Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Cladiella krempfi

Tai, Chi-Jen; Su, Jui-Hsin; Huang, Chiung-Yao; Huang, Ming-Shyan; Wen, Zhi-Hong; Dai, Chang-Feng; Sheu, Jyh-Horng

doi:10.3390/md11030788

Open AccessArticle

Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Cladiella krempfi

¹

Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan

²

National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan

³

Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan

⁴

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan

⁵

Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan

⁶

Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 112, Taiwan

⁷

Division of Marine Biotechnology, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Mar. Drugs 2013, 11(3), 788-799; https://doi.org/10.3390/md11030788

Submission received: 9 January 2013 / Revised: 6 February 2013 / Accepted: 19 February 2013 / Published: 12 March 2013

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Abstract

:

Five new eunicellin-based diterpenoids, krempfielins E–I (1–5) and seven known compounds (6–12) were isolated from the organic extract of a Taiwanese soft coral Cladiella krempfi. The structures of the new metabolites were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Metabolites 5, 6, 10 and 12 were shown to exhibit cytotoxicity against a limited panel of cancer cell lines. Furthermore, compounds 6 and 10 could potently inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS protein, and 6 and 12 could significantly reduce the expression of COX-2 protein in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.

Keywords:

eunicellin-based diterpenoids; Cladiella krempfi; cytotoxicity; anti-inflammatory agents

1. Introduction

Previous studies showed that many eunicellin-based diterpenes discovered from soft corals exhibited cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. The soft coral Cladiella krempfi has been found to generate several types of metabolites including eunicellin-type diterpenoids [15] and pregnane-type steroids [16,17,18]. Our previous chemical investigation of C. krempfi had led to the isolation of four new eunicellin-based diterpenoids, krempfielins A–D [19]. In this paper, we further report the isolation of five new eunicellin-based diterpenoids, krempfielins E–I (1–5) (Chart 1) and known compounds 6-methyl ether of litophynol B (6) [13], sclerophytin A (7) [20], sclerophytin B (8) [20], litophynin I monoacetate (9) [21], 6-acetoxy litophynin E (10) [22], (1R*, 2R*, 3R*, 6S*, 9R*, 10R*, 14R*)-3-acetoxycladiell-7(16),11(17)-dien-6-ol (11) [23] and litophynin F (12) [24]. The structures of metabolites 1–12 were characterized by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Cytotoxicity of all compounds against five human tumor cell lines, lung adenocarcinoma (A549 and H1299), breast carcinoma (BT483), liver carcinoma (HepG2), oral cancer (SAS) and one human lung bronchial cell (BEAS2B) lines was studied. The ability of them to inhibit the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) proteins in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells was also evaluated. The results showed that compounds 5, 6, 10 and 12, in particular 10, are cytotoxic towards the above cancer cell’s compounds. Except 2, 4 and 11, these compounds were found to significantly reduce the levels of iNOS protein; among them, 6 and 10 are most active. Furthermore, 6 and 12 also could significantly reduce the expression of COX-2 protein.

Chart 1. Structures of metabolites 1–12.

