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Article

Melanoma in the Italian Population and Regional Environmental Influences: A National Retrospective Survey on 2001–2008 Hospitalization Records

by
Prisco Piscitelli
1,*,
Cosimo Neglia
2,
Andrea Falco
1,
Matteo Rivezzi
1,
Nadia Agnello
2,
Alberto Argentiero
2,
Giovanna Chitano
2,
Chiara Distante
2,
Giulia Della Rosa
2,
Giorgia Vinci
3,
Antonella De Donno
4,
Alessandro Distante
2 and
Antonella Romanini
5
1
Southern Italy Hospital Institute, IOS/Coleman Ltd., Naples 80100, Italy
2
Euro Mediterranean Biomedical Scientific Institute, Brindisi 72100, Italy
3
Department of Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples 80132, Italy
4
Department of Science, Biotechnology and Environment (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
5
Melanoma Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa 56126, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(8), 9102-9118; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809102
Submission received: 24 April 2015 / Revised: 22 July 2015 / Accepted: 23 July 2015 / Published: 5 August 2015
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Objective: To assess the burden of regional environmental factors influencing the incidence of Melanoma in the Italian population and overcome the problem of partial population coverage by local cancer registries and thematic archives. Methods: We analyzed the Italian national hospitalization records from 2001 to 2008 provided by the Ministry of Health, excluding hospital re-admissions of the same patients, in order to assess the occurrence of Melanoma over a 8-year period. Data were presented by age groups (absolute number of cases from 20 to ≥80 years old) and per Region (rates per 100,000 inhabitants) for each year. Results: The overall number of new hospitalizations due to malignant Melanoma increased by 16.8% from 2001 (n = 4846) to 2008 (n = 5823), with the rate per 100,000 inhabitants passing from 10.5 to almost 12.0 at a national level. The majority of new diagnoses of malignant Melanoma was observed in two age groups: 61–70 years old (from 979 in 2001 up to 1209 in 2008, corresponding to 15.1 and 18.1 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively) and 71–80 years old (from 954 in 2001 up to 1141 in 2008, corresponding to 19.5 and 21.8 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively). The number of hospitalizations due to Melanoma increased in all age groups with the only exception of the youngest patients aged 20–30 years old. The highest increases over the 8-year period were observed in people aged ≥81 years old (+34%), 61–70 years old (+20%) and surprisingly in the age group 31–40 years old (+17%). Southern Regions showed lower hospitalization rates compared to Northern Italy and Region Lazio. The highest increases between 2001 and 2008 were observed in Trentino/Alto Adige, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Valla d’Aosta and Veneto Region. Conclusions: Hospitalizations due to malignant Melanoma in Italy seem to be influenced by environmental or population-related factors showing a decreasing incidence rate from the Northern to Southern Regions.

