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Sensors, Volume 12, Issue 10 (October 2012) – 70 articles , Pages 12870-14231

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1250 KiB  
Article
3D Face Modeling Using the Multi-Deformable Method
by Jinkyu Hwang, Sunjin Yu, Joongrock Kim and Sangyoun Lee
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 12870-12889; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121012870 - 25 Sep 2012
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8007
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the problem of the accuracy performance of 3D face modeling techniques using corresponding features in multiple views, which is quite sensitive to feature extraction errors. To solve the problem, we adopt a statistical model-based 3D face modeling [...] Read more.
In this paper, we focus on the problem of the accuracy performance of 3D face modeling techniques using corresponding features in multiple views, which is quite sensitive to feature extraction errors. To solve the problem, we adopt a statistical model-based 3D face modeling approach in a mirror system consisting of two mirrors and a camera. The overall procedure of our 3D facial modeling method has two primary steps: 3D facial shape estimation using a multiple 3D face deformable model and texture mapping using seamless cloning that is a type of gradient-domain blending. To evaluate our method’s performance, we generate 3D faces of 30 individuals and then carry out two tests: accuracy test and robustness test. Our method shows not only highly accurate 3D face shape results when compared with the ground truth, but also robustness to feature extraction errors. Moreover, 3D face rendering results intuitively show that our method is more robust to feature extraction errors than other 3D face modeling methods. An additional contribution of our method is that a wide range of face textures can be acquired by the mirror system. By using this texture map, we generate realistic 3D face for individuals at the end of the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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884 KiB  
Article
Front-Crawl Instantaneous Velocity Estimation Using a Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit
by Farzin Dadashi, Florent Crettenand, Grégoire P. Millet and Kamiar Aminian
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 12927-12939; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121012927 - 25 Sep 2012
Cited by 76 | Viewed by 9515
Abstract
Monitoring the performance is a crucial task for elite sports during both training and competition. Velocity is the key parameter of performance in swimming, but swimming performance evaluation remains immature due to the complexities of measurements in water. The purpose of this study [...] Read more.
Monitoring the performance is a crucial task for elite sports during both training and competition. Velocity is the key parameter of performance in swimming, but swimming performance evaluation remains immature due to the complexities of measurements in water. The purpose of this study is to use a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) to estimate front crawl velocity. Thirty swimmers, equipped with an IMU on the sacrum, each performed four different velocity trials of 25 m in ascending order. A tethered speedometer was used as the velocity measurement reference. Deployment of biomechanical constraints of front crawl locomotion and change detection framework on acceleration signal paved the way for a drift-free integration of forward acceleration using IMU to estimate the swimmers velocity. A difference of 0.6 ± 5.4 cm·s−1 on mean cycle velocity and an RMS difference of 11.3 cm·s−1 in instantaneous velocity estimation were observed between IMU and the reference. The most important contribution of the study is a new practical tool for objective evaluation of swimming performance. A single body-worn IMU provides timely feedback for coaches and sport scientists without any complicated setup or restraining the swimmer’s natural technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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1101 KiB  
Article
Long Baseline Stereovision for Automatic Detection and Ranging of Moving Objects in the Night Sky
by Radu Danescu, Florin Oniga, Vlad Turcu and Octavian Cristea
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 12940-12963; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121012940 - 25 Sep 2012
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7497
Abstract
As the number of objects in Earth’s atmosphere and in low Earth orbit is continuously increasing; accurate surveillance of these objects has become important. This paper presents a generic, low cost sky surveillance system based on stereovision. Two cameras are placed 37 km [...] Read more.
As the number of objects in Earth’s atmosphere and in low Earth orbit is continuously increasing; accurate surveillance of these objects has become important. This paper presents a generic, low cost sky surveillance system based on stereovision. Two cameras are placed 37 km apart and synchronized by a GPS-controlled external signal. The intrinsic camera parameters are calibrated before setup in the observation position, the translation vectors are determined from the GPS coordinates and the rotation matrices are continuously estimated using an original automatic calibration methodology based on following known stars. The moving objects in the sky are recognized as line segments in the long exposure images, using an automatic detection and classification algorithm based on image processing. The stereo correspondence is based on the epipolar geometry and is performed automatically using the image detection results. The resulting experimental system is able to automatically detect moving objects such as planes, meteors and Low Earth Orbit satellites, and measure their 3D position in an Earth-bound coordinate system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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713 KiB  
Article
Operation Reliability Assessment for Cutting Tools by Applying a Proportional Covariate Model to Condition Monitoring Information
by Gaigai Cai, Xuefeng Chen, Bing Li, Baojia Chen and Zhengjia He
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 12964-12987; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121012964 - 25 Sep 2012
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6357
Abstract
The reliability of cutting tools is critical to machining precision and production efficiency. The conventional statistic-based reliability assessment method aims at providing a general and overall estimation of reliability for a large population of identical units under given and fixed conditions. However, it [...] Read more.
The reliability of cutting tools is critical to machining precision and production efficiency. The conventional statistic-based reliability assessment method aims at providing a general and overall estimation of reliability for a large population of identical units under given and fixed conditions. However, it has limited effectiveness in depicting the operational characteristics of a cutting tool. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes an approach to assess the operation reliability of cutting tools. A proportional covariate model is introduced to construct the relationship between operation reliability and condition monitoring information. The wavelet packet transform and an improved distance evaluation technique are used to extract sensitive features from vibration signals, and a covariate function is constructed based on the proportional covariate model. Ultimately, the failure rate function of the cutting tool being assessed is calculated using the baseline covariate function obtained from a small sample of historical data. Experimental results and a comparative study show that the proposed method is effective for assessing the operation reliability of cutting tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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1602 KiB  
Article
Development of an RTK-GPS Positioning Application with an Improved Position Error Model for Smartphones
by Jinsang Hwang, Hongsik Yun, Yongcheol Suh, Jeongho Cho and Dongha Lee
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 12988-13001; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121012988 - 25 Sep 2012
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 9300
Abstract
This study developed a smartphone application that provides wireless communication, NRTIP client, and RTK processing features, and which can simplify the Network RTK-GPS system while reducing the required cost. A determination method for an error model in Network RTK measurements was proposed, considering [...] Read more.
This study developed a smartphone application that provides wireless communication, NRTIP client, and RTK processing features, and which can simplify the Network RTK-GPS system while reducing the required cost. A determination method for an error model in Network RTK measurements was proposed, considering both random and autocorrelation errors, to accurately calculate the coordinates measured by the application using state estimation filters. The performance evaluation of the developed application showed that it could perform high-precision real-time positioning, within several centimeters of error range at a frequency of 20 Hz. A Kalman Filter was applied to the coordinates measured from the application, to evaluate the appropriateness of the determination method for an error model, as proposed in this study. The results were more accurate, compared with those of the existing error model, which only considered the random error. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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1396 KiB  
Article
The Detection of Patients at Risk of Gastrointestinal Toxicity during Pelvic Radiotherapy by Electronic Nose and FAIMS: A Pilot Study
by James A. Covington, Linda Wedlake, Jervoise Andreyev, Nathalie Ouaret, Matthew G. Thomas, Chuka U. Nwokolo, Karna D. Bardhan and Ramesh P. Arasaradnam
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13002-13018; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013002 - 26 Sep 2012
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 11580
Abstract
It is well known that the electronic nose can be used to identify differences between human health and disease for a range of disorders. We present a pilot study to investigate if the electronic nose and a newer technology, FAIMS (Field Asymmetric Ion [...] Read more.
