Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10(2), 590-605; doi:10.3390/ijerph10020590
Article

High Dosage Folic Acid Supplementation, Oral Cleft Recurrence and Fetal Growth

George L. Wehby 1 email, Têmis Maria Félix 2 email, Norman Goco 3 email, Antonio Richieri-Costa 4 email, Hrishikesh Chakraborty 5 email, Josiane Souza 6 email, Rui Pereira 7 email, Carla Padovani 8 email, Danilo Moretti-Ferreira 9 email and Jeffrey C. Murray 10,* email
1 Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA 2 Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil 3 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA 4 Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Bauru, Sao Paulo 17.043-900, Brazil 5 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA 6 Centro de Atendimento Integral ao Fissurado Lábio Palatal, Curitiba, Paraná 81.050-000, Brazil 7 Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira-CADEFI/IMIP, Recife, Pernambuco 50070-550, Brazil 8 Hospital Santo Antônio: Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce, Salvador, Bahia 40.415-000, Brazil 9 Genetic Counseling Service, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Sao Paulo 18618-000, Brazil 10 Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 8 October 2012; in revised form: 25 January 2013 / Accepted: 25 January 2013 / Published: 4 February 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Birth Defect Prevention)
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Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the effects of folic acid supplementation on isolated oral cleft recurrence and fetal growth. Patients and Methods: The study included 2,508 women who were at-risk for oral cleft recurrence and randomized into two folic acid supplementation groups: 0.4 and 4 mg per day before pregnancy and throughout the first trimester. The infant outcome data were based on 234 live births. In addition to oral cleft recurrence, several secondary outcomes were compared between the two folic acid groups. Cleft recurrence rates were also compared to historic recurrence rates. Results: The oral cleft recurrence rates were 2.9% and 2.5% in the 0.4 and 4 mg groups, respectively. The recurrence rates in the two folic acid groups both separately and combined were significantly different from the 6.3% historic recurrence rate post the folic acid fortification program for this population (p = 0.0009 when combining the two folic acid groups). The rate of cleft lip with palate recurrence was 2.9% in the 0.4 mg group and 0.8% in the 4 mg group. There were no elevated fetal growth complications in the 4 mg group compared to the 0.4 mg group. Conclusions: The study is the first double-blinded randomized clinical trial (RCT) to study the effect of high dosage folic acid supplementation on isolated oral cleft recurrence. The recurrence rates were similar between the two folic acid groups. However, the results are suggestive of a decrease in oral cleft recurrence compared to the historic recurrence rate. A RCT is still needed to identify the effect of folic acid on oral cleft recurrence given these suggestive results and the supportive results from previous interventional and observational studies, and the study offers suggestions for such future studies. The results also suggest that high dosage folic acid does not compromise fetal growth.
Keywords: oral clefts; cleft lip; cleft palate; birth defects; folic acid; vitamins; prevention; pregnancy; nutrition; Brazil 

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Cite This Article

MDPI and ACS Style

Wehby, G.L.; Félix, T.M.; Goco, N.; Richieri-Costa, A.; Chakraborty, H.; Souza, J.; Pereira, R.; Padovani, C.; Moretti-Ferreira, D.; Murray, J.C. High Dosage Folic Acid Supplementation, Oral Cleft Recurrence and Fetal Growth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 590-605.

AMA Style

Wehby GL, Félix TM, Goco N, Richieri-Costa A, Chakraborty H, Souza J, Pereira R, Padovani C, Moretti-Ferreira D, Murray JC. High Dosage Folic Acid Supplementation, Oral Cleft Recurrence and Fetal Growth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(2):590-605.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wehby, George L.; Félix, Têmis M.; Goco, Norman; Richieri-Costa, Antonio; Chakraborty, Hrishikesh; Souza, Josiane; Pereira, Rui; Padovani, Carla; Moretti-Ferreira, Danilo; Murray, Jeffrey C. 2013. "High Dosage Folic Acid Supplementation, Oral Cleft Recurrence and Fetal Growth." Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10, no. 2: 590-605.

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