Hair as a Biomarker of Long Term Mercury Exposure in Brazilian Amazon: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
- (1)
- Increase the technical capacity for Hg determination in the region;
- (2)
- Implement an environmental health surveillance program that considerers the Amazonian life style, behavior and ecosystem dynamics;
- (3)
- A follow up program to monitor the Hg content and health of individuals that presents high levels of Hg on biological matrices.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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Strategy | Keywords |
---|---|
#1 | Mercury and hair and Amazon |
#2 | Methylmercury and hair and Amazon |
#3 | Mercury and Brazil and Amazonia |
#4 | Mercury and Amazon |
Year | Author | Locality | State | n | Type of Population According to the Author | Population Specificity | Type of the Population According to the Present Study | Range Hg (µg g−1) | Mean Hg (µg g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | Barbosa A.C. [16] | Fresco River | PA | 28 | Kayapo women | childbearing women | I | 0.8–13.7 | 8.11 |
Madeira River | RO | 98 | non-indigenous women | childbearing women | W | 2.6–94.7 | 14.08 | ||
Fresco River | PA | 54 | Kayapo children | nd | I | 2.0–20.4 | 7.30 | ||
Madeira River | RO | 71 | non-indigenous children | nd | C | 0.8–44.4 | 10.82 | ||
1998 | Kehrig H.A. [17] | Balbina Village | AM | 53 | total of population studied | nd | G | nd | 6.54 |
16 | children | female | C | 1.3–22.0 | 7.7 | ||||
12 | children | male | C | 2.5–11.4 | 5.3 | ||||
12 | adults | female | A | 2.2–15.5 | 7.4 | ||||
13 | adults | male | A | 1.2–12.2 | 5.5 | ||||
1998 | Barbosa A.C. [18] | Madeira River | RO | 37 | women | nd | W | 2.0–37.2 | 14.3 |
37 | children | 0.5–15 months | C | 1.4–34.2 | 9.8 | ||||
1999 | Silva-Forsberg M.C. [19] | total (all the populations studied) | AM | 154 | total of population studied | 0.2–66 y.o | G | 5.76–171.24 | 75.46 |
Acariquara, Rio Urubaxi | 15 | nd | 0.3–56 y.o | G | 14.37–146.25 | 69.18 | |||
Tupuruquara, Rio Marie | 57 | nd | 0.2–66 y.o | G | 10.44–171.24 | 97.44 | |||
Macuna, Rio Uneiuxi | 17 | nd | 0.7–52 y.o | G | 22.17–129.19 | 76.75 | |||
Perseverança, Rio Negro | 23 | nd | 0.2–65 y.o | G | 15.77–122.32 | 65.72 | |||
Ilha do Pinto. Rio Negro | 12 | nd | 1.6–37 y.o | G | 19.02–100.95 | 69.58 | |||
Tapera. Rio Padauari | 11 | nd | 2–59 y.o | G | 19.20–55.59 | 37.48 | |||
Tapereira. Rio Negro | 10 | nd | 2–47 y.o | G | 24.94–110.51 | 69.10 | |||
Aldeia Maia. Rio Maia | 7 | nd | 13–40 y.o | G | 5.76–63.02 | 28.02 | |||