2. Results and Discussion

The new metabolite krempfielin E (1) showed the molecular ion peak [M + Na]⁺ at m/z 487.2669 in the HRESIMS and established a molecular formula of C₂₆H₄₀O₇, implying seven degrees of unsaturation. The IR absorptions bands at n_max 3421 and 1732 cm⁻¹ revealed the presence of hydroxy and ester carbonyl functionalities. The ¹³C NMR spectrum measured in CDCl₃ showed signals of twenty-six carbons (Table 1) which were assigned by the assistance of the DEPT spectrum to four methyls (including one acetate methyl δ_C 21.0), seven sp³ methylenes, two sp² methylenes, eight sp³ methines (including four oxymethines), one sp³ and four sp² quaternary carbons (including two ester carbonyls).The NMR spectroscopic data of 1 (Table 1, Table 2) showed the presence of two 1,1-disubstituted double bonds (δ_C 118.1 CH₂, 112.0 CH₂, 152.2 C, and 145.2 C; δ_H 5.51 s, 5.22 s, 4.81 s, and 4.65 s). Two ester carbonyls (δ_C 172.5 and 171.2) were assigned from the ¹³C NMR spectrum and their signals were correlated with the methylene protons (δ_H 2.10, 2H, m) of an n-butyrate and protons of an acetate methyl (δ_H 2.07 s, 3H), respectively. Therefore, the remaining three degrees of unsaturation identified 1 as a tricyclic molecule. The ¹H–¹H COSY and HMBC correlations (Figure 1) were further used for establishing the molecular skeleton of 1. The COSY experiment assigned three isolated consecutive proton spin systems. Above evidences and the analysis of HMBC spectrum (Figure 1) suggested that 1 is an eunicellin-based diterpenoid. Furthermore, the acetoxy group attaching at C-19 was confirmed by the HMBC correlations from oxymethylene [δ_H 3.94 (H₂-19)] and acetate methyl protons (δ_H 2.07) to the ester carbonyl carbon appearing at δ 171.2 (C). Thus, the remaining one n-butyryloxy group had to be positioned at C-3, an oxygen-bearing quaternary carbon resonating at δ 84.4 ppm. On the basis of above analysis, the planar structure of 1 was established.

Table 1. ¹³C NMR Data for Compounds 1–5.

**Table 1.** ¹³C NMR Data for Compounds 1–5.
C	1 ^a	2 ^a	3 ^b	4 ^b	5 ^a
1	43.3, CH ^c	45.8, CH	44.7, CH	44.9, CH	46.6, CH
2	91.4, CH	90.6, CH	90.9, CH	90.8, CH	92.6, CH
3	84.4, C	84.7, C	84.2, C	84.6, C	85.6, C
4	28.4, CH₂	33.2, CH₂	33.2, CH₂	32.6, CH₂	35.8, CH₂
5	35.3, CH₂	30.2, CH₂	29.7, CH₂	38.3, CH₂	28.5, CH₂
6	66.9, CH	214.8, C	217.0, C	213.4, C	82.3, CH
7	152.2, C	48.3, CH	40.7, CH	40.6, CH	78.0, C
8	77.3, CH	42.4, CH₂	78.5, CH	37.7, CH₂	78.5, CH
9	83.7, CH	81.9, CH	85.5, CH	78.9, CH	78.3, CH
10	47.9, CH	52.1, CH	47.5, CH	49.4, CH	52.0, CH
11	145.2, C	142.1, C	141.0, C	141.6, C	148.5, C
12	31.3, CH₂	73.1, CH	72.8, CH	73.0, CH	31.6, CH₂
13	25.7, CH₂	28.5, CH₂	28.9, CH₂	28.7, CH₂	25.5, CH₂
14	39.1, CH	35.3, CH	35.6, CH	35.7, CH	44.0, CH
15	22.2, CH₃	22.3, CH₃	22.6, CH₃	22.6, CH₃	22.8, CH₃
16	118.1, CH₂	17.8, CH₃	14.1, CH₃	15.4, CH₃	18.5, CH₃
17	112.0, CH₂	118.1, CH₂	119.5, CH₂	118.7, CH₂	109.2, CH₂
18	32.6, CH	28.0, CH	27.2, CH	27.5, CH	29.0, CH
19	67.5, CH₂	21.5, CH₃	21.6, CH₃	21.5, CH₃	21.9, CH₃
20	10.6, CH₃	16.6, CH₃	14.9, CH₃	14.9, CH₃	15.4, CH₃
3-n-butyrate	172.5, C		172.5, C		173.1, C
	37.4, CH₂		37.3, CH₂		36.5, CH₂
	18.5, CH₂		18.4, CH₂		18.4, CH₂
	13.6, CH₃		13.7, CH₃		13.8, CH₃
3-OAc		169.6, C		169.7, C
3-OAc		22.4, CH₃		22.3, CH₃
6-OAc					171.6, C
6-OAc					21.4, CH₃
8-n-butyrate					173.3, C
					36.7, CH₂
					18.2, CH₂
					13.5, CH₃
12-OAc		170.2, C	170.1, C	170.2, C
12-OAc		21.6, CH₃	21.5, CH₃	21.4, CH₃
19-OAc	171.2, C
19-OAc	21.0, CH₃

^a Spectra recorded at 100 MHz in CDCl₃. ^b Spectra recorded at 125 MHz in CDCl₃. ^c Deduced from DEPT.