It is well known that the electronic nose can be used to identify differences between human health and disease for a range of disorders. We present a pilot study to investigate if the electronic nose and a newer technology, FAIMS (Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry), can be used to identify and help inform the treatment pathway for patients receiving pelvic radiotherapy, which frequently causes gastrointestinal side-effects, severe in some. From a larger group, 23 radiotherapy patients were selected where half had the highest levels of toxicity and the others the lowest. Stool samples were obtained before and four weeks after radiotherapy and the volatiles and gases emitted analysed by both methods; these chemicals are products of fermentation caused by gut microflora. Principal component analysis of the electronic nose data and wavelet transform followed by Fisher discriminant analysis of FAIMS data indicated that it was possible to separate patients after treatment by their toxicity levels. More interestingly, differences were also identified in their pre-treatment samples. We believe these patterns arise from differences in gut microflora where some combinations of bacteria result to give this olfactory signature. In the future our approach may result in a technique that will help identify patients at “high risk” even before radiation treatment is started. Full article
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922 KiB  
Article
Cu2O and Au/Cu2O Particles: Surface Properties and Applications in Glucose Sensing
by Yu-Ho Won and Lia A. Stanciu
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13019-13033; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013019 - 26 Sep 2012
Cited by 66 | Viewed by 10004
Abstract
In this work we investigated the surface and facet-dependent catalytic properties of metal oxide particles as well as noble metal/metal oxide heterogeneous structures, with cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and Au/Cu2O being selected as model systems. As an example of application, [...] Read more.
In this work we investigated the surface and facet-dependent catalytic properties of metal oxide particles as well as noble metal/metal oxide heterogeneous structures, with cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and Au/Cu2O being selected as model systems. As an example of application, we explored the potential of these materials in developing electrocatalytic devices. Cu2O particles were synthesized in various shapes, then used for testing their morphology-dependent electrochemical properties applied to the detection of glucose. While we did not attempt to obtain the best detection limit reported to date, the octahedral and hexapod Cu2O particles showed reasonable detection limits of 0.51 and 0.60 mM, respectively, which are physiologically relevant concentrations. However, detection limit seems to be less affected by particle shapes than sensitivity. Heterogeneous systems where Au NPs were deposited on the surface of Cu2O particles were also tested with similar results in terms of the effect of surface orientation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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754 KiB  
Article
Expanding Window Compressed Sensing for Non-Uniform Compressible Signals
by Yu Liu, Xuqi Zhu, Lin Zhang and Sung Ho Cho
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13034-13057; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013034 - 26 Sep 2012
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8753
Abstract
Many practical compressible signals like image signals or the networked data in wireless sensor networks have non-uniform support distribution in their sparse representation domain. Utilizing this prior information, a novel compressed sensing (CS) scheme with unequal protection capability is proposed in this paper [...] Read more.
Many practical compressible signals like image signals or the networked data in wireless sensor networks have non-uniform support distribution in their sparse representation domain. Utilizing this prior information, a novel compressed sensing (CS) scheme with unequal protection capability is proposed in this paper by introducing a windowing strategy called expanding window compressed sensing (EW-CS). According to the importance of different parts of the signal, the signal is divided into several nested subsets, i.e., the expanding windows. Each window generates its own measurements using a random sensing matrix. The more significant elements are contained by more windows, so they are captured by more measurements. This design makes the EW-CS scheme have more convenient implementation and better overall recovery quality for non-uniform compressible signals than ordinary CS schemes. These advantages are theoretically analyzed and experimentally confirmed. Moreover, the EW-CS scheme is applied to the compressed acquisition of image signals and networked data where it also has superior performance than ordinary CS and the existing unequal protection CS schemes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ubiquitous Sensing)
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900 KiB  
Article
Yeast Sensors for Novel Drugs: Chloroquine and Others Revealed
by Chantel Swart, Andries Olivier, Khumisho Dithebe, Carolina Pohl, Pieter van Wyk, Hendrik Swart, Elizabeth Coetsee and Lodewyk Kock
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13058-13074; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013058 - 26 Sep 2012
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7302
Abstract
In this study the mitochondrion is regarded as a target to reveal compounds that may be used to combat various diseases. Consequently, the sexual structures of yeasts (with high mitochondrial activity) were identified as sensors to screen for various anti-mitochondrial drugs that may [...] Read more.
In this study the mitochondrion is regarded as a target to reveal compounds that may be used to combat various diseases. Consequently, the sexual structures of yeasts (with high mitochondrial activity) were identified as sensors to screen for various anti-mitochondrial drugs that may be toxic to humans and that are directed, amongst others, against fungal diseases and cancer. Strikingly, these sensors indicated that chloroquine is a potent pro-mitochondrial drug which stimulated yeast sexual reproduction. In addition, these sensors also showed that some Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), anti-malarial drugs, antifungal and anticancer drugs are anti-mitochondrial. These yeast sensor bio-assays may fast track studies aimed at discovering new drugs as well as their mechanisms and should now be further evaluated for selectivity towards anti-/ pro-mitochondrials, fertility drugs and contraceptives, using in vitro, in vivo, in silico and omics research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Live Cell-Based Sensors)
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810 KiB  
Article
Electromagnetically-Actuated Reciprocating Pump for High-Flow-Rate Microfluidic Applications
by Ming-Tsun Ke, Jian-Hao Zhong and Chia-Yen Lee
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13075-13087; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013075 - 26 Sep 2012
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7234
Abstract
This study presents an electromagnetically-actuated reciprocating pump for high-flow-rate microfluidic applications. The pump comprises four major components, namely a lower glass plate containing a copper microcoil, a middle PMMA plate incorporating a PDMS diaphragm with a surface-mounted magnet, upper PMMA channel plates, and [...] Read more.
This study presents an electromagnetically-actuated reciprocating pump for high-flow-rate microfluidic applications. The pump comprises four major components, namely a lower glass plate containing a copper microcoil, a middle PMMA plate incorporating a PDMS diaphragm with a surface-mounted magnet, upper PMMA channel plates, and a ball-type check valve located at the channel inlet. When an AC current is passed through the microcoil, an alternating electromagnetic force is established between the coil and the magnet. The resulting bi-directional deflection of the PDMS diaphragm causes the check-valve to open and close; thereby creating a pumping effect. The experimental results show that a coil input current of 0.4 A generates an electromagnetic force of 47 mN and a diaphragm deflection of 108 μm. Given an actuating voltage of 3 V and a driving frequency of 15 Hz, the flow rate is found to be 13.2 mL/min under zero head pressure conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidic Devices)
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1088 KiB  
Article
On Increasing Network Lifetime in Body Area Networks Using Global Routing with Energy Consumption Balancing
by Gill R. Tsouri, Alvaro Prieto and Nikhil Argade
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13088-13108; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013088 - 26 Sep 2012
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7977
Abstract
Global routing protocols in wireless body area networks are considered. Global routing is augmented with a novel link cost function designed to balance energy consumption across the network. The result is a substantial increase in network lifetime at the expense of a marginal [...] Read more.
Global routing protocols in wireless body area networks are considered. Global routing is augmented with a novel link cost function designed to balance energy consumption across the network. The result is a substantial increase in network lifetime at the expense of a marginal increase in energy per bit. Network maintenance requirements are reduced as well, since balancing energy consumption means all batteries need to be serviced at the same time and less frequently. The proposed routing protocol is evaluated using a hardware experimental setup comprising multiple nodes and an access point. The setup is used to assess network architectures, including an on-body access point and an off-body access point with varying number of antennas. Real-time experiments are conducted in indoor environments to assess performance gains. In addition, the setup is used to record channel attenuation data which are then processed in extensive computer simulations providing insight on the effect of protocol parameters on performance. Results demonstrate efficient balancing of energy consumption across all nodes, an average increase of up to 40% in network lifetime corresponding to a modest average increase of 0.4 dB in energy per bit, and a cutoff effect on required transmission power to achieve reliable connectivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Sensor Networks for Healthcare and Pervasive Applications)
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355 KiB  
Article
An Automatic Critical Care Urine Meter
by Abraham Otero, Roemi Fernandez, Andrey Apalkov and Manuel Armada
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13109-13125; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013109 - 26 Sep 2012
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 9196
Abstract
Nowadays patients admitted to critical care units have most of their physiological parameters measured automatically by sophisticated commercial monitoring devices. More often than not, these devices supervise whether the values of the parameters they measure lie within a pre-established range, and issue warning [...] Read more.