1. Introduction

Cutaneous malignant Melanoma (CMM) is a potentially lethal form of skin cancer. Although it accounts for only 3% to 5% of all skin cancers, it is responsible for approximately 75 percent of all skin cancer deaths [1]. CMM results from the malignant transformation of melanocytes, which are the pigment-producing cells responsible for the color of skin. The key triggers leading to malignant transformation of melanocytes have yet to be fully elucidated, but are known to be multifactorial and include UV radiation damage and genetic susceptibility. Melanoma was diagnosed in approximately 85,000 people globally in 2008 [2] and is in general confined to economically developed countries. In particular, there is a high incidence in countries with fair-skinned populations, such as Northern Europe, the US, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The incidence of CMM is highest in white persons. This population is approximately 20 times more likely to develop the disease than black persons. It is rare in young persons, with only 2 % of Melanomas occurring in persons younger than 20 years and approximately 0.3 percent in children younger than 14 years [3]. Persons with an increased number of moles, dysplastic (also called atypical) nevi, or a family history of this disease are at increased risk compared with the general population.
According to the Italian Cancer Society, there is an annual average incidence of 12.5 new skin Melanoma diagnoses per 100,000 males and 13.1 per 100,000 females [4]. Incidence rates for skin Melanoma vary sensibly across Italy, with a decreasing trend moving from North to the South. Worldwide, Melanoma incidence and death rate have progressively increased during the last 30 years [5].
An important tool to assist in the evaluation of potential Melanomas for patients and health care professionals is the ABCDE mnemonic, which takes into account asymmetry, border irregularities, color variation, diameter, and evolution. Any suspicious pigmented lesion should be biopsied to determine the histologic depth of lesion penetration, which is known as the Breslow depth. The Breslow depth is the most important prognostic parameter in evaluating the primary tumor. Early detection and treatment can lead to longer survival. According to the American Academy of Dermatology Association and the Society for Investigative Dermatology, the estimated total direct cost associated with the treatment of Melanoma in 2004 was $291million, of which $101 million were for office visits, $76 million for hospital outpatient treatment, $78 million for prescription drugs, $35 million for hospital inpatient treatment and $1 million for emergency room treatment [6].
In Italy, a network of population-based local cancer registries has been established (Italian Association of Cancer Registries, AIRTUM, Roma, Italy) in order to set high qualitative standards in data collection that can result in reliable reports. However, the AIRTUM CRs cover about 35% of the Italian population, (19 million people out of 61 million inhabitants), with a remarkable difference in CRs population coverage among Northern (50.2%), Central (25.5%) and Southern areas of the Country (17.9%) [7].
Also for Melanoma, as well as for mesothelioma, advanced experiences of thematic registries are also available, despite being limited to some hospitals or regions. Because no complete data are available about the occurrence of Melanoma in the entire Italian population, our aim was to provide some first data about hospitalizations due to main diagnosis of Melanoma in Italy. Although Cancer Registries remain the gold standard methodology to collect epidemiological information on cancer at local level, we attempted to estimate the overall burden of Melanoma at regional level and for age groups by analyzing hospitalization records, which have already been used for this purpose in our previous studies about breast cancer and in other researches [8,9,10,11].

2. Experimental Section

Methods