Table 2. ¹H NMR Data for Compounds 1–5.

**Table 2.** ¹H NMR Data for Compounds 1–5.
H	1 ^a	2 ^a	3 ^b	4 ^b	5 ^a
1	2.25 m	2.25 dd	2.28 m	2.29 m	2.17 m
1	2.25 m	(12.4, 7.2)	2.28 m	2.29 m	2.17 m
2	3.71 br s	3.67 br s	3.81 br s	3.73 br s	3.63 br s
4	1.64 m 2.25 m	2.03 m 2.75 dd (14.4, 8.8)	2.23 m 2.46 m	2.19 m 2.52 dd (5.5, 2.0)	1.96 m 2.65 m
5	1.74 m 2.19 m	1.91 m 2.48 dd (13.2, 11.2)	1.25 m	2.25 m 2.43 t (10.5)	1.56 m
6	4.73 dd				5.71 d (5.6)
6	(11.2, 4.0) ^c				5.71 d (5.6)
7		2.58 m	2.32 m	2.68 m
8	4.18 d (3.2)	1.88 m	3.77 d (8.5)	1.87 t (5.0)	5.27 d (9.2)
8	4.18 d (3.2)	2.00 m	3.77 d (8.5)	2.24 m	5.27 d (9.2)
9	4.19 d (6.8)	4.12 ddd	4.43 d (11.0)	4.23 dt	4.11 t (8.8)
9	4.19 d (6.8)	(11.6, 8.8, 4.4)		(10.0, 5.0)	4.11 t (8.8)
10	2.87 dd	3.12 t (7.6)	2.91 t (7.5)	3.07 td	3.39 t (7.2)
10	(10.8, 8.0)	3.12 t (7.6)	2.91 t (7.5)	(10.0, 1.5)	3.39 t (7.2)
12	2.10 m	5.49 t (2.8)	5.52 br s	5.49 t (2.5)	2.03 m
12	2.27 m	5.49 t (2.8)	5.52 br s	5.49 t (2.5)	2.23 m
13	1.11 m 1.70 m	1.26 m 1.92 m	1.32 m 1.97 dt (14.5, 3.0)	1.29 m 1.94 dt (14.5, 3.0)	1.08 m 1.76 m
14	1.55 m	1.71 m	1.76 m	1.71 m	1.23 m
15	1.63 s	1.40 s	1.49 s	1.48 s	1.38 s
16	5.22 s	1.06 d (7.2)	1.26 d (6.5)	1.07 d (7.0)	1.08 s
16	5.51 s	1.06 d (7.2)	1.26 d (6.5)	1.07 d (7.0)	1.08 s
17	4.65 s	4.99 d (1.6)	4.96 s	4.97 s	4.51 s
17	4.81 s	5.91 d (1.6)	5.27 s	5.28 s	4.64 s
18	2.08 m	1.76 m	1.84 m	1.81 m	1.69 m
19	3.94 t (6.4)	0.91 d (6.8)	0.96 d (7.0)	0.93 d (6.5)	0.96 d (6.8)
20	0.80 s	0.75 d (6.8)	0.78 d (7.0)	0.77 d (6.5)	0.77 d (6.8)
3-n-butyrate	2.10 m		2.28 m		2.25 m
	1.57 m		1.68 m		1.68 m
	0.92 t (7.2)		0.99 t (7.5)		0.98 t (7.6)
3-OAc		2.18 s		2.14 s
6-OAc					2.09 s
8-n-butyrate					2.55 m
					1.61 m
					0.96 t (7.2)
12-OAc		2.00 s	2.03 s	1.98 s
19-OAc	2.07 s

^a Spectra recorded at 400 MHz in CDCl₃. ^b Spectra recorded at 500 MHz in CDCl₃. ^c J values (Hz) in parentheses.