Nowadays patients admitted to critical care units have most of their physiological parameters measured automatically by sophisticated commercial monitoring devices. More often than not, these devices supervise whether the values of the parameters they measure lie within a pre-established range, and issue warning of deviations from this range by triggering alarms. The automation of measuring and supervising tasks not only discharges the healthcare staff of a considerable workload but also avoids human errors in these repetitive and monotonous tasks. Arguably, the most relevant physiological parameter that is still measured and supervised manually by critical care unit staff is urine output (UO). In this paper we present a patent-pending device that provides continuous and accurate measurements of patient’s UO. The device uses capacitive sensors to take continuous measurements of the height of the column of liquid accumulated in two chambers that make up a plastic container. The first chamber, where the urine inputs, has a small volume. Once it has been filled it overflows into a second bigger chamber. The first chamber provides accurate UO measures of patients whose UO has to be closely supervised, while the second one avoids the need for frequent interventions by the nursing staff to empty the container. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors)
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1737 KiB  
Article
A Low Cost Matching Motion Estimation Sensor Based on the NIOS II Microprocessor
by Diego González, Guillermo Botella, Uwe Meyer-Baese, Carlos García, Concepción Sanz, Manuel Prieto-Matías and Francisco Tirado
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13126-13149; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013126 - 27 Sep 2012
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8395
Abstract
This work presents the implementation of a matching-based motion estimation sensor on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and NIOS II microprocessor applying a C to Hardware (C2H) acceleration paradigm. The design, which involves several matching algorithms, is mapped using Very Large Scale [...] Read more.
This work presents the implementation of a matching-based motion estimation sensor on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and NIOS II microprocessor applying a C to Hardware (C2H) acceleration paradigm. The design, which involves several matching algorithms, is mapped using Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology. These algorithms, as well as the hardware implementation, are presented here together with an extensive analysis of the resources needed and the throughput obtained. The developed low-cost system is practical for real-time throughput and reduced power consumption and is useful in robotic applications, such as tracking, navigation using an unmanned vehicle, or as part of a more complex system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-Small Sensor Systems and Components)
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1700 KiB  
Article
A Digitalized Silicon Microgyroscope Based on Embedded FPGA
by Dunzhu Xia, Cheng Yu and Yuliang Wang
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13150-13166; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013150 - 27 Sep 2012
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6864
Abstract
This paper presents a novel digital miniaturization method for a prototype silicon micro-gyroscope (SMG) with the symmetrical and decoupled structure. The schematic blocks of the overall system consist of high precision analog front-end interface, high-speed 18-bit analog to digital convertor, a high-performance core [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel digital miniaturization method for a prototype silicon micro-gyroscope (SMG) with the symmetrical and decoupled structure. The schematic blocks of the overall system consist of high precision analog front-end interface, high-speed 18-bit analog to digital convertor, a high-performance core Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip and other peripherals such as high-speed serial ports for transmitting data. In drive mode, the closed-loop drive circuit are implemented by automatic gain control (AGC) loop and software phase-locked loop (SPLL) based on the Coordinated Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm. Meanwhile, the sense demodulation module based on varying step least mean square demodulation (LMSD) are addressed in detail. All kinds of algorithms are simulated by Simulink and DSPbuilder tools, which is in good agreement with the theoretical design. The experimental results have fully demonstrated the stability and flexibility of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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594 KiB  
Article
Development of a Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography Module Supporting Multiple Sensors for Wearable Systems
by Zhengbo Zhang, Jiewen Zheng, Hao Wu, Weidong Wang, Buqing Wang and Hongyun Liu
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13167-13184; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013167 - 27 Sep 2012
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 10418
Abstract
In this paper, we present an RIP module with the features of supporting multiple inductive sensors, no variable frequency LC oscillator, low power consumption, and automatic gain adjustment for each channel. Based on the method of inductance measurement without using a variable frequency [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present an RIP module with the features of supporting multiple inductive sensors, no variable frequency LC oscillator, low power consumption, and automatic gain adjustment for each channel. Based on the method of inductance measurement without using a variable frequency LC oscillator, we further integrate pulse amplitude modulation and time division multiplexing scheme into a module to support multiple RIP sensors. All inductive sensors are excited by a high-frequency electric current periodically and momentarily, and the inductance of each sensor is measured during the time when the electric current is fed to it. To improve the amplitude response of the RIP sensors, we optimize the sensing unit with a matching capacitor parallel with each RIP sensor forming a frequency selection filter. Performance tests on the linearity of the output with cross-sectional area and the accuracy of respiratory volume estimation demonstrate good linearity and accurate lung volume estimation. Power consumption of this new RIP module with two sensors is very low. The performance of respiration measurement during movement is also evaluated. This RIP module is especially desirable for wearable systems with multiple RIP sensors for long-term respiration monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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464 KiB  
Article
Non-Parametric Bayesian Human Motion Recognition Using a Single MEMS Tri-Axial Accelerometer
by M. Ejaz Ahmed and Ju Bin Song
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13185-13211; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013185 - 27 Sep 2012
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5569
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a non-parametric clustering method to recognize the number of human motions using features which are obtained from a single microelectromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometer. Since the number of human motions under consideration is not known a priori and because [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a non-parametric clustering method to recognize the number of human motions using features which are obtained from a single microelectromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometer. Since the number of human motions under consideration is not known a priori and because of the unsupervised nature of the proposed technique, there is no need to collect training data for the human motions. The infinite Gaussian mixture model (IGMM) and collapsed Gibbs sampler are adopted to cluster the human motions using extracted features. From the experimental results, we show that the unanticipated human motions are detected and recognized with significant accuracy, as compared with the parametric Fuzzy C-Mean (FCM) technique, the unsupervised K-means algorithm, and the non-parametric mean-shift method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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403 KiB  
Article
An Adaptive Altitude Information Fusion Method for Autonomous Landing Processes of Small Unmanned Aerial Rotorcraft
by Xusheng Lei and Jingjing Li
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13212-13224; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013212 - 27 Sep 2012
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6422
Abstract
This paper presents an adaptive information fusion method to improve the accuracy and reliability of the altitude measurement information for small unmanned aerial rotorcraft during the landing process. Focusing on the low measurement performance of sensors mounted on small unmanned aerial rotorcraft, a [...] Read more.
This paper presents an adaptive information fusion method to improve the accuracy and reliability of the altitude measurement information for small unmanned aerial rotorcraft during the landing process. Focusing on the low measurement performance of sensors mounted on small unmanned aerial rotorcraft, a wavelet filter is applied as a pre-filter to attenuate the high frequency noises in the sensor output. Furthermore, to improve altitude information, an adaptive extended Kalman filter based on a maximum a posteriori criterion is proposed to estimate measurement noise covariance matrix in real time. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is proved by static tests, hovering flight and autonomous landing flight tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends towards Automatic Vehicle Control and Perception Systems)
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1872 KiB  
Article
Combination of Wearable Multi-Biosensor Platform and Resonance Frequency Training for Stress Management of the Unemployed Population
by Wanqing Wu, Yeongjoon Gil and Jungtae Lee
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13225-13248; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013225 - 27 Sep 2012
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 10938
Abstract
Currently considerable research is being directed toward developing methodologies for controlling emotion or releasing stress. An applied branch of the basic field of psychophysiology, known as biofeedback, has been developed to fulfill clinical and non-clinical needs related to such control. Wearable medical devices [...] Read more.