Information concerning all hospitalizations occurring in Italian public and private care setting are registered in hospital discharge records (HDR), which are collected in the Italian Ministry of Health national hospitalization database (SDO). These information are anonymous and include: region and hospital where the patients have been hospitalized, type of hospitalization (ordinary admission or day hospital), region and province where the patient come from, local health authority (ASL) who is paying for the hospitalization costs, patient’s age, gender, main diagnosis, secondary diagnoses (up to five), procedures performed (main procedure and up to five additional procedures), diagnosis related group (DRG) and length of the hospitalization. It should be noticed that in the national hospitalization database, those people admitted at hospitals located in a region or province different from those where the patients live, are classified according to their home address. Hospitalization records are kept at a central level by the Ministry of Health from 1999 to date, but some records concerning the years 1999 and 2000 are missing and the national hospitalization database has been fully implemented for all Italian regions only from 2001. The Italian Ministry of Health has officially provided the full database concerning all hospitalizations occurred in Italy between 2001 and 2008 due to several diagnosis of Melanoma. The quality of these data is known to be very high and certified at central level by the Ministry of Health, with completeness and reliability of records (in terms of correspondence between hospitalizations and individual social security numbers, but also in terms of absence of errors or missing data) varying from 95.6% (year 2001) and 99.8% (for year 2008), respectively, as reported in our previous studies [10,11].
Our dataset included all hospitalized patients with major diagnosis of skin Melanoma based on the the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 172 (all extensions). Patients with Melanoma in other parts of the body were not captured in the analysis.
Based on social security numbers (which were treated anonymously), the Ministry of Health has allowed us to exclude all hospital re-admissions of the same patient over the entire study period, in order to minimize possible bias related to the overlapping between prevalent and incident cancer cases. To exclude hospital re-admissions from our analysis, we have considered as “index” hospitalization the first hospital admission of the patients for which repeated hospitalizations were recorded over the entire study period (2001-2008). Patients presenting the same social security number (treated anonymously) and the same major diagnosis were considered as the same person, and they were computed only one time. This methodology has been already used and certified by the Environment Protection Agency of Piemonte Region for the assessment of population heath indicators [12].
The absolute frequencies (number of hospitalizations) were computed for each Italian Region (Reg) and Province (Prov), by sex (S), year (y), and 10-year age groups (x):
n y , x S ( R e g   o r   P r o v )
The standardized hospitalization rate per 100,000 inhabitants was computed by referring to the Italian population P y , x S ( I T ) of year 2001 (y) per age group (x) and sex (S):
H R S y , x = ∑ x h R S y , x * P y , x S ( I T ) ∑ x P y , x S ( I T )   ×   100
Data were analyzed and processed using the Stata (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) and Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) softwares. Age and sex standardized rates per Region and Province were calculated based on population data provided by the Italian National Institute for Statistics (ISTAT) for the year 2001. The results of the analyses in this first paper have been studied as cumulative data (all tumours) per each Italian Region and Province according to sex and age groups from 20 to 100 years old. Data are specifically presented per Region as absolute number of hospitalizations and standardized hospitalization rate for the each year from 2001 to 2008.

