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• Karuwan, C
• Mantim, T
• Chaisuwan, P
• Wilairat, P
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• Einaga, Y
• Chailapakul, O
• Suntornsuk, L
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• Karuwan, C
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• Jittangprasert, P
• Einaga, Y
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Sensors 2006, 6(12), 1837-1850; doi:10.3390/s6121837

Article

Pulsed Amperometry for Anti-fouling of Boron-doped Diamond in Electroanalysis of β-Agonists: Application to Flow Injection for Pharmaceutical Analysis

Chanpen Karuwan ¹ , Thitirat Mantim ¹ , Patcharin Chaisuwan ¹ , Prapin Wilairat ¹ , Kate Grudpan ³ , Piyada Jittangprasert ¹ , Yasuaki Einaga ⁵ , Orawon Chailapakul ⁶ , Leena Suntornsuk ⁷ , Oraphan Anurukvorakun ⁷  and Duangjai Nacapricha ^1,*

¹ Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (FIRST Labs.), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand ² Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand ³ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand ⁴ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand ⁵ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Japan ⁶ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ⁷ Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Thailand

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 1 January 2006 / Accepted: 14 January 2006 / Published: 26 January 2006

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Flow Analysis)

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Abstract: This work presents the construction and application of boron-doped diamond(BDD) thin film electrode as sensor for the determination of three β-agonists, viz.salbutamol, terbutaline and clenbuterol. Although well-known as a chemically inertmaterial, BDD film however shows fouling in detection of these compounds using fixedpotentialmode amperometry. A suitable waveform for pulsed amperometric detection(PAD) was developed and used to determine the agonist compounds. It was seen that thedeveloped PAD significantly refreshed the BDD surface for long-term detection in flowinjection analysis. Linear working ranges were 0.5-100 μM, 1.0-100 μM and 0.5-50 μM forsalbutamol, terbutaline and clenbuterol, respectively. The developed PAD-BDD system wasapplied to successfully determine salbutamol and terbutaline in commercial pharmaceuticalproducts. The methods were validated with a capillary electrophoresis method.

Keywords: boron-doped diamond; pulsed amperometry; β-agonists; flow injection

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