Currently considerable research is being directed toward developing methodologies for controlling emotion or releasing stress. An applied branch of the basic field of psychophysiology, known as biofeedback, has been developed to fulfill clinical and non-clinical needs related to such control. Wearable medical devices have permitted unobtrusive monitoring of vital signs and emerging biofeedback services in a pervasive manner. With the global recession, unemployment has become one of the most serious social problems; therefore, the combination of biofeedback techniques with wearable technology for stress management of unemployed population is undoubtedly meaningful. This article describes a wearable biofeedback system based on combining integrated multi-biosensor platform with resonance frequency training (RFT) biofeedback strategy for stress management of unemployed population. Compared to commercial system, in situ experiments with multiple subjects indicated that our biofeedback system was discreet, easy to wear, and capable of offering ambulatory RFT biofeedback.Moreover, the comparative studies on the altered autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation before and after three week RFT biofeedback training was performed in unemployed population with the aid of our wearable biofeedback system. The achieved results suggested that RFT biofeedback in combination with wearable technology was capable of significantly increasingoverall HRV, which indicated by decreasing sympathetic activities, increasing parasympathetic activities, and increasing ANS synchronization. After 3-week RFT-based respiration training, the ANS’s regulating function and coping ability of unemployed population have doubled, and tended toward a dynamic balance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors)
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890 KiB  
Article
Towards a Ubiquitous User Model for Profile Sharing and Reuse
by Maria De Lourdes Martinez-Villaseñor, Miguel Gonzalez-Mendoza and Neil Hernandez-Gress
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13249-13283; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013249 - 28 Sep 2012
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7171
Abstract
People interact with systems and applications through several devices and are willing to share information about preferences, interests and characteristics. Social networking profiles, data from advanced sensors attached to personal gadgets, and semantic web technologies such as FOAF and microformats are valuable sources [...] Read more.
People interact with systems and applications through several devices and are willing to share information about preferences, interests and characteristics. Social networking profiles, data from advanced sensors attached to personal gadgets, and semantic web technologies such as FOAF and microformats are valuable sources of personal information that could provide a fair understanding of the user, but profile information is scattered over different user models. Some researchers in the ubiquitous user modeling community envision the need to share user model’s information from heterogeneous sources. In this paper, we address the syntactic and semantic heterogeneity of user models in order to enable user modeling interoperability. We present a dynamic user profile structure based in Simple Knowledge Organization for the Web (SKOS) to provide knowledge representation for ubiquitous user model. We propose a two-tier matching strategy for concept schemas alignment to enable user modeling interoperability. Our proposal is proved in the application scenario of sharing and reusing data in order to deal with overweight and obesity. Full article
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889 KiB  
Article
Effects of Surface and Morphological Properties of Zeolite on Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Sensing Performance
by Jianwei Zhang, Xiaogan Li, Jeremy White and Prabir K. Dutta
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13284-13294; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013284 - 01 Oct 2012
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5897
Abstract
Measurement by impedance spectroscopy of the changes in intrazeolitic cation motion of pressed pellets of zeolite particles upon adsorption of dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP) provides a strategy for sensing DMMP, a commonly used simulant for highly toxic organophosphate nerve agents. In this work, two strategies [...] Read more.
Measurement by impedance spectroscopy of the changes in intrazeolitic cation motion of pressed pellets of zeolite particles upon adsorption of dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP) provides a strategy for sensing DMMP, a commonly used simulant for highly toxic organophosphate nerve agents. In this work, two strategies for improving the impedance spectroscopy based sensing of DMMP on zeolites were investigated. The first one is the use of cerium oxide (CeO2) coated on the zeolite surface to neutralize acidic groups that may cause the decomposition of DMMP, and results in better sensor recovery. The second strategy was to explore the use of zeolite Y membrane. Compared to pressed pellets, the membranes have connected supercages of much longer length scales. The zeolite membranes resulted in higher sensitivity to DMMP, but recovery of the device was significantly slower as compared to pressed zeolite pellets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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1032 KiB  
Article
WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management
by Dilshan Silva, Moustafa Ghanem and Yike Guo
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13295-13332; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013295 - 01 Oct 2012
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 14008
Abstract
This paper presents a new methodology for collaborative sensor data management known as WikiSensing. It is a novel approach that incorporates online collaboration with sensor data management. We introduce the work on this research by describing the motivation and challenges of designing and [...] Read more.
This paper presents a new methodology for collaborative sensor data management known as WikiSensing. It is a novel approach that incorporates online collaboration with sensor data management. We introduce the work on this research by describing the motivation and challenges of designing and developing an online collaborative sensor data management system. This is followed by a brief survey on popular sensor data management and online collaborative systems. We then present the architecture for WikiSensing highlighting its main components and features. Several example scenarios are described to present the functionality of the system. We evaluate the approach by investigating the performance of aggregate queries and the scalability of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ubiquitous Sensing)
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10003 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Intrinsic Image Algorithms to Detect the Shadows Cast by Static Objects Outdoors
by Cesar Isaza, Joaquín Salas and Bogdan Raducanu
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13333-13348; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013333 - 01 Oct 2012
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5020
Abstract
In some automatic scene analysis applications, the presence of shadows becomes a nuisance that is necessary to deal with. As a consequence, a preliminary stage in many computer vision algorithms is to attenuate their effect. In this paper, we focus our attention on [...] Read more.
In some automatic scene analysis applications, the presence of shadows becomes a nuisance that is necessary to deal with. As a consequence, a preliminary stage in many computer vision algorithms is to attenuate their effect. In this paper, we focus our attention on the detection of shadows cast by static objects outdoors, as the scene is viewed for extended periods of time (days, weeks) from a fixed camera and considering daylight intervals where the main source of light is the sun. In this context, we report two contributions. First, we introduce the use of synthetic images for which ground truth can be generated automatically, avoiding the tedious effort of manual annotation. Secondly, we report a novel application of the intrinsic image concept to the automatic detection of shadows cast by static objects in outdoors. We make both a quantitative and a qualitative evaluation of several algorithms based on this image representation. For the quantitative evaluation, we used the synthetic data set, while for the qualitative evaluation we used both data sets. Our experimental results show that the evaluated methods can partially solve the problem of shadow detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)
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421 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Analysis of Total Amino Acid in Barley Leaves under Herbicide Stress Using Spectroscopic Technology and Chemometrics
by Yidan Bao, Wenwen Kong, Yong He, Fei Liu, Tian Tian and Weijun Zhou
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13393-13401; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013393 - 01 Oct 2012
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5337
Abstract
Visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy were employed for the fast and nondestructive estimation of the total amino acid (TAA) content in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. The calibration set was composed of 50 samples; and the remaining 25 samples were used [...] Read more.
Visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy were employed for the fast and nondestructive estimation of the total amino acid (TAA) content in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. The calibration set was composed of 50 samples; and the remaining 25 samples were used for the validation set. Seven different spectral preprocessing methods and six different calibration methods (linear and nonlinear) were applied for a comprehensive prediction performance comparison. Successive projections algorithm (SPA) and regression coefficients (RC) were applied to select effective wavelengths (EWs). The results indicated that the latent variables-least-squares-support vector machine (LV-LS-SVM) model achieved the optimal performance. The prediction results by LV-LS-SVM with raw spectra were achieved with a correlation coefficients (r) = 0.937 and root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.530. The overall results showed that the NIR spectroscopy could be used for determination of TAA content in barley leaves with an excellent prediction precision; and the results were also helpful for on-field monitoring of barley growing status under herbicide stress during different growth stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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727 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Analysis of the Performance of Glucose Sensors with Layer-by-Layer Assembled Outer Membranes
by Robert A. Croce, Jr., Santhisagar Vaddiraju, Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos and Faquir C. Jain
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13402-13416; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013402 - 01 Oct 2012
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 11962
Abstract
The performance of implantable electrochemical glucose sensors is highly dependent on the flux-limiting (glucose, H2O2, O2) properties of their outer membranes. A careful understanding of the diffusion profiles of the participating species throughout the sensor architecture (enzyme [...] Read more.