Sitio Velho. Rio Marauia | 2 | nd | 42–62 y.o | A | 13.93–62.57 | 38.25 | |||
1999 | Guimaraes J.R.D. [20] | Pracuuba Lake | AP | 15 | fishermen and their family | nd | nd | nd | 16.7 |
Duas Bocas Lake | 15 | fishermen and their family | nd | nd | nd | 28 | |||
2000 | Hacon S. [21] | Alta Floresta | MT | 75 | pregnant women | 14–45 y.o | W | 0.051–8.2 | 1.12 |
2000 | Santos E.C.O. [22] | Brasília Legal | PA | 220 | total of population studied | 0–>65 y.o | G | 0.53–49.99 | 11.75 |
30 | nd | 0–5 y.o | C | 1.09–20.46 | 5.84 | ||||
68 | nd | 6–10 y.o | C | 0.70–35.80 | 13.06 | ||||
33 | nd | 11–15 y.o | C | 1.22–47.00 | 14.2 | ||||
12 | nd | 16–20 y.o | A | 5.56–19.90 | 13.39 | ||||
10 | nd | 21–25 y.o | A | 1.40–29.50 | 15.25 | ||||
9 | nd | 26–30 y.o | A | 3.70–21.40 | 11.06 | ||||
16 | nd | 31–35 y.o | A | 2.84–37.20 | 12.57 | ||||
12 | nd | 36–40 y.o | A | 5.0–33.0 | 14.21 | ||||
1 | nd | 41–45 y.o | A | nd | 11.7 | ||||
7 | nd | 46–50 y.o | A | 1.02–14.24 | 7.06 | ||||
8 | nd | 51–55 y.o | A | 3.57–49.99 | 11.53 | ||||
5 | nd | 56–60 y.o | A | 0.53–7.07 | 4.93 | ||||
6 | nd | 61–65 y.o | A | 5.01–15.94 | 11.33 | ||||
3 | nd | >65 y.o | A | 2.78–16.46 | 7.45 | ||||
São Luiz do Tapajós | 327 | total of population studied | 0–>65 y.o | G | 0.10–94.50 | 19.91 | |||
75 | nd | 0–5 y.o | C | 0.10–94.50 | 21.06 | ||||
74 | nd | 6–10 y.o | C | 2.40–52.50 | 22.1 | ||||
51 | nd | 11–15 y.o | C | 3.90–61.80 | 23.24 | ||||
21 | nd | 16–20 y.o | A | 2.10–33.60 | 19.11 | ||||
21 | nd | 21–25 y.o | A | 1.73–32.0 | 15.68 | ||||
15 | nd | 26–30 y.o | A | 3.90–34.90 | 15.34 | ||||
15 | nd | 31–35 y.o | A | 5.10–38.0 | 18.98 | ||||
15 | nd | 36–40 y.o | A | 2.60–27.8 | 14.31 | ||||
14 | nd | 41–45 y.o | A | 3.20–33.60 | 15.13 | ||||
8 | nd | 46–50 y.o | A | 4.0–47.0 | 21.71 | ||||
4 | nd | 51–55 y.o | A | 5.90–20.60 | 15.4 | ||||
6 | nd | 56–60 y.o | A | 7.90–27.60 | 17.13 | ||||
3 | nd | 61–65 y.o | A | 3.8–27.80 | 12.6 | ||||
5 | nd | >65 y.o | A | 3.20–20.80 | 12.6 | ||||
Santana de Ituqui | 321 | total of population studied | 0–>65 y.o | G | 0.40–11.60 | 4.33 | |||
37 | nd | 0–5 y.o | C | 0.50–8.50 | 3.67 | ||||
81 | nd | 6–10 y.o | C | 0.40–10.9 | 4.44 | ||||
62 | nd | 11–15 y.o | C | 2.0–11.6 | 4.47 | ||||
25 | nd | 16–20 y.o | A | 2.5–9.60 | 5 | ||||
17 | nd | 21–25 y.o | A | 1.30–7.10 | 3.34 | ||||
16 | nd | 26–30 y.o | A | 1.70–9.20 | 4.69 | ||||
19 | nd | 31–35 y.o | A | 1.90–9.60 | 5.36 | ||||
18 | nd | 36–40 y.o | A | 1.20–6.0 | 3.44 | ||||
10 | nd | 41–45 y.o | A | 2.70–6.80 | 4.18 | ||||
10 | nd | 46–50 y.o | A | 1.90–6.40 | 4.02 | ||||