Figure 1. Selected ¹H–¹H COSY (▬) and HMBC (→) correlations of 1, 2 and 5.

The relative structure of 1 was elucidated by the analysis of NOE correlations, as shown in Figure 2. The observation of the NOE correlations of H-1 with H-10 and H₃-20 suggested that these protons had the same orientation and were assumed to be β-oriented. The NOE interactions found between the oxymethine proton H-8 and H-10 assigned the α-orientation of the hydroxy group. Furthermore, the NOE correlations of H-2 with both H-14 and H₃-15; H-14 with both H-9 and H₂-19; and H₃-15 with H-6, suggested that H-2, H-6, H-9, H-14, and H₃-15 are α-oriented. Furthermore, the configuration of C-18 was to be R* on the basis of NOE correlations of H-1/H₃-20 and H-14/H₂-19. The relative configuration of 1 was thus established. Comparison of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic data of 1 with those of its 19-deacetoxyl derivative, litophynol A [21], further confirmed the structure of 1.

Figure 2. Key NOESY correlations for 1 and 2.

Krempfielin F (2) was found to have the molecular formula C₂₄H₃₆O₆ and seven degrees of unsaturation, as indicated from the HRESIMS (m/z 443.2408 [M + Na]⁺). The ¹³C NMR spectrum of 2 showed signals of twenty-four carbons (Table 1), which were characterized by the DEPT spectrum as six methyls, five methylenes (including one sp² methylene), eight methines (including three oxygenated carbons), and five quaternary carbons (including one ketone carbonyl, two ester carbonyls, and one sp² quaternary carbon of an olefinic group). The presence of two acetoxy groups was indicated by the ¹H NMR signals (Table 2) the ¹H NMR signals at δ_H 2.18 (s, 3H) and 2.00 (s, 3H), and the ¹³C NMR signals at δ_C 22.4 (CH₃), 21.6 (CH₃), 169.6 (C), and 170.2 (C). The remaining three degrees of unsaturation again identified 2 as a tricyclic diterpenoid. The molecular framework was established by ¹H–¹H COSY and HMBC experiments (Figure 1). The stereochemistry of compound 2 was also determined by the NOESY spectrum (Figure 3), which exhibited NOE correlations of H-1 and with H-10 and H₃-20, H-13β (δ_H 1.26) and with H-12 and H₃-20, H-8β (δ_H 1.88) with H-5β (δ_H 2.48), H-10 and H₃-16, H-5α with H-4α and H₃-15, and H₃-16 with both H-8β (δ_H 1.88) and H-5β (δ_H 2.48), establishing the β-orientation of H-12 and H₃-16. On the basis of these results and other observed NOE correlations (Figure 2), the structure of metabolite 2 was determined.

Figure 3. Key NOESY correlations for 5.

The HRESIMS (m/z 487.2675 [M + Na]⁺) of 3 established the molecular formula of C₂₆H₄₀O₇. Comparison of the NMR data of 3 with those of 2 revealed the replacement of one acetoxy group (δ_H 2.18, 3H, s; δ_C 169.6, C and 22.4, CH₃) in 2 by an n-butyryloxy group in 3 (δ_H 0.99, 3H, t, J = 7.5 Hz; 1.68, 2H, m; 2.28, 2H, m; and δ_C 172.5, C; 37.3, CH₂; 18.4, CH₂ and 13.7, CH₃), and an additional hydroxy group substituted at C-8 of 3 that downfielded H-8 to δ_H 3.77 and C-8 to δ_C 78.5 ppm. The placement of the n-butyryloxy group at C-3 was confirmed by the HMBC experiment which showed a correlation between H-2 and the carbonyl carbon (δ_C 172.5 C) of this n-butyryloxy group. The NOE correlations of 3 also showed that the stereochemistry of this metabolite is identical with that of 2 excepted for the presence of the α-oriented hydroxy group at C-8.