3. Results and Discussion

As Reported in Table 1, the overall number of new hospitalizations due to main diagnosis of malignant Melanoma increased by 16.8% from 2001 (n = 4846) to 2008 (n = 5823), with new hospitalizations per 100,000 inhabitants passing from 10.5 to almost 12.0 at the national level (Table 2). The majority of new diagnoses of malignant Melanoma was observed in two age groups: 61–70 years old (from 979 in 2001 up to 1209 in 2008, corresponding to 15.1 and 18.1 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively) and 71–80 years old (from 954 in 2001 up to 1141 in 2008, corresponding to 19.5 and 21.8 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively). The number of hospitalization due to malignant Melanoma increased in all age groups with the only positive exception of the youngest patients aged 20–30 years old. The highest increases over the 8-year period were observed in people aged ≥81 years old (+34%), 61–70 years old (+20%) and surprisingly in the age group 31–40 years old (+17%). Table 3 summarizes the number of hospitalizations per 100,000 inhabitants in the Italian regions and the corresponding standardized hospitalization rates, showing that the Southern regions and islands (Sicily and Sardinia) have lower rates compared to northern regions (8.4 and 13.3, respectively in year 2008). Southern regions presented also the lowest increase over the 8-year period. The number of hospitalizations recorded in the Lazio region were higher than those observed in other Central Italian regions. Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Veneto, and Valle d’Aosta presented the highest hospitalization rates due to main diagnosis of Melanoma (ranging from 16 to 24 per 100,000 in 2008), while Apulia was the region where the highest number of cases were observed in Southern Italy (Table 3). Figure 1 summarizes the average (2001–2008) hospitalization rates per 100,000 inhabitants for each region. The highest increases in the number of hospitalizations between 2001 and 2008 were observed in the Trentino/Alto Adige, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Valla d’Aosta and Veneto regions, as shown in Table 3 and displayed in Figure 2. Table 4 shows the Standardized Hospitalizations Rate (SHR) per 100,000 inhabitants in Italian regions per year (2001–2008) and age groups, highlighting that people aged 71–80 and >80 are usually more affected by skin Melanoma. However, the incidence in younger people is different according to the regions where people live.
Table
Table 1. Number of new hospitalizations due to main diagnosis of Malignant Skin Melanoma in Italy for age groups and years (2001–2008). Data provided by the Italian ministry of health.
Table 1. Number of new hospitalizations due to main diagnosis of Malignant Skin Melanoma in Italy for age groups and years (2001–2008). Data provided by the Italian ministry of health.
Age Group20012002200320042005200620072008
20 to 30 years old334278242329271297301286
31 to 40 years old600614549623659673728729
41 to 50 years old714644598681748843844898
51 to 60 years old872817783857858930942964
61 to 70 years old9799639689401.0071.0741.1971.209
71 to 80 years old9548478658448951.0301.0241.141
≥81 years old 393418416433473477581596
TOTAL4.8464.5814.4214.7074.9115.3245.6175.823
Table
Table 2. Hospitalizations per 100,000 inhabitants due to main diagnosis of Malignant Skin Melanoma in Italy for age groups and years (2001–2008). Data provided by the Italian ministry of health.
Table 2. Hospitalizations per 100,000 inhabitants due to main diagnosis of Malignant Skin Melanoma in Italy for age groups and years (2001–2008). Data provided by the Italian ministry of health.