9 | nd | 51–55 y.o | A | 2.30–9.0 | 5.39 | ||||
6 | nd | 56–60 y.o | A | 3.10–6.90 | 4.37 | ||||
4 | nd | 61–65 y.o | A | 1.90–9.0 | 4.15 | ||||
7 | nd | >65 y.o | A | 0.70–5.70 | 3.61 | ||||
2000 | Dolbec J. [23] | Cametá | PA | 68 | total of population studied | 12–79 y.o | G | nd | 10.8 |
2001 | Barbosa A.C. [24] | Negro River | AM | 73 | children | <15 y.o | C | 0.51–45.89 | 18.52 |
76 | adults | >15 y.o | A | 1.66–59.01 | 21.4 | ||||
2001 | Harada M. [25] | Barreiras | PA | 76 | fisherman and family | 1–67, mean 28 y.o | G | 1.8–53.8 | 16.4 |
Rainhas | 12 | fisherman and family | 7–53, mean 31 y.o | G | 3.1–34.5 | 14.1 | |||
São Luiz do Tapajós | 44 | fisherman and family | 3–47, mean 21 y.o | G | 5.1–42.2 | 20.8 | |||
Special group from Barreiras, Rainha and São Luiz do Tapajós | 50 | eligible subjects examined clinically that presented high level of Hg (>20 ppm) from March 1994 to February 1998 | 3–65, mean 25 y.o | G | 5.1–42.7 | 23.6 | |||
2002 | Crompton P. [26] | Jacareacanga | PA | 205 | total of population studied | general population, except children under 2 y.o | G | 0.3–83.2 | 8.6 |
nd | men | nd | M | nd | 11.0 | ||||
nd | women | nd | W | nd | 6.7 | ||||
2003 | Passos C.J. [27] | Brasília Legal | PA | 26 | adults women | 23–62, mean 41 y.o | W | 4.0–20.0 | 10.0 |
2003 | Santos E.C.O. [28] | Guajará Mirim e Nova Mamoré | RO | 910 | total of studied population (Pakaanova indigenous) | 0–>45 y.o | I | 0.52–83.89 | 8.37 |
57 | nd | 0–2 y.o | I | 1.48–83.89 | 10.54 | ||||
115 | nd | 3–5 y.o | I | 1.67–47.22 | 9.34 | ||||
152 | nd | 6–10 y.o | I | 0.52–63.81 | 8.16 | ||||
114 | nd | 11–15 y.o | I | 0.65–31.11 | 6.86 | ||||
177 | nd | 16–25 y.o | I | 0.65–39.42 | 8.45 | ||||
114 | nd | 26–35 y.o | I | 1.37–28.64 | 8.56 | ||||
50 | nd | 36–45 y.o | I | 1.49–21.25 | 8.39 | ||||
131 | nd | >45 y.o | I | 1.37–25.84 | 7.84 | ||||
2005 | Dorea J.G. [29] | Teles Pires (Tapajós Basin) | PA | 47 | Kayabi indigenous | Kayabi community from Teles Pires | I | nd | 12.8 |
249 | Munduruku indigenous | Munduruku community from Teles Pires | I | nd | 3.4 | ||||
2005 | Santos E.C.O. [30] | São Gabriel da Cachoeira | AM | 157 | total of population studied | 0–>40 y.o | G | 0.30–83.11 | 13.02 |
9 | nd | 0–5 y.o | C | 1.01–14.40 | 5.71 | ||||
8 | nd | 6–10 y.o | C | 2.05–15.00 | 7.35 | ||||
37 | nd | 11–20 y.o | NC | 0.94–22.81 | 7.346 | ||||
45 | nd | 21–30 y.o | A | 0.30–59.16 | 11.67 | ||||
33 | nd | 31–40 y.o | A | 1.03–60.00 | 16.56 | ||||
26 | nd | >40 y.o | A | 2.41–83.11 | 22.88 | ||||
Barcelos | 242 | total of population studied | 0–>40 y.o | G | 0.07–52.04 | 9.671 | |||