The HRESIMS of krempfielin H (4) exhibited a [M + Na]⁺ ion peak at m/z 443.2408, appropriate for a molecular formula of C₂₄H₃₆O₆. By analysis of 2D NMR spectra, including ¹H–¹H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC, compound 4 was shown to possess the same molecular framework as that of 2. Furthermore, it was found that the NMR data of 4 were very similar to those of 2 (Table 1, Table 2), suggesting that 4 might be an isomer of 2. From NOESY spectrum, it was found that the β-oriented H-10 showed NOE interactions with both H-7 and H-8β (δ_H 1.87), while H-8β showed NOE interactions with H-7, indicating the β-orientation of H-7. This inferred the α-orientation of methyl substituent at C-7. Further analysis of other NOE interactions revealed that 4 possessed the same relative configuration sat C-1, C-2, C-3, C-9, C-10, C-12 and C-14 as those of 2. Therefore, 4 was found to be the C-7 epimer of 2.

The related metabolite, krempfielin I (5), had a molecular formula of C₃₀H₄₈O₈ as indicated by the HRESIMS (m/z 559.3243, [M + Na]⁺) and NMR data (Table 1, Table 2). The ¹³C NMR spectrum of 5 revealed the appearance of three ester carbonyls (δ_C 173.3, 173.1 and 171.6), which were correlated with protons of two methylenes (δ_H 2.55, 2.25, m, each 2H; and δ_C 36.7 and 36.5) of two n-butyrates and the methyl protons (δ_H 2.09 s, 3H and δ_C 21.4) of one acetate group, respectively. The planar structure of 5 was established by ¹H–¹H COSY and HMBC correlations (Figure 2). The HMBC connectivities from H-2 (δ_H 3.63 br s, 1H) and H-8 (δ_H 5.27 d, 1H, J = 9.2 Hz) to two carbonyl carbons δ_C 173.3 (C) and 173.1 (C) determined the positions of the two n-butyrates at C-8 and C-3. Also, the location of an acetate group at C-6 was supported by the HMBC connectivities from both of the acetate methyl protons (δ_H 2.09 s, 3H) and oxygenated methine proton (δ_H 5.71 d, 1H, J = 5.6 Hz) to the carbon resonating at δ_C 171.6 (C). The relative configuration of 5 was confirmed by analyzing the key NOE correlations (Figure 3).

The cytotoxicity of the diterpenoids 1–12 against the growth of five human carcinoma cells A549, BT483, H1299, HepG2, SAS and one human normal cell line BEAS2B was studied (Table 3). The results showed that 1–4, 7–9 and 11 are not cytotoxic toward the above cancer and normal cells. Compounds 5, 6, 10 and 12 exhibited cytotoxicity toward the above five cancer cell lines and the human normal cell line; 10, being the most cytotoxic. The in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of compounds 1–12 were also tested by examining the inhibitory activity of these compounds toward the LPS-induced up-regulation of pro-inflammatory proteins iNOS and COX-2, in RAW264.7 macrophage cells (Figure 4). At a concentration of 10 μM, compounds except 2, 4, and 11 were found to significantly reduce the expression of iNOS protein, relative to the control cells stimulated with LPS only. Among them, 6 and 10 could potently reduce the levels of iNOS protein to 6.4 ± 0.8% and 12.8 ± 2.9%, respectively. Compounds 6 and 12 also effectively reduced COX-2 expression (52.5 ± 8.0% and 48.1 ± 10.8%, respectively) in the same LPS-stimulated cells. These results revealed that n-butyryloxy group at C-3 could significantly enhance the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities in eunicellin-type compounds. Overall, compounds 6, 10 and 12 exhibited interesting cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity and could become lead compounds in the future drug development.

Table 3. Cytotoxicity (ED₅₀ μg/mL) of compounds 5, 6, 10 and 12.