Age Group20012002200320042005200620072008
20 to 30 years old3.923.352.964.083.463.894.003.83
31 to 40 years old6.566.635.836.536.937.107.717.78
41 to 50 years old9.398.187.388.158.699.549.299.66
51 to 60 years old12.2611.4210.8111.6811.5112.2012.3612.61
61 to 70 years old15.1614.8714.9114.4815.5916.7218.2218.09
71 to 80 years old19.5617.0917.3116.7517.6220.0119.7621.80
≥81 years old 18.3318.5517.5817.3415.7217.4920.4720.23
TOTAL10.569.909.449.9510.2411.1211.6411.97
Table
Table 3. Absolute number (N) and Standardized Hospitalizations Rate (SHR) per 100.000 inhabitants due to main diagnosis of Malignant Skin Melanoma in Italian Regions per year (2001–2008).
Table 3. Absolute number (N) and Standardized Hospitalizations Rate (SHR) per 100.000 inhabitants due to main diagnosis of Malignant Skin Melanoma in Italian Regions per year (2001–2008).
Region20012002200320042005200620072008
NSHRNSHRNSHRNSHRNSHRNSHRNSHRNSHR
Piemonte385 12,164419 13,172385 11,982415 12,767471 14,441432 13,271457 13,914489 14,819
Val d'Aosta−NA *−NA *12 13,2358 8,7727 7,58811 11,9098 8,59817 18,220
Lombardia814 12,202832 12,359853 12,482808 11,668876 12,542953 13,612983 13,912876 12,303
Trentino40 6,04155 8,19945 6,62171 10,31378 11,17959 8,40687 12,21792 12,790
Veneto432 12,971464 13,782418 12,246434 12,593408 11,719536 15,374582 16,487643 18,056
Friuli190 21,140162 17,904126 13,860184 20,184164 17,887196 21,464236 25,667247 26,754
Liguria185 15,290190 15,685146 12,022158 12,919145 11,720155 12,623177 14,418187 15,230
Emilia376 12,425330 10,786315 10,195397 12,686387 12,261406 12,837394 12,335455 14,092
Toscana388 14,686334 12,544260 9,642270 9,948281 10,305359 13,150392 14,231371 13,395
Umbria53 8,61254 8,65042 6,63043 6,70362 9,56069 10,59955 8,34676 11,445
Marche128 11,781139 12,624134 12,023135 12,007126 11,142171 15,085166 14,486167 14,452
Lazio648 17,422639 17,040705 18,584700 18,228799 20,637799 19,956800 19,752822 20,073
Abruzzo102 11,18289 9,62082 8,757104 10,982107 11,207109 11,37587 8,969114 11,644
Molise11 4,79020 8,63715 6,43017 7,28120 8,55420 8,56722 9,37017 7,209
Campania281 7,555244 6,507267 7,038301 7,838308 7,955325 8,117402 9,925418 10,207
Puglia322 11,644248 8,899227 8,071252 8,879265 9,302264 9,254322 11,235325 11,286
Basilicata24 5,74319 4,52915 3,55730 7,08926 6,13527 6,39322 5,19337 8,710
Calabria80 5,81358 4,18756 4,01062 4,42866 4,69582 5,83866 4,65693 6,517
Sicily386 11,367281 8,225227 6,570264 7,624249 7,150274 7,853314 8,940290 8,229
Sardinia−NA *−NA *91 7,63654 4,49666 5,43477 6,31045 3,65987 7,034
* NA: Not Available because Sardinia and Valle d’Aosta did not provide hospitalization records for 2001 and 2002.
Table
Table 4. Standardized Hospitalizations Rate (SHR) per 100,000 inhabitants due to main diagnosis of Malignant Skin Melanoma in Italian Regions per year (2001–2008) and age groups.
Table 4. Standardized Hospitalizations Rate (SHR) per 100,000 inhabitants due to main diagnosis of Malignant Skin Melanoma in Italian Regions per year (2001–2008) and age groups.
Age GroupRegion20012002200320042005200620072008
20–30Piemonte4,253,783,414,213,615,005,253,27
31–40Piemonte6,309,837,418,119,277,277,457,72
41–50Piemonte9,8911,5910,9210,7810,459,2110,9210,03
51–60Piemonte12,4514,3315,3112,8214,1013,2812,9614,52
61–70Piemonte20,1516,4815,5017,5122,6921,3723,0224,18
71–80Piemonte20,0923,9419,5125,8429,5225,6028,1728,83
>80Piemonte11,0142,3234,6440,4349,4641,8541,2347,76
20–30Val d’AostaNA *NA *7,770,000,000,000,0017,44
31–40Val d’AostaNA *0,000,005,255,285,3610,835,55
41–50Val d’AostaNA *NA *6,226,0417,355,6210,8710,60