17 | nd | 0–5 y.o | C | 0.83–25.89 | 7.46 | ||||
25 | nd | 6–10 y.o | C | 0.76–27.46 | 6.85 | ||||
44 | nd | 11–20 y.o | NC | 0.07–21.53 | 7.00 | ||||
62 | nd | 21–30 y.o | A | 0.25–42.64 | 9.05 | ||||
27 | nd | 31–40 y.o | A | 0.23–52.04 | 12.02 | ||||
67 | nd | >40 y.o | A | 2.60–32.86 | 12.67 | ||||
2005 | Tavares L.M.B. [31] | Riverine communities of Bocas de Conchas, Cuiabá Mirim, Estirão Cumprido and Porto Brandão located near of Barão de Melgaço | MT | 72 | riverine children | 3–7 y.o | C | 0.58–17.14 | 5.37 |
Barão de Melgaço | 114 | urban children | 3–7 y.o | C | 0.38–7.57 | 2.08 | |||
2005 | Klautau-Guimaraes M.N. [32] | Teles Pires | PA | 65 | total of population studied (Kayabi indigenous) | 0–>61, mean 24.53 y.o | I | nd | 14.75 |
33 | Kayabi indigenous | 0–20 y.o | I | nd | 17.86 | ||||
25 | Kayabi indigenous | 21–40 y.o | I | nd | 11.97 | ||||
5 | Kayabi indigenous | 41–60 y.o | I | nd | 14.35 | ||||
2 | Kayabi indigenous | >61 y.o | I | nd | 15.17 | ||||
117 | total of population studied (Munduruku indigenous) | 0–>61, mean 30.90 y.o | I | nd | nd | ||||
34 | Munduruku indigenous | 0–20 y.o | I | nd | 4.26 | ||||
56 | Munduruku indigenous | 21–40 y.o | I | nd | 3.65 | ||||
20 | Munduruku indigenous | 41–60 y.o | I | nd | 3.75 | ||||
7 | Munduruku indigenous | >61 y.o | I | nd | 3.72 | ||||
2006 | Alves M.F.A. [33] | total (all the riverine populations studied) | AM | 105 | total of adult studied population | 18–50, mean 32 y.o | A | nd | 35.4 |
Mariuá (Negro River) | 3 | adults | nd | A | nd | 24.9 | |||
Marará (Negro River) | 17 | adults | nd | A | nd | 27.3 | |||
Piloto (Negro River) | 25 | adults | nd | A | nd | 33.2 | |||
Ponta da Terra (Cuiuni River) | 12 | adults | nd | A | nd | 38.2 | |||
São Luiz (Negro River) | 21 | adults | nd | A | nd | 41.4 | |||
Cumaru (Negro River) | 16 | adults | nd | A | nd | 43.7 | |||
Baturité (Negro River) | 11 | adults | nd | A | nd | 33 | |||
Manaus | 105 | total of studied population | 18–50, mean 28 y.o | A | nd | 1.0 | |||
2006 | Bastos W.R. [34] | total (all the populations studied) | RO | 713 | total of population studied | nd | nd | 5.99–150 | 15.22 |
Calama | 34 | nd | nd | nd | 0.50–22.48 | 9.02 | |||
Boa Vitoria | 3 | nd | nd | nd | 10.86–17.05 | 13.82 | |||
Cujubim | 12 | nd | nd | nd | 1.55–14.67 | 6.30 | |||
Firmesa | 4 | nd | nd | nd | 9.40–14.80 | 11.21 | |||
Itacoa | 6 | nd | nd | nd | 5.28–16.00 | 11.97 | |||
Nazaré | 64 | nd | nd | nd | 0.63–22.60 | 10.65 | |||
Papagaios | 13 | nd | nd | nd | 4.76–27.22 | 13.72 | |||