**Table 3.** Cytotoxicity (ED₅₀ μg/mL) of compounds 5, 6, 10 and 12.
	Cell Lines					Normal Cell Line
Compounds	A549	BT483	H1299	HepG2	SAS	BEAS2B
5	15.0 ± 3.5	11.5 ± 1.8	19.2 ± 4.0	12.9 ± 3.1	10.2 ± 3.5	– ^a
6	16.1 ± 1.2	10.0 ± 1.8	11.8 ± 1.0	– ^a	17.2 ± 0.4	10.4 ± 0.3
10	6.8 ± 1.0	11.6 ± 2.8	6.7 ± 0.7	8.5 ± 1.3	9.5 ± 3.7	4.8 ± 0.7
12	12.2 ± 1.1	6.8 ± 0.6	12.8 ± 1.2	11.1 ± 0.4	10.3 ± 0.5	13.6 ± 0.5
Taxol	1.5 ± 0.9	3.9 ± 0.8	1.2 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.7	2.3 ± 1.5	2.3 ± 1.5

^a IC₅₀ > 20 μg/mL.

Figure 4. Effect of compounds 1–12 on LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 proteins expression in RAW264.7 macrophage cells by immunoblot analysis. The values are mean ± SEM. (n = 6). Relative intensity of the LPS alone stimulated group was taken as 100%.* Significantly different from LPS alone stimulated group (* P < 0.05). ^a stimulated with LPS, ^b stimulated with LPS in the presence of 1–12 (10 μM).

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Experimental Procedures

Optical rotations were measured on a JASCO P-1020 polarimeter. IR spectra were recorded on a JASCO FT/IR-4100 infrared spectrophotometer. ESIMS were obtained with a Bruker APEX II mass spectrometer. NMR spectra were recorded either on a Varian UNITY INOVA-500 FT-NMR, a Varian 400MR FT-NMR. Silica gel (Merck, 230–400 mesh) was used for column chromatography. Precoated silica gel plates (Merck, Kieselgel 60 F-254, 0.2 mm) were used for analytical TLC. High performance liquid chromatography was performed on a Hitachi L-7100 HPLC apparatus with a ODS column (25.0 × 21.2 mm, 5 μm).

3.2. Animal Material

C. krempfi was collected by hand using scuba off the coast of Penghu islands of Taiwan in June 2008, at a depth of 5–10 m, and stored in a freezer until extraction. A voucher sample (specimen no. 200806CK) was deposited at the Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University.

3.3. Extraction and Separation

The octocoral (1.1 kg fresh wt) was collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried material was minced and extracted exhaustively with EtOH (3 × 10 L). The EtOH extract of the frozen organism was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O. The CH₂Cl₂-soluble portion (14.4 g) was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel and eluted with EtOAc in n-hexane (0%–100% of EtOAc, stepwise) and then further with MeOH in EtOAc with increasing polarity to yield 41 fractions. Fraction 28, eluted with n-hexane–EtOAc (1:2), was rechromatoraphed over a reversed-phase column (RP-18) using acetone–H₂O (10:1) as the mobile phase to afford six subfractions (A1–A6). Subfraction A1 was repeatedly separated by reverse phase HPLC (CH₃CN–H₂O, 1:1 to 2:1) to afford compounds 1 (3.5 mg), 2 (4.9 mg), 3 (7.6 mg), 4 (4.8 mg), and 9 (3.6 mg). Subfraction A2 separated by reverse phase HPLC (CH₃CN–H₂O, 3.8: 1) to afford compounds 5 (7.1 mg), 6 (16.4 mg), 10 (30.2 mg), 11 (5.2 mg) and 12 (5.4 mg). Subfraction A3 by reverse phase HPLC (CH₃CN–H₂O, 1:1) to afford compound 7 (13.2 mg). Subfraction A4 by reverse phase HPLC (MeOH–H₂O, 2.4:1) to afford compound 8 (5.5 mg).

3.3.1. Krempfielin E (1)

Colourless oil; [α]_D²⁵ −78.3 (c 0.35, CHCl₃); IR (neat) ν_max 3421, 3072, 2931, 1732, 1648, 1447, 1372, 1238, 1180 and 1039 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1, Table 2; ESIMS m/z 487 [M + Na]⁺; HRESIMS m/z 487.2669 [M + Na]⁺ (calcd for C₂₆H₄₀O₇Na, 487.2672).