51–60Val d’AostaNA *0,0034,700,000,0013,2413,2133,08
61–70Val d’AostaNA *0,0015,3515,287,6238,357,5837,61
71–80Val d’AostaNA *NA *30,3439,940,0039,4219,7139,11
>80Val d’AostaNA *NA *19,4273,8017,8417,3116,5531,78
20–30Lombardia3,783,753,345,113,624,385,443,41
31–40Lombardia7,088,317,727,756,877,948,547,31
41–50Lombardia11,219,739,298,8710,5410,7210,2110,19
51–60Lombardia12,5013,6311,6213,0314,8316,0615,6513,16
61–70Lombardia16,9118,1218,7717,3718,9021,3921,3919,38
71–80Lombardia25,1226,5328,3622,9028,1126,4627,4526,78
>80Lombardia23,8947,6358,2039,7743,9544,6441,8139,00
20–30Trentino0,001,850,948,596,793,913,913,91
31–40Trentino2,756,064,035,384,754,816,254,24
41–50Trentino3,447,474,803,8412,534,976,8712,02
51–60Trentino4,868,759,6510,4711,1112,9818,3017,10
61–70Trentino15,2210,2611,1119,5719,3118,2715,5918,42
71–80Trentino17,5021,8513,1221,8927,6117,3723,0625,65
>80Trentino6,1634,7521,6827,9931,4011,5339,8738,42
20–30Veneto6,203,786,385,745,116,326,595,80
31–40Veneto8,079,888,488,338,7611,2011,2513,91
41–50Veneto11,7410,698,659,779,5613,6614,7615,44
51–60Veneto16,2819,5415,6515,1413,8516,3417,7019,91
61–70Veneto17,0023,6018,8216,9615,8325,0024,6827,05
71–80Veneto24,6220,4226,5720,5517,6029,0031,6230,36
>80Veneto14,2232,9237,6134,0929,2739,3240,8342,22
20–30Friuli V. G.8,258,673,2817,164,438,2511,2210,47
31–40Friuli V. G.13,8511,3510,1012,9511,9312,0916,3020,73
41–50Friuli V. G.18,6414,1411,1522,2518,4519,7316,8219,75
51–60Friuli V. G.27,2824,6613,3520,0419,0624,2227,8429,42
61–70Friuli V. G.29,9924,1520,8724,9126,8329,2440,3236,50
71–80Friuli V. G.34,1128,6023,1724,3037,0936,0260,0046,50
>80Friuli V. G.18,9551,8635,8234,3041,9153,1362,2857,04
20–30Liguria3,934,864,365,264,554,725,643,24
31–40Liguria9,298,796,475,975,508,458,165,91
41–50Liguria12,3213,079,136,867,938,627,089,12
51–60Liguria16,9716,6010,8916,5312,6212,8910,4615,25
61–70Liguria17,8722,3119,4015,0219,6718,5326,5218,92
71–80Liguria29,1028,8224,0223,3321,0520,5024,6526,34
>80Liguria19,8540,8735,4436,8226,5033,1527,8048,11
20–30Emilia R.5,363,973,616,084,744,895,474,17
31–40Emilia R.7,986,145,198,137,289,506,636,79
41–50Emilia R.9,759,427,9410,2010,7410,0911,599,63
51–60Emilia R.14,2011,3511,6613,6012,5111,6210,3813,56
61-70Emilia R.16,7815,3414,9415,2717,0018,1416,4823,19
71–80Emilia R.19,8217,0715,5422,2520,3521,5020,2231,13
>80Emilia R.20,0730,7224,8937,5131,6832,0633,5341,01
20–30Toscana 4,075,064,894,455,175,056,015,47
31–40Toscana6,468,955,056,938,086,779,667,80
41–50Toscana12,978,746,888,198,1211,3310,579,17
51–60Toscana19,2715,199,479,8710,2013,8116,6813,98
61–70Toscana18,3015,2015,1614,9112,8018,8619,9417,31
71–80Toscana24,9418,2320,6918,1215,4923,2526,6125,20
>80Toscana27,2536,1630,8626,1728,0733,4233,3336,31
20–30Umbria0,002,170,001,113,362,290,005,72
31–40Umbria6,266,145,983,376,683,354,967,45
41–50Umbria6,066,875,695,532,6712,997,5512,26
51–60Umbria8,2911,257,097,9611,689,7310,6614,59
61–70Umbria18,2010,685,354,2814,0114,1011,8213,92
71–80Umbria12,3215,887,3513,5020,9817,3014,9318,57
>80Umbria12,6130,1724,0726,7729,7330,2923,6917,69
20–30Marche3,483,553,587,901,875,134,523,91
31–40Marche8,306,715,645,636,558,436,068,38
41–50Marche11,739,255,279,736,4612,1911,378,32
51–60Marche13,5010,8310,0412,7212,5013,0514,5915,59
61–70Marche12,9519,7519,9220,0418,4321,1619,0824,19
71–80Marche22,7821,0921,9127,7217,5129,0321,0928,83
>80Marche14,5148,7545,1434,2831,6846,0641,2234,54
20–30Lazio9,468,688,4210,939,689,498,209,66
31–40Lazio9,7410,3113,2215,6617,1216,8916,6416,16
41–50Lazio14,2916,6113,9015,7319,5817,5816,5717,11
51–60Lazio20,0220,0720,6822,9122,0420,9323,7222,01
61–70Lazio28,3624,7930,4124,4727,6126,0027,7027,83