Santa Rosa | 19 | nd | nd | nd | 7.68–20.78 | 13.99 | |||
São Carlos | 15 | nd | nd | nd | 1.84–22.83 | 9.51 | |||
Terra Caida | 7 | nd | nd | nd | 5.01–14.61 | 9.61 | |||
Sto Antônio do Pau Queimado | 14 | nd | nd | nd | 5.87–26.86 | 14.69 | |||
Puruzinho | AM | 28 | nd | nd | nd | 4.57–28.27 | 14.83 | ||
Livramento | 15 | nd | nd | nd | 18.96–63.54 | 36.89 | |||
Valparaiso | 21 | nd | nd | nd | 2.98–82.38 | 18.93 | |||
Auxiliadora | 34 | nd | nd | nd | 1.12–22.78 | 9.34 | |||
Curralinho | 5 | nd | nd | nd | 10.70–34.49 | 19.69 | |||
Nazaré do Retiro | 15 | nd | nd | nd | 9.69–24.77 | 17.90 | |||
Novos Prazeres | 20 | nd | nd | nd | 2.77–24.28 | 11.90 | |||
São Pedro | 14 | nd | nd | nd | 6.61–28.00 | 15.77 | |||
Barreiras do Manicoré | 9 | nd | nd | nd | 1.45–23.04 | 10.82 | |||
Cachoeirinha | 14 | nd | nd | nd | 1.54–37.22 | 14.74 | |||
São Lazaro | 6 | nd | nd | nd | 2.50–23.37 | 9.48 | |||
Maraca II | 6 | nd | nd | nd | 8.57–15.69 | 11.37 | |||
Vista Nova | 4 | nd | nd | nd | 21.40–28.54 | 25.69 | |||
Vista Alegre | 17 | nd | nd | nd | 7.28–26.28 | 16.02 | |||
Bom Suspiro | 12 | nd | nd | nd | 6.43–30.06 | 16.29 | |||
Carara | 39 | nd | nd | nd | 4.18–34.71 | 18.13 | |||
Miriti | 16 | nd | nd | nd | 6.70–50.37 | 22.34 | |||
São Sebastiao (Lago Lucio) | 17 | nd | nd | nd | 6.61–18.52 | 12.84 | |||
Boca do Carapanatuba | 18 | nd | nd | nd | 3.43–19.22 | 10.45 | |||
São Sebastiao do Tapuru | 18 | nd | nd | nd | 20.43–150.00 | 62.76 | |||
Moanenses | 13 | nd | nd | nd | 3.26–20.49 | 12.73 | |||
Três Casas | 9 | nd | nd | nd | 5.62–70.70 | 33.07 | |||
Boa Ventura | 7 | nd | nd | nd | 4.73–35.79 | 16.55 | |||
Auara Grande | 19 | nd | nd | nd | 6.21–24.98 | 15.97 | |||
Fazenda Tabocal | 2 | nd | nd | nd | 0.50–1.50 | 1.00 | |||
Remanso | 12 | nd | nd | nd | 8.36–29.02 | 18.16 | |||
Arapapa | 7 | nd | nd | nd | 10.43–21.33 | 16.56 | |||
Axinim | 13 | nd | nd | nd | 3.27–23.02 | 8.65 | |||
Espirito Santo | 18 | nd | nd | nd | 3.51–21.28 | 12.47 | |||
Santa Maria | 7 | nd | nd | nd | 6.70–16.84 | 9.28 | |||
Caicara | 23 | nd | nd | nd | 1.94–17.98 | 10.04 | |||
Paquique | 6 | nd | nd | nd | 7.49–11.57 | 9.23 | |||
Uricurituba | 46 | nd | nd | nd | 0.36–19.12 | 9.09 | |||
Santa Rosa II | 12 | nd | nd | nd | 5.81–16.89 | 11.65 | |||
2006 | Fillion M. [35] | Tapajós (São Luiz do Tapajós, Nova Canaã, Santo Antônio, Mussum, Vista Alegre, Açaituba) | PA | 251 | adults | 15–89, mean 35.2 y.o | A | 0.21–77.2 | 17.8 |
2007 | Passos C.J. [36] | Tapajós (São Luiz do Tapajós, Nova Canaã, Santo Antônio, Ipaupixuna, Novo Paraiso, Teca, Timbó, Açaituba, Campo Alegre, Sumauma, Vista Alegre, Mussum, Santa Cruz) | PA | 449 | adults | 15–89, mean 38.6 y.o | A | 0.2–58.3 | 16.8 |