The performance of implantable electrochemical glucose sensors is highly dependent on the flux-limiting (glucose, H2O2, O2) properties of their outer membranes. A careful understanding of the diffusion profiles of the participating species throughout the sensor architecture (enzyme and membrane layer) plays a crucial role in designing a robust sensor for both in vitro and in vivo operation. This paper reports the results from the mathematical modeling of Clark’s first generation amperometric glucose sensor coated with layer-by-layer assembled outer membranes in order to obtain and compare the diffusion profiles of various participating species and their effect on sensor performance. Devices coated with highly glucose permeable (HAs/Fe3+) membranes were compared with devices coated with PSS/PDDA membranes, which have an order of magnitude lower permeability. The simulation showed that the low glucose permeable membrane (PSS/PDDA) sensors exhibited a 27% higher amperometric response than the high glucose permeable (HAs/Fe3+) sensors. Upon closer inspection of H2O2 diffusion profiles, this non-typical higher response from PSS/PDDA is not due to either a larger glucose flux or comparatively larger O2 concentrations within the sensor geometry, but rather is attributed to a 48% higher H2O2 concentration in the glucose oxidase enzyme layer of PSS/PDDA coated sensors as compared to HAs/Fe3+ coated ones. These simulated results corroborate our experimental findings reported previously. The high concentration of H2O2 in the PSS/PDDA coated sensors is due to the low permeability of H2O2 through the PSS/PDDA membrane, which also led to an undesired increase in sensor response time. Additionally, it was found that this phenomenon occurs for all enzyme thicknesses investigated (15, 20 and 25 nm), signifying the need for a holistic approach in designing outer membranes for amperometric biosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors)
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1381 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of Real-Time Software Radio for Anti-Interference GPS/WAAS Sensors
by Yu-Hsuan Chen, Jyh-Ching Juang, Jiwon Seo, Sherman Lo, Dennis M. Akos, David S. De Lorenzo and Per Enge
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13417-13440; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013417 - 01 Oct 2012
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 11263
Abstract
Adaptive antenna array processing is widely known to provide significant anti-interference capabilities within a Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver. A main challenge in the quest for such receiver architecture has always been the computational/processing requirements. Even more demanding would be to try [...] Read more.
Adaptive antenna array processing is widely known to provide significant anti-interference capabilities within a Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver. A main challenge in the quest for such receiver architecture has always been the computational/processing requirements. Even more demanding would be to try and incorporate the flexibility of the Software-Defined Radio (SDR) design philosophy in such an implementation. This paper documents a feasible approach to a real-time SDR implementation of a beam-steered GNSS receiver and validates its performance. This research implements a real-time software receiver on a widely-available x86-based multi-core microprocessor to process four-element antenna array data streams sampled with 16-bit resolution. The software receiver is capable of 12 channels all-in-view Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) array processing capable of rejecting multiple interferers. Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions assembly coding and multithreaded programming, the key to such an implementation to reduce computational complexity, are fully documented within the paper. In conventional antenna array systems, receivers use the geometry of antennas and cable lengths known in advance. The documented CRPA implementation is architected to operate without extensive set-up and pre-calibration and leverages Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) to provide adaptation in both the frequency and space domains. The validation component of the paper demonstrates that the developed software receiver operates in real time with live Global Positioning System (GPS) and Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) L1 C/A code signal. Further, interference rejection capabilities of the implementation are also demonstrated using multiple synthetic interferers which are added to the live data stream. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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1183 KiB  
Article
Efficient Text Encryption and Hiding with Double-Random Phase-Encoding
by Jun Sang, Shenggui Ling and Mohammad S. Alam
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13441-13457; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013441 - 01 Oct 2012
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5152
Abstract
In this paper, a double-random phase-encoding technique-based text encryption and hiding method is proposed. First, the secret text is transformed into a 2-dimensional array and the higher bits of the elements in the transformed array are used to store the bit stream of [...] Read more.
In this paper, a double-random phase-encoding technique-based text encryption and hiding method is proposed. First, the secret text is transformed into a 2-dimensional array and the higher bits of the elements in the transformed array are used to store the bit stream of the secret text, while the lower bits are filled with specific values. Then, the transformed array is encoded with double-random phase-encoding technique. Finally, the encoded array is superimposed on an expanded host image to obtain the image embedded with hidden data. The performance of the proposed technique, including the hiding capacity, the recovery accuracy of the secret text, and the quality of the image embedded with hidden data, is tested via analytical modeling and test data stream. Experimental results show that the secret text can be recovered either accurately or almost accurately, while maintaining the quality of the host image embedded with hidden data by properly selecting the method of transforming the secret text into an array and the superimposition coefficient. By using optical information processing techniques, the proposed method has been found to significantly improve the security of text information transmission, while ensuring hiding capacity at a prescribed level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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5293 KiB  
Article
Building Environment Analysis Based on Temperature and Humidity for Smart Energy Systems
by Jaeseok Yun and Kwang-Ho Won
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13458-13470; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013458 - 01 Oct 2012
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8233
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) control strategy as part of the smart energy system that can balance occupant comfort against building energy consumption using ubiquitous sensing and machine learning technology. We have developed ZigBee-based wireless [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a new HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) control strategy as part of the smart energy system that can balance occupant comfort against building energy consumption using ubiquitous sensing and machine learning technology. We have developed ZigBee-based wireless sensor nodes and collected realistic temperature and humidity data during one month from a laboratory environment. With the collected data, we have established a building environment model using machine learning algorithms, which can be used to assess occupant comfort level. We expect the proposed HVAC control strategy will be able to provide occupants with a consistently comfortable working or home environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ubiquitous Sensing)
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670 KiB  
Article
A Novel CD105 Determination System Based on an Ultrasensitive Bioelectrochemical Strategy with Pt Nanoparticles
by Suyun Zeng, Sujun Wang, Li Wang, Lihua Yang, Zhenbo Chen and Zhiqing Liang
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13471-13479; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013471 - 08 Oct 2012
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5841
Abstract
CD105 is a well-known tumor metastasis marker and useful for early monitoring of metastasis and cancer relapse. It is important to generate rapid, reliable and precise analytical information regarding CD105 levels. To establish a simple, selective and sensitive detection method, we prepared an [...] Read more.
CD105 is a well-known tumor metastasis marker and useful for early monitoring of metastasis and cancer relapse. It is important to generate rapid, reliable and precise analytical information regarding CD105 levels. To establish a simple, selective and sensitive detection method, we prepared an immunosensor with novel bioconjugates based on Pt nanoparticles, thionin acetate and antibodies. The proposed immunosensor displayed a broader linear response to CD105, with a working range of 1.3 to 200.0 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.9 ng/mL under optimal conditions. Moreover, the studied immunosensor exhibited high sensitivity, fast analysis and adequate stability. The proposed methodology could readily be extended to other clinical- or environment-related biospecies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioassays)
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526 KiB  
Article
Design of a New Sensor for Determination of the Effects of Tractor Field Usage in Southern Spain: Soil Sinkage and Alterations in the Cone Index and Dry Bulk Density
by Diego L. Valera, Jesús Gil and Juan Agüera
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13480-13490; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013480 - 08 Oct 2012
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6888
Abstract
Variations in sinkage and cone index are of crucial importance when planning fieldwork, and for determining the trafficability of farm machinery. Many studies have highlighted the link between higher values of these parameters and dramatic decreases in crop yield. Variations in the dry [...] Read more.