71–80Lazio27,7929,6234,7426,9730,7037,4031,8137,67
>80Lazio26,1652,4959,1541,5353,2762,4945,6356,36
20–30Abruzzo4,575,310,004,714,124,204,205,64
31–40Abruzzo6,264,494,426,038,263,887,749,45
41–50Abruzzo7,846,379,2810,258,2110,865,557,04
51–60Abruzzo12,549,357,0213,719,288,565,219,06
61–70Abruzzo12,9815,3111,6811,7615,8611,2714,3014,04
71–80Abruzzo19,0018,7623,1919,4310,5829,8117,5319,18
>80Abruzzo31,9341,6941,3639,2227,1150,2019,3042,58
20–30Molise0,005,172,618,012,742,805,650,00
31–40Molise9,3613,976,952,344,714,779,584,85
41–50Molise10,295,064,959,7912,027,124,6611,49
51–60Molise3,062,962,862,788,065,3115,805,26
61–70Molise5,9712,1612,6213,033,356,8810,283,36
71–80Molise0,0013,8313,7817,0310,2113,6013,646,83
>80Molise0,0033,5625,5012,2441,4434,2921,9321,02
20–30Campania4,173,003,033,244,756,864,464,47
31–40Campania6,105,673,814,425,714,106,836,84
41–50Campania7,304,986,158,226,717,246,908,68
51–60Campania8,998,1010,018,8410,229,1511,7811,01
61–70Campania8,028,1410,3812,6110,079,2714,2914,97
71–80Campania12,6111,2914,5013,6111,6915,1020,8318,50
>80Campania9,5121,0020,9422,7419,8027,3432,5927,60
20–30Puglia3,243,663,333,973,132,835,206,61
31–40Puglia5,036,614,625,154,635,555,747,23
41–50Puglia13,597,918,564,788,159,7110,069,51
51–60Puglia15,378,999,7611,9810,4913,9911,5710,74
61–70Puglia17,6618,4911,5515,1017,5914,6918,5614,78
71–80Puglia23,9017,2815,9919,9319,9716,3224,4521,80
>80Puglia14,3726,1027,5635,0531,0124,4636,5839,98
20–30Basilicata0,000,001,342,732,801,444,413,00
31–40Basilicata3,620,000,001,233,743,783,823,88
41–50Basilicata2,792,731,335,253,866,375,028,66
51–60Basilicata12,085,034,884,726,058,954,4110,27
61–70Basilicata9,9913,647,0718,309,4619,489,8213,61
71–80Basilicata10,5018,674,1216,119,9515,837,9313,77
>80Basilicata4,9018,394,3432,6819,867,567,1910,23
20–30Calabria2,231,890,760,771,191,622,044,11
31–40Calabria3,312,212,933,706,363,414,165,70
41–50Calabria4,172,862,803,563,113,084,555,23
51–60Calabria7,002,933,356,051,808,463,988,34
61–70Calabria5,395,485,593,984,626,445,195,06
71–80Calabria13,1011,496,677,897,177,749,009,59
>80Calabria18,4830,5020,8217,0121,1326,1012,4917,52
20–30Sicilia9,284,882,533,383,453,022,532,55
31–40Sicilia11,574,883,524,574,145,377,486,34
41–50Sicilia9,026,354,405,785,376,865,687,12
51–60Sicilia10,386,968,129,457,428,437,728,42
61–70Sicilia14,199,6710,6710,8212,4710,2017,7913,54
71–80Sicilia16,2815,7614,2713,9313,5416,9321,6315,62
>80Sicilia11,5137,8926,1227,5625,6428,9127,6521,31
20–30SardegnaNA *NA *1,400,482,002,070,532,19
31–40SardegnaNA *NA *4,532,875,744,112,894,16
41–50SardegnaNA *NA *5,004,462,615,974,614,54
51–60SardegnaNA *NA *12,157,247,048,412,935,80
61–70SardegnaNA *NA *16,025,707,446,724,1814,03
71–80SardegnaNA *NA *15,927,8010,156,704,1117,09
>80SardegnaNA *NA *23,2213,5117,6815,4813,3121,28
* NA: Not available because Sardinia and Valle d’Aosta did not provided hospitalization records for years 2001 and 2002.
Ijerph 12 09102 g001 1024
Figure 1. Standardized Hospitalization rate per 100,000 inhabitants (malignant skin Melanoma) displayed for each Italian region as average value 2001–2008.
Figure 1. Standardized Hospitalization rate per 100,000 inhabitants (malignant skin Melanoma) displayed for each Italian region as average value 2001–2008.
Ijerph 12 09102 g001
Ijerph 12 09102 g002a 1024Ijerph 12 09102 g002b 1024
Figure 2. Differences in the hospitalizations due to malignant skin Melanoma between 2001 and 2008 in the Italian Regions.
Figure 2. Differences in the hospitalizations due to malignant skin Melanoma between 2001 and 2008 in the Italian Regions.
Ijerph 12 09102 g002aIjerph 12 09102 g002b