2007 | Pinheiro M.C.N. [37] | Panacauera | PA | 8 | children | 0–1 y.o | C | 0.39–4.66 | 1.11 |
13 | children | 2–6 y.o | C | 0.65–5.16 | 2.27 | ||||
15 | children | 7–12 y.o | C | 0.86–9.46 | 2.99 | ||||
Barreiras (Tapajós Basin) | 17 | children | 0–1 y.o | C | 1.80–15.70 | 5.35 | |||
45 | children | 2–6 y.o | C | 1.43–23.60 | 6.21 | ||||
22 | children | 7–12 y.o | C | 1.63–14.50 | 6.72 | ||||
São Luiz do Tapajós | 11 | children | 0–1 y.o | C | 1.99–30.30 | 5.97 | |||
23 | children | 2–6 y.o | C | 2.76–53.80 | 13.22 | ||||
14 | children | 7–12 y.o | C | 1.34–38.80 | 10.83 | ||||
2008 | Passos C.J.S. [38] | Tapajós (São Luiz do Tapajós, Nova Canaã, Santo Antônio, Vista Alegre, Mussum, Açaituba) | PA | 256 | adults | 15–89, mean 35.3 y.o | A | 0.2–58.3 | 17.9 |
2009 | Fillion M. [39] | Tapajós (São Luiz do Tapajós, Nova Canaã, Santo Antônio, Mussum, Vista Alegre, Açaituba, Santa Cruz, Sumauma, Campo Alegre, Ipaupixuna, Novo Paraiso, Curi-Teca, Curi-Timbó) | PA | 456 | adults | 15–>65 y.o | A | 0.2–77.7 | 17.8 |
2010 | Grotto D. [40] | Tapajós | PA | 108 | total of population studied | mean 41.1 y.o | nd | 1–57.8 | 13.7 |
54 | men | nd | M | nd | 11.5 | ||||
54 | women | nd | W | nd | 8.8 | ||||
2010 | Bortoli M.C. [41] | Novo Airão | AM | 55 | women | mean 32.3 y.o | W | 0.04–18.67 | 5.67 |
2012 | Barcelos G.R.M. [42] | Tapajós | PA | 144 | adults | 15–83, mean 43 y.o | A | 1–43.3 | 10.4 |
2012 | Dutra M.D.S. [43] | Itaituba | PA | 90 | children | population from urban area, samples collected in 2004 | C | nd | 1.01 |
47 | children | population from urban area, samples collected in 2006 | C | nd | 1.18 | ||||
90 | children | population from urban area, samples collected in 2010 | C | nd | 1.18 | ||||
2012 | Farias L.A. [44] | Manaus | AM | 201 | children | 2–7 y.o | C | 0.02–34.4 | 1.93 |
2013 | Khoury E.D.T. [45] | Barreiras | PA | 78 | general population | 13–53 y.o | G | nd | 8.66 |
São Luiz do Tapajós | 30 | general population | 13–53 y.o | G | nd | 9.19 | |||
Furo do Maracujá | 49 | general population | 13–53 y.o | G | nd | 0.73 | |||
2014 | Rocha A.V. [46] | Demarcação—Machado River | RO | 10 | children | 3–9 y.o | C | nd | 3.57 |
Gleba do Rio Preto | 10 | children | 3–9 y.o | C | nd | 6.24 | |||
2015 | Faial K. [47] | Itaituba | PA | 6 | male | 0–2 y.o | C | 4.14–9.79 | 6.85 |
6 | male | 3–5 y.o | C | 16.01–23.80 | 19.57 | ||||
10 | male | 6–10 y.o | C | 12.59–24.93 | 18.58 | ||||
6 | male | 11–15 y.o | C | 5.83–15.57 | 13.08 | ||||