Variations in sinkage and cone index are of crucial importance when planning fieldwork, and for determining the trafficability of farm machinery. Many studies have highlighted the link between higher values of these parameters and dramatic decreases in crop yield. Variations in the dry bulk density and cone index of clayey soil in Southern Spain were measured following each of five successive passes over the same land with the three types of tractor most widely used in the area (tracked, two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive). In addition, sinkage (rut depth) of the running gear was measured using a laser microrelief profile meter. This device, which integrates three sensors, was specifically designed for these experiments, as was an electrical penetrometer to determine the cone index, and both instruments proved reliable and accurate in the field. The main goal of this study was to design, manufacture and test these new devices. The first pass caused most soil alteration when compared to successive passes for all types of tractor tested and soil conditions prevailing during the tests. (Heavier) four-wheel drive tractors were found to cause greater soil damage (sinkage, cone index and dry bulk density) than two-wheel drive and track tractors. There was no statistically significant difference between the two latter types. The greatest alterations were recorded in the top 10 cm of the soil. The results show that soil compaction should be avoided as much as possible. This can be achieved by ensuring that tractors always travel along the same tracks, especially in the wet season. At present these aspects are not considered by farmers in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor-Based Technologies and Processes in Agriculture and Forestry)
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Article
Context-Aware Mobile Collaborative Systems: Conceptual Modeling and Case Study
by Edgard Benítez-Guerrero, Carmen Mezura-Godoy and Luis G. Montané-Jiménez
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13491-13507; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013491 - 09 Oct 2012
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6822
Abstract
A Mobile Collaborative System (MCOS) enable the cooperation of the members of a team to achieve a common goal by using a combination of mobile and fixed technologies. MCOS can be enhanced if the context of the group of users is considered in [...] Read more.
A Mobile Collaborative System (MCOS) enable the cooperation of the members of a team to achieve a common goal by using a combination of mobile and fixed technologies. MCOS can be enhanced if the context of the group of users is considered in the execution of activities. This paper proposes a novel model for Context-Aware Mobile COllaborative Systems (CAMCOS) and a functional architecture based on that model. In order to validate both the model and the architecture, a prototype system in the tourism domain was implemented and evaluated. Full article
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Article
A TDR-Based Soil Moisture Monitoring System with Simultaneous Measurement of Soil Temperature and Electrical Conductivity
by Wojciech Skierucha, Andrzej Wilczek, Agnieszka Szypłowska, Cezary Sławiński and Krzysztof Lamorski
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13545-13566; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013545 - 09 Oct 2012
Cited by 108 | Viewed by 16083
Abstract
Elements of design and a field application of a TDR-based soil moisture and electrical conductivity monitoring system are described with detailed presentation of the time delay units with a resolution of 10 ps. Other issues discussed include the temperature correction of the applied [...] Read more.
Elements of design and a field application of a TDR-based soil moisture and electrical conductivity monitoring system are described with detailed presentation of the time delay units with a resolution of 10 ps. Other issues discussed include the temperature correction of the applied time delay units, battery supply characteristics and the measurement results from one of the installed ground measurement stations in the Polesie National Park in Poland. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor-Based Technologies and Processes in Agriculture and Forestry)
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1306 KiB  
Article
A Finite-Element Simulation of Galvanic Coupling Intra-Body Communication Based on the Whole Human Body
by Yong Song, Kai Zhang, Qun Hao, Lanxin Hu, Jingwen Wang and Fuzhou Shang
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13567-13582; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013567 - 09 Oct 2012
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9262
Abstract
Simulation based on the finite-element (FE) method plays an important role in the investigation of intra-body communication (IBC). In this paper, a finite-element model of the whole body model used for the IBC simulation is proposed and verified, while the FE simulation of [...] Read more.
Simulation based on the finite-element (FE) method plays an important role in the investigation of intra-body communication (IBC). In this paper, a finite-element model of the whole body model used for the IBC simulation is proposed and verified, while the FE simulation of the galvanic coupling IBC with different signal transmission paths has been achieved. Firstly, a novel finite-element method for modeling the whole human body is proposed, and a FE model of the whole human body used for IBC simulation was developed. Secondly, the simulations of the galvanic coupling IBC with the different signal transmission paths were implemented. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method was verified by using in vivo measurements within the frequency range of 10 kHz–5 MHz, whereby some important conclusions were deduced. Our results indicate that the proposed method will offer significant advantages in the investigation of the galvanic coupling intra-body communication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Sensor Networks for Healthcare and Pervasive Applications)
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823 KiB  
Article
Development of a Simplified, Cost Effective GC-ECD Methodology for the Sensitive Detection of Bromoform in the Troposphere
by Brett Kuyper, Casper Labuschagne, Raïssa Philibert, Nicholas Moyo, Howard Waldron, Chris Reason and Carl Palmer
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13583-13597; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013583 - 10 Oct 2012
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6860
Abstract
Wherever measurements have been made bromoform was found to be ubiquitous in the surface ocean in pmolar-nmolar concentrations. These measurements show concentrations in coastal regions orders of magnitude higher than in the pelagic oceans. Its atmospheric presence is primarily due to its release [...] Read more.
Wherever measurements have been made bromoform was found to be ubiquitous in the surface ocean in pmolar-nmolar concentrations. These measurements show concentrations in coastal regions orders of magnitude higher than in the pelagic oceans. Its atmospheric presence is primarily due to its release from algae and rapid transport to the marine boundary troposphere where it is known to participate in ozone chemistry via photochemical and catalytic pathways. Until quite recently, a limited number of studies existed (compared to other marine volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), mainly due to the analytical challenge(s) presented by the low environmental mixing ratios. In this work we detail the development of a simplified, cost effective method to detect and quantify bromoform in environmental air samples. Air samples (1.5 L) were preconcentrated onto a precooled adsorbent (Carbopack X/Carboxen 1016) trap. These samples were injected by means of rapid thermal desorption for separation and detection by GC-ECD. The system was calibrated by means of a custom-built permeation oven. A linear system response was achieved, having a detection limit of 0.73 ± 0.09 ppt. A range of environmental samples was analysed to demonstrate the ability of the technique to separate and identify bromoform from air samples. The results showed that bromoform concentrations typically averaged 24.7 ± 17.3 ppt in marine air samples, 68.5 ± 26.3 ppt in Cape Town urban air samples and 33.9 ± 40.5 ppt in simulated biomass burning plumes (SBBP). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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1113 KiB  
Article
A Three-Axis Force Sensor for Dual Finger Haptic Interfaces
by Marco Fontana, Simone Marcheschi, Fabio Salsedo and Massimo Bergamasco
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13598-13616; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013598 - 10 Oct 2012
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 11579
Abstract
In this work we present the design process, the characterization and testing of a novel three-axis mechanical force sensor. This sensor is optimized for use in closed-loop force control of haptic devices with three degrees of freedom. In particular the sensor has been [...] Read more.
In this work we present the design process, the characterization and testing of a novel three-axis mechanical force sensor. This sensor is optimized for use in closed-loop force control of haptic devices with three degrees of freedom. In particular the sensor has been conceived for integration with a dual finger haptic interface that aims at simulating forces that occur during grasping and surface exploration. The sensing spring structure has been purposely designed in order to match force and layout specifications for the application. In this paper the design of the sensor is presented, starting from an analytic model that describes the characteristic matrix of the sensor. A procedure for designing an optimal overload protection mechanism is proposed. In the last part of the paper the authors describe the experimental characterization and the integrated test on a haptic hand exoskeleton showing the improvements in the controller performances provided by the inclusion of the force sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Italy 2012)
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1459 KiB  
Article
System-on-Chip Integration of a New Electromechanical Impedance Calculation Method for Aircraft Structure Health Monitoring
by Hamza Boukabache, Christophe Escriba, Sabeha Zedek, Daniel Medale, Sebastien Rolet and Jean Yves Fourniols
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13617-13635; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013617 - 11 Oct 2012
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 10205
Abstract
The work reported on this paper describes a new methodology implementation for active structural health monitoring of recent aircraft parts made from carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer. This diagnosis is based on a new embedded method that is capable of measuring the local high frequency impedance [...] Read more.
