
(3) pensioner | 3390.0 | 1302.0 | 0.00 | 1.00 | x | 1.00 | 0.11 | 0.02 | |||
(4) worker | 2745.0 | 1776.0 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 1.00 | x | 0.03 | 0.00 | |||
(5) white collar | 2346.0 | 1404.3 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.03 | x | 1.00 | |||
(6) self-employed | 2316.0 | 1773.0 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 1.00 | x | |||
Marital status | (1) unmarried | 2910.0 | 1528.8 | 5.41 | 0.00 | x | x | x | x | x | |
(2) married | 2316.0 | 1584.0 | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
Number of people in the household | (1) 1 | 2796.0 | 1885.5 | 16.6 | 0.00 | x | 0.05 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | x |
(2) 2 | 2072.0 | 1393.5 | 0.05 | x | 0.02 | 0.32 | 0.00 | x | |||
(3) 3 | 2499.0 | 1588.0 | 1.00 | 0.02 | x | 1.00 | 1.00 | x | |||
(4) 4 | 2613.0 | 1194.0 | 1.00 | 0.32 | 1.00 | x | 0.44 | x | |||
(5) ≥5 | 2925.0 | 1687.5 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.44 | x | x |
Variable | ACSM | OR | CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||||
n | % | n | % | −95% | 95% | ||
Age (years) | |||||||
18–24 | 139 | 43.8 | 178 | 56.2 | Ref. | - | |
25–34 | 291 | 47.8 | 318 | 52.2 | 1.172 | 0.89 | 1.54 |
35–44 | 152 | 34.2 | 292 | 65.8 | 0.667 | 0.50 | 0.90 |
45–54 | 160 | 40.4 | 236 | 59.6 | 0.868 | 0.64 | 1.17 |
55–64 | 266 | 47.1 | 299 | 52.9 | 1.139 | 0.86 | 1.50 |
Education | |||||||
primary and basic vocational | 293 | 36.5 | 509 | 63.5 | Ref. | - | |
secondary | 503 | 50.5 | 493 | 49.5 | 1.772 | 1.47 | 2.14 |
higher | 212 | 39.8 | 321 | 60.2 | 1.147 | 0.92 | 1.44 |
Occupation | |||||||
manual worker | 230 | 54.2 | 194 | 45.8 | Ref. | - | |
white collar worker | 292 | 38.2 | 472 | 61.8 | 0.522 | 0.41 | 0.66 |
self-employed | 95 | 44.0 | 121 | 56.0 | 0.662 | 0.48 | 0.92 |
student | 220 | 49.9 | 221 | 50.1 | 0.840 | 0.64 | 1.10 |
pensioner | 97 | 40.4 | 143 | 59.6 | 0.572 | 0.42 | 0.79 |
unemployed | 74 | 30.1 | 172 | 69.9 | 0.363 | 0.26 | 0.51 |
Marital status | |||||||
unmarried | 496 | 49.6 | 504 | 50.4 | Ref. | - | |
married | 512 | 38.5 | 819 | 61.5 | 0.635 | 0.54 | 0.75 |
Number of persons in the household | |||||||
1 | 111 | 50.9 | 107 | 49.1 | Ref. | - | |
2 | 223 | 39.5 | 341 | 60.5 | 0.630 | 0.46 | 0.86 |
3 | 309 | 45.8 | 366 | 54.2 | 0.814 | 0.60 | 1.10 |
4 | 249 | 40.0 | 373 | 60.0 | 0.644 | 0.47 | 0.88 |
≥ 5 | 116 | 46.0 | 136 | 54.0 | 0.822 | 0.57 | 1.18 |
Variable | ACSM | OR | CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||||
n | % | n | % | −95% | 95% | ||
Age (years) | |||||||
18–24 | 192 | 63.4 | 111 | 36.6 | Ref. | - | |
25–34 | 319 | 55.0 | 261 | 45.0 | 0.707 | 0.53 | 0.94 |
35–44 | 137 | 31.3 | 301 | 68.7 | 0.263 | 0.19 | 0.36 |
45–54 | 173 | 48.1 | 187 | 51.9 | 0.535 | 0.39 | 0.73 |
55–64 | 122 | 27.2 | 326 | 72.8 | 0.216 | 0.16 | 0.30 |
Education | |||||||
primary and basic vocational | 396 | 42.2 | 542 | 57.8 | Ref. | - | |
secondary | 323 | 52.0 | 298 | 48.0 | 1.484 | 1.21 | 1.82 |
higher | 224 | 39.3 | 346 | 60.7 | 0.886 | 0.72 | 1.10 |
Occupation | |||||||
manual worker | 402 | 54.3 | 339 | 45.7 | Ref. | - | |
white collar worker | 215 | 36.3 | 377 | 63.7 | 0.481 | 0.39 | 0.60 |
self-employed | 137 | 34.3 | 263 | 65.8 | 0.439 | 0.34 | 0.57 |
student | 120 | 61.2 | 76 | 38.8 | 1.332 | 0.97 | 1.84 |
pensioner | 29 | 67.4 | 14 | 32.6 | 1.747 | 0.91 | 3.36 |
unemployed | 40 | 25.5 | 117 | 74.5 | 0.288 | 0.20 | 0.42 |
Marital status | |||||||
unmarried | 462 | 55.8 | 366 | 44.2 | Ref. | - | |
married | 481 | 37.0 | 820 | 63.0 | 0.465 | 0.39 | 0.55 |
Number of persons in the household | |||||||
1 | 186 | 54.2 | 157 | 45.8 | Ref. | - | |
2 | 131 | 29.8 | 308 | 70.2 | 0.359 | 0.27 | 0.48 |
3 | 280 | 47.5 | 309 | 52.5 | 0.765 | 0.59 | 1.00 |
4 | 263 | 47.7 | 288 | 52.3 | 0.771 | 0.59 | 1.01 |
≥ 5 | 83 | 40.1 | 124 | 59.9 | 0.565 | 0.40 | 0.80 |
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Puciato, D. Sociodemographic Associations of Physical Activity in People of Working Age. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122134
Puciato D. Sociodemographic Associations of Physical Activity in People of Working Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(12):2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122134
Chicago/Turabian StylePuciato, Daniel. 2019. "Sociodemographic Associations of Physical Activity in People of Working Age" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122134