7 | male | 16–20 y.o | A | 17.82–24.16 | 20.87 | ||||
4 | male | 21–25 y.o | A | 9.42–20.09 | 15.52 | ||||
nd | male | 26–30 y.o | A | nd | nd | ||||
3 | male | 31–35 y.o | A | 8.55–10.83 | 9.69 | ||||
5 | male | 36–40 y.o | A | 10.92–20.03 | 15.29 | ||||
1 | male | 41–45 y.o | A | 14.81–14.81 | 14.81 | ||||
1 | male | 46–50 y.o | A | 2.07–2.07 | 2.07 | ||||
1 | male | 51–55 y.o | A | 13.89–13.89 | 13.89 | ||||
3 | male | 56–60 y.o | A | 14.00–14.16 | 14.08 | ||||
5 | male | >60 y.o | A | 12.04–21.47 | 14.57 | ||||
4 | female | 0–2 y.o | C | 8.25–12.89 | 10.38 | ||||
7 | female | 3–5 y.o | C | 12.20–19.29 | 15.83 | ||||
7 | female | 6–10 y.o | C | 11.46–23.21 | 15.84 | ||||
8 | female | 11–15 y.o | C | 8.41–21.71 | 13.12 | ||||
5 | female | 16–20 y.o | A | 13.52–22.01 | 16.74 | ||||
14 | female | 21–25 y.o | A | 6.33–17.66 | 11.22 | ||||
7 | female | 26–30 y.o | A | 4.84–10.6 | 7.16 | ||||
8 | female | 31–35 y.o | A | 4.95–20.78 | 13.52 | ||||
3 | female | 36–40 y.o | A | 7.30–15.73 | 11.09 | ||||
3 | female | 41–45 y.o | A | 14.69–23.02 | 18.62 | ||||
3 | female | 46–50 y.o | A | 7.31–14.98 | 10.27 | ||||
4 | female | 51–55 y.o | A | 15.52–18.52 | 17.02 | ||||
1 | female | 56–60 y.o | A | 14.29–14.29 | 14.29 | ||||
9 | female | >60 y.o | A | 14.60–27.02 | 20.39 | ||||
2015 | Castilhos Z. [48] | São Chico | PA | 172 | nd | nd | nd | 0.14–35.90 | 3.44 |
Creporizinho | 146 | nd | nd | nd | 0.23–10.49 | 2.25 | |||
2015 | Hoshino A. [49] | Lago do Puruzinho | AM | 58 | general population | 1–47, mean 17.3 y.o | G | nd | 12.78 |
2016 | Rocha A.V. [50] | Porto Velho | RO | 200 | women | 18–48, mean 26.60 y.o | W | nd | 0.60 |
2016 | Carvalho L.V.B. [51] | Belmont | RO | 42 | nd | mean 11.3 y.o | nd | nd | 2.71 |
Cunia | 52 | nd | mean 11.3 y.o | nd | nd | 7.18 | |||
11.827 |
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Santos Serrão de Castro, N.; De Oliveira Lima, M. Hair as a Biomarker of Long Term Mercury Exposure in Brazilian Amazon: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030500
Santos Serrão de Castro N, De Oliveira Lima M. Hair as a Biomarker of Long Term Mercury Exposure in Brazilian Amazon: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(3):500. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030500
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos Serrão de Castro, Nathália, and Marcelo De Oliveira Lima. 2018. "Hair as a Biomarker of Long Term Mercury Exposure in Brazilian Amazon: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 3: 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030500