The work reported on this paper describes a new methodology implementation for active structural health monitoring of recent aircraft parts made from carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer. This diagnosis is based on a new embedded method that is capable of measuring the local high frequency impedance spectrum of the structure through the calculation of the electro-mechanical impedance of a piezoelectric patch pasted non-permanently onto its surface. This paper involves both the laboratory based E/M impedance method development, its implementation into a CPU with limited resources as well as a comparison with experimental testing data needed to demonstrate the feasibility of flaw detection on composite materials and answer the question of the method reliability. The different development steps are presented and the integration issues are discussed. Furthermore, we present the unique advantages that the reconfigurable electronics through System-on-Chip (SoC) technology brings to the system scaling and flexibility. At the end of this article, we demonstrate the capability of a basic network of sensors mounted onto a real composite aircraft part specimen to capture its local impedance spectrum signature and to diagnosis different delamination sizes using a comparison with a baseline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators)
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1335 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Passive Low Power Wireless Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters
by Antwi Nimo, Dario Grgić and Leonhard M. Reindl
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13636-13663; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013636 - 11 Oct 2012
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 20100
Abstract
This work presents the optimization of antenna captured low power radio frequency (RF) to direct current (DC) power converters using Schottky diodes for powering remote wireless sensors. Linearized models using scattering parameters show that an antenna and a matched diode rectifier can be [...] Read more.
This work presents the optimization of antenna captured low power radio frequency (RF) to direct current (DC) power converters using Schottky diodes for powering remote wireless sensors. Linearized models using scattering parameters show that an antenna and a matched diode rectifier can be described as a form of coupled resonator with different individual resonator properties. The analytical models show that the maximum voltage gain of the coupled resonators is mainly related to the antenna, diode and load (remote sensor) resistances at matched conditions or resonance. The analytical models were verified with experimental results. Different passive wireless RF power harvesters offering high selectivity, broadband response and high voltage sensitivity are presented. Measured results show that with an optimal resistance of antenna and diode, it is possible to achieve high RF to DC voltage sensitivity of 0.5 V and efficiency of 20% at −30 dBm antenna input power. Additionally, a wireless harvester (rectenna) is built and tested for receiving range performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Germany 2012)
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2676 KiB  
Article
Overcoming the Slow Recovery of MOX Gas Sensors through a System Modeling Approach
by Javier G. Monroy, Javier González-Jiménez and Jose Luis Blanco
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13664-13680; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013664 - 11 Oct 2012
Cited by 67 | Viewed by 8763
Abstract
Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOX) gas transducers are one of the preferable technologies to build electronic noses because of their high sensitivity and low price. In this paper we present an approach to overcome to a certain extent one of their major disadvantages: their [...] Read more.
Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOX) gas transducers are one of the preferable technologies to build electronic noses because of their high sensitivity and low price. In this paper we present an approach to overcome to a certain extent one of their major disadvantages: their slow recovery time (tens of seconds), which limits their suitability to applications where the sensor is exposed to rapid changes of the gas concentration. Our proposal consists of exploiting a double first-order model of the MOX-based sensor from which a steady-state output is anticipated in real time given measurements of the transient state signal. This approach assumes that the nature of the volatile is known and requires a precalibration of the system time constants for each substance, an issue that is also described in the paper. The applicability of the proposed approach is validated with several experiments in real, uncontrolled scenarios with a mobile robot bearing an e-nose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors - 2013)
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5025 KiB  
Article
In Tube Integrated Electronic Nose System on a Flexible Polymer Substrate
by Thomas Kinkeldei, Christoph Zysset, Niko Münzenrieder, Luisa Petti and Gerhard Tröster
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13681-13693; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013681 - 12 Oct 2012
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7033
Abstract
The fabrication of electronic devices, such as gas sensors on flexible polymer substrates, enables the use of electronics in applications where conventional devices on stiff substrates could not be used. We demonstrate the development of a new intra-tube electronic-nose (e-nose) gas sensor device [...] Read more.
The fabrication of electronic devices, such as gas sensors on flexible polymer substrates, enables the use of electronics in applications where conventional devices on stiff substrates could not be used. We demonstrate the development of a new intra-tube electronic-nose (e-nose) gas sensor device with multiple sensors fabricated and integrated on a flexible substrate. For this purpose, we developed a new method of fabricating a sensor array of four gas sensors on a flexible polymer substrate. The method allowed the use of lithography techniques to pattern different polymers with a broad range of solubility parameters. Conductive polymer composites were used as a gas sensitive layer due to the high stretchability of the material. Each of the 30 e-nose devices on one substrate was designed to fit on a polymer strip with a width of 2 mm. A single e-nose strip was successfully integrated into the inlet tube of a gas-measurement apparatus with an inner-tube diameter of 3 mm. Using the e-nose, we were able to differentiate between four different volatile solvent vapors. The tube-integrated e-nose outperformed a chamber-integrated e-nose of the same type in terms of response time and flow-rate influences. The sensor array inside the tube showed a faster response time and detected short pulses of analyte exposure compared to the same sensor array outside of the tube. We measured gas flow rates from 1,000 to 30 sccm without significant changes in sensor performance using this intra-tube e-nose prototype. The tube could be bent to radii < 15 mm with a sensor performance similar to an unbent sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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1051 KiB  
Article
Spectral Regression Based Fault Feature Extraction for Bearing Accelerometer Sensor Signals
by Zhanguo Xia, Shixiong Xia, Ling Wan and Shiyu Cai
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13694-13719; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013694 - 12 Oct 2012
Cited by 72 | Viewed by 10407
Abstract
Bearings are not only the most important element but also a common source of failures in rotary machinery. Bearing fault prognosis technology has been receiving more and more attention recently, in particular because it plays an increasingly important role in avoiding the occurrence [...] Read more.
Bearings are not only the most important element but also a common source of failures in rotary machinery. Bearing fault prognosis technology has been receiving more and more attention recently, in particular because it plays an increasingly important role in avoiding the occurrence of accidents. Therein, fault feature extraction (FFE) of bearing accelerometer sensor signals is essential to highlight representative features of bearing conditions for machinery fault diagnosis and prognosis. This paper proposes a spectral regression (SR)-based approach for fault feature extraction from original features including time, frequency and time-frequency domain features of bearing accelerometer sensor signals. SR is a novel regression framework for efficient regularized subspace learning and feature extraction technology, and it uses the least squares method to obtain the best projection direction, rather than computing the density matrix of features, so it also has the advantage in dimensionality reduction. The effectiveness of the SR-based method is validated experimentally by applying the acquired vibration signals data to bearings. The experimental results indicate that SR can reduce the computation cost and preserve more structure information about different bearing faults and severities, and it is demonstrated that the proposed feature extraction scheme has an advantage over other similar approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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641 KiB  
Article
Computational Design of a Carbon Nanotube Fluorofullerene Biosensor
by Tamsyn A. Hilder, Ron J. Pace and Shin-Ho Chung
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13720-13735; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013720 - 12 Oct 2012
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6557
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes offer exciting opportunities for devising highly-sensitive detectors of specific molecules in biology and the environment. Detection limits as low as 10−11 M have already been achieved using nanotube-based sensors. We propose the design of a biosensor comprised of functionalized carbon [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes offer exciting opportunities for devising highly-sensitive detectors of specific molecules in biology and the environment. Detection limits as low as 10−11 M have already been achieved using nanotube-based sensors. We propose the design of a biosensor comprised of functionalized carbon nanotube pores embedded in a silicon-nitride or other membrane, fluorofullerene-Fragment antigen-binding (Fab fragment) conjugates, and polymer beads with complementary Fab fragments. We show by using molecular and stochastic dynamics that conduction through the (9, 9) exohydrogenated carbon nanotubes is 20 times larger than through the Ion Channel Switch ICSTM biosensor, and fluorofullerenes block the nanotube entrance with a dissociation constant as low as 37 pM. Under normal operating conditions and in the absence of analyte, fluorofullerenes block the nanotube pores and the polymer beads float around in the reservoir. When analyte is injected into the reservoir the Fab fragments attached to the fluorofullerene and polymer bead crosslink to the analyte. The drag of the much larger polymer bead then acts to pull the fluorofullerene from the nanotube entrance, thereby allowing the flow of monovalent cations across the membrane. Assuming a tight seal is formed between the two reservoirs, such a biosensor would be able to detect one channel opening and thus one molecule of analyte making it a highly sensitive detection design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors)
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1112 KiB  
Article
On-Site Sensor Recalibration of a Spinning Multi-Beam LiDAR System Using Automatically-Detected Planar Targets
by Chia-Yen Chen and Hsiang-Jen Chien
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13736-13752; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013736 - 12 Oct 2012
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7733
Abstract
This paper presents a fully-automated method to establish a calibration dataset from on-site scans and recalibrate the intrinsic parameters of a spinning multi-beam 3-D scanner. The proposed method has been tested on a Velodyne HDL-64E S2 LiDAR system, which contains 64 rotating laser [...] Read more.