Discussion

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. It is a malignant tumor of melanocytes, cells which arise from the neural crest and it is considered the fourth most common cancer in individuals between the ages of 0 and 44 years [4]. It can occur de novo or from a preexisting lesion usually located in skin areas exposed to the sunlight. The annual incidence has increased dramatically over the past few decades. According to the Italian Cancer Society Report 2006, there were an yearly average of 12.5 new skin Melanoma diagnoses per 100,000 males and 13.1 per 100,000 females, with incidence rates for skin Melanoma remarkably varying across Italy with a decreasing trend moving from North to South (2:1 ratio; total estimated incidence: 6000 new cases per year) [4].
These finding are almost comparable to our results (11.5–12.0 per 100,000 inhabitants) both overall (more than 5.800 cases in 2008) and for Northern/Central/Southern Italian regions. The differences in prevention campaigns and proper/early diagnosis cannot completely explain the existing gap between Northern and Southern Italian regions. At a European level the highest European Standardized Rates (ESR) incidence rates were reported for Denmark in 2010 (21.5 per 100,000 men and 26.1 per 100,000 females), with the lowest incidence observed in Portugal (4.6 per 100,000 males and 6.2 per 100,000 females) [13]. It is important to point out that usually the incidence of Melanoma is higher in women than in men [14]. A recent case control study, including 5700 cases of malignant Melanoma showed a complex relationship between risk of developing this skin tumor and the individual patterns of sun exposure (recreational/occupational), body sites and sunburns [15].
The issue of the latitude where the affected person is living has also been addressed in a recent paper [16]. Thus, environmental and native population-related factors (i.e., skin pigmentation) seem to play a crucial role in the incidence of malignant Melanoma. The prognosis and the treatment of this tumor depends on the type of Melanoma, the patient’s age, the presence or absence of ulceration, the depth of invasion and the nodal status at diagnosis [17]. A prospective study showed the possibility of using ERβ expression as a prognostic indicator of Melanoma; in fact it is evidenced that thin Melanomas show significantly higher ER mRNA levels than thicker lesions [18]. While the majority of patients present with a primary cutaneous malignant Melanoma and are cured by surgical resection alone, metastasis to regional lymph nodes or distant sites occurs in a proportion and is associated with poor long-term survival [19]. Furthermore, in those with visceral metastatic disease, Melanoma is usually rapidly fatal, with an average survival of less than one year, and it is associated with much morbidity [19].
Prognosis from Melanoma is determined by traditional anatomical staging; the risk of relapse from a primary Melanoma correlates with features such as tumor thickness, ulceration, and mitotic rate, and in advanced Melanoma, worsened clinical outcomes are observed in those patients with visceral metastases and those with an elevated lactate dehydrogenase level, presumed to reflect a higher burden of metastatic disease [20]. Similarly, performance status was also found to be a prognostic variable in patients with stage IV Melanoma treated in clinical trials [20]. Palliative systemic therapy is the basis of management for metastatic Melanoma, and until very recently, a global standard was dacarbazine, an alkylating chemotherapy agent. However, metastatic Melanoma is regarded as being insensitive to cytotoxic chemotherapy, as evidenced by response rates to dacarbazine in the order of 10% and no proven survival benefit [21,22,23,24]. Immunotherapy, including cytokine and vaccine treatments, provides the only alternative to chemotherapy but does not benefit the majority of patients, although durable responses have been observed in a small proportion of patients treated with high-dose interleukin-2 [25]. The generally held view that metastatic Melanoma is refractory to systemic treatments was dramatically altered in 2010, when positive Phase III clinical trial results were reported for two novel agents [26]. Both the anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 antibody, ipilimumab, and the small molecule inhibitor of BRAF, vemurafenib (formerly referred to as PLX4032 and RG7204), were shown to improve overall survival in patients with advanced Melanoma in randomized controlled trials [27].

4. Conclusions

Hospitalizations due to malignant Melanoma in Italy show a decreasing incidence rate from northern to southern Italian Regions, being possibly influenced by environmental and population-related factors.

Acknowledgments

This paper is a result of institutional research activities of the Southern Italy Hospital Institute for the Environment (IOS/Coleman Ltd, Naples, Italy). This paper has been initially conceived during the Summer Schools in Statistics and Epidemiology for Clinical Trials held by the Euro Mediterranean Scientific Biomedical Institute (ISBEM, Brandish, Italy).

Author Contributions

All authors provide substantial contribution to the production, analysis and interpretation of the results. Prisco Piscitelli, Cosimo Neglia, Nadia Agnello, Alberto Argentiero, Giovanna Chitano, Chiara Distante, Giulia Della Rosa, Giorgia Vinci, Antonella De Donno, Alessandro Distante, Antonella Romanini have conceived the study. Andrea Falco, Matteo Rivezzi, Prisco Piscitelli, Cosimo Neglia, Giulia Della Rosa carried out descriptive statistical analyses. All authors have been involved in the preparation and have approved the submitted manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Piscitelli, P.; Neglia, C.; Falco, A.; Rivezzi, M.; Agnello, N.; Argentiero, A.; Chitano, G.; Distante, C.; Rosa, G.D.; Vinci, G.; et al. Melanoma in the Italian Population and Regional Environmental Influences: A National Retrospective Survey on 2001–2008 Hospitalization Records. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 9102-9118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809102

AMA Style

Piscitelli P, Neglia C, Falco A, Rivezzi M, Agnello N, Argentiero A, Chitano G, Distante C, Rosa GD, Vinci G, et al. Melanoma in the Italian Population and Regional Environmental Influences: A National Retrospective Survey on 2001–2008 Hospitalization Records. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(8):9102-9118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809102

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piscitelli, Prisco, Cosimo Neglia, Andrea Falco, Matteo Rivezzi, Nadia Agnello, Alberto Argentiero, Giovanna Chitano, Chiara Distante, Giulia Della Rosa, Giorgia Vinci, and et al. 2015. "Melanoma in the Italian Population and Regional Environmental Influences: A National Retrospective Survey on 2001–2008 Hospitalization Records" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 8: 9102-9118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809102

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