3.3.2. Krempfielin F (2)

Colourless oil; [α]_D²⁵ −7.3 (c 0.49, CHCl₃); IR (neat) ν_max 3073, 2959, 1736, 1645, 1454, 1369, 1240, 1165 and 1095 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1, Table 2; ESIMS m/z 443 [M + Na]⁺; HRESIMS m/z 443.2408 [M + Na]⁺ (calcd for C₂₄H₃₆O₆Na, 443.2409).

3.3.3. Krempfielin G (3)

Colourless oil; [α]_D²⁵ −26.3 (c 0.76, CHCl₃); IR (neat) ν_max 3459, 3078, 2961, 1735, 1645, 1456, 1371, 1238, 1177 and 1075 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1, Table 2; ESIMS m/z 487 [M + Na]⁺; HRESIMS m/z 487.2675 [M + Na]⁺ (calcd for C₂₆H₄₀O₇Na, 487.2672).

3.3.4. Krempfielin H (4)

Colourless oil; [α]_D²⁵ −5.8 (c 0.48, CHCl₃); IR (neat) ν_max 3077, 2958, 1734, 1645, 1455, 1369, 1240, 1165 and 1095 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1, Table 2; ESIMS m/z 443 [M + Na]⁺; HRESIMS m/z 443.2408 [M + Na]⁺ (calcd for C₂₄H₃₆O₆Na, 443.2409).

3.3.5. Krempfielin I (5)

Colourless oil; [α]_D²⁵ −18.3 (c 0.35, CHCl₃); IR (neat) ν_max 3460, 3069, 2960, 1733, 1646, 1448, 1370, 1254, 1181 and 1089 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1, Table 2; ESIMS m/z 559 [M + Na]⁺; HRESIMS m/z 559.3243 [M + Na]⁺ (calcd for C₃₀H₄₈O₈Na, 559.3247).

3.4. Cytotoxicity Testing

Cell lines were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Cytotoxicity assays of compounds 1–12 were performed using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetra-zolium bromide] colorimetric method [25,26].

3.5. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Assay

Macrophage (RAW264.7) cell line was purchased from ATCC. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1–12 were measured by examining the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced upregulation of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthetase) and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) proteins in macrophages cells using western blotting analysis [27,28].

4. Conclusions

New eunicellin-based diterpenoids were isolated together with known ones from the soft coral Cladiella krempfi. Compounds 5, 6, 10 and 12 showed cytotoxicity toward the above five cancer cell lines, and one human normal cell line. Also, 6, 10 and 12 could significantly reduce the accumulation of pro-inflammatory proteins iNOS and COX-2. Thus, these compounds, in particular 6, 10 and 12 could be promising bioactive agents and may warrant further biomedical investigation.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by grants from the National Science Council (100-2320-B-110-001-MY2), Taiwan, awarded to J.-H. Sheu.

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Tai, C.-J.; Su, J.-H.; Huang, C.-Y.; Huang, M.-S.; Wen, Z.-H.; Dai, C.-F.; Sheu, J.-H. Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Cladiella krempfi. Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 788-799. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11030788

AMA Style

Tai C-J, Su J-H, Huang C-Y, Huang M-S, Wen Z-H, Dai C-F, Sheu J-H. Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Cladiella krempfi. Marine Drugs. 2013; 11(3):788-799. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11030788

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tai, Chi-Jen, Jui-Hsin Su, Chiung-Yao Huang, Ming-Shyan Huang, Zhi-Hong Wen, Chang-Feng Dai, and Jyh-Horng Sheu. 2013. "Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Cladiella krempfi" Marine Drugs 11, no. 3: 788-799. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11030788

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Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Cladiella krempfi

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Results and Discussion

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Experimental Procedures

3.2. Animal Material

3.3. Extraction and Separation

3.3.1. Krempfielin E (1)

3.3.2. Krempfielin F (2)

3.3.3. Krempfielin G (3)

3.3.4. Krempfielin H (4)

3.3.5. Krempfielin I (5)

3.4. Cytotoxicity Testing

3.5. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Assay

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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