This paper presents a fully-automated method to establish a calibration dataset from on-site scans and recalibrate the intrinsic parameters of a spinning multi-beam 3-D scanner. The proposed method has been tested on a Velodyne HDL-64E S2 LiDAR system, which contains 64 rotating laser rangefinders. By time series analysis, we found that the collected range data have random measurement errors of around ±25 mm. In addition, the layered misalignment of scans among the rangefinders, which is identified as a systematic error, also increases the difficulty to accurately locate planar surfaces. We propose a temporal-spatial range data fusion algorithm, along with a robust RANSAC-based plane detection algorithm to address these issues. Furthermore, we formulate an alternative geometric interpretation of sensory data using linear parameters, which is advantageous for the calibration procedure. The linear representation allows the proposed method to be generalized to any LiDAR system that follows the rotating beam model. We also confirmed in this paper, that given effective calibration datasets, the pre-calibrated factory parameters can be further tuned to achieve significantly improved performance. After the optimization, the systematic error is noticeable lowered, and evaluation shows that the recalibrated parameters outperform the factory parameters with the RMS planar errors reduced by up to 49%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Sensing and Imaging)
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876 KiB  
Article
Source Localization with Acoustic Sensor Arrays Using Generative Model Based Fitting with Sparse Constraints
by Jose Velasco, Daniel Pizarro and Javier Macias-Guarasa
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13781-13812; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013781 - 15 Oct 2012
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7399
Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach for indoor acoustic source localization using sensor arrays. The proposed solution starts by defining a generative model, designed to explain the acoustic power maps obtained by Steered Response Power (SRP) strategies. An optimization approach is then proposed [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel approach for indoor acoustic source localization using sensor arrays. The proposed solution starts by defining a generative model, designed to explain the acoustic power maps obtained by Steered Response Power (SRP) strategies. An optimization approach is then proposed to fit the model to real input SRP data and estimate the position of the acoustic source. Adequately fitting the model to real SRP data, where noise and other unmodelled effects distort the ideal signal, is the core contribution of the paper. Two basic strategies in the optimization are proposed. First, sparse constraints in the parameters of the model are included, enforcing the number of simultaneous active sources to be limited. Second, subspace analysis is used to filter out portions of the input signal that cannot be explained by the model. Experimental results on a realistic speech database show statistically significant localization error reductions of up to 30% when compared with the SRP-PHAT strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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916 KiB  
Article
Two Proximal Skin Electrodes — A Respiration Rate Body Sensor
by Roman Trobec, Aleksandra Rashkovska and Viktor Avbelj
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13813-13828; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013813 - 15 Oct 2012
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9635
Abstract
We propose a new body sensor for extracting the respiration rate based on the amplitude changes in the body surface potential differences between two proximal body electrodes. The sensor could be designed as a plaster-like reusable unit that can be easily fixed onto [...] Read more.
We propose a new body sensor for extracting the respiration rate based on the amplitude changes in the body surface potential differences between two proximal body electrodes. The sensor could be designed as a plaster-like reusable unit that can be easily fixed onto the surface of the body. It could be equipped either with a sufficiently large memory for storing the measured data or with a low-power radio system that can transmit the measured data to a gateway for further processing. We explore the influence of the sensor’s position on the quality of the extracted results using multi-channel ECG measurements and considering all the pairs of two neighboring electrodes as potential respiration-rate sensors. The analysis of the clinical measurements, which also include reference thermistor-based respiration signals, shows that the proposed approach is a viable option for monitoring the respiration frequency and for a rough classification of breathing types. The obtained results were evaluated on a wireless prototype of a respiration body sensor. We indicate the best positions for the respiration body sensor and prove that a single sensor for body surface potential difference on proximal skin electrodes can be used for combined measurements of respiratory and cardiac activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Sensor Networks for Healthcare and Pervasive Applications)
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778 KiB  
Article
Non-Contact Translation-Rotation Sensor Using Combined Effects of Magnetostriction and Piezoelectricity
by Bintang Yang, Qingwei Liu, Ting Zhang, Yudong Cao, Zhiqiang Feng and Guang Meng
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13829-13841; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013829 - 15 Oct 2012
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7936
Abstract
Precise displacement sensors are an important topic in precision engineering. At present, this type of sensors typically have a single feature of either translation or rotation measurement. They are also inconvenient to integrate with the host devices. In this report we propose a [...] Read more.
Precise displacement sensors are an important topic in precision engineering. At present, this type of sensors typically have a single feature of either translation or rotation measurement. They are also inconvenient to integrate with the host devices. In this report we propose a new kind of sensor that enables both translation and rotation measurement by using the combined effect of magnetostriction and piezoelectricity. As a proof of concept, we experimentally realized a prototype of non-contact translation-rotation precise sensor. In the current research stage, through both theoretical and experimental study, the non-contact displacement sensor is shown to be feasible for measuring both translation and rotation either in coarse or fine measurement. Moreover, owing to its compact, rigid structure and fewer components, it can be easily embedded in host equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators)
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795 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures for Low Temperature CO and UV Sensing
by Muhammad Amin, Umair Manzoor, Mohammad Islam, Arshad Saleem Bhatti and Nazar Abbas Shah
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13842-13851; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013842 - 16 Oct 2012
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7290
Abstract
In this paper, synthesis and results of the low temperature sensing of carbon monoxide (CO) gas and room temperature UV sensors using one dimensional (1-D) ZnO nanostructures are presented. Comb-like structures, belts and rods, and needle-shaped nanobelts were synthesized by varying synthesis temperature [...] Read more.
In this paper, synthesis and results of the low temperature sensing of carbon monoxide (CO) gas and room temperature UV sensors using one dimensional (1-D) ZnO nanostructures are presented. Comb-like structures, belts and rods, and needle-shaped nanobelts were synthesized by varying synthesis temperature using a vapor transport method. Needle-like ZnO nanobelts are unique as, according to our knowledge, there is no evidence of such morphology in previous literature. The structural, morphological and optical characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and diffused reflectance spectroscopy techniques. It was observed that the sensing response of comb-like structures for UV light was greater as compared to the other grown structures. Comb-like structure based gas sensors successfully detect CO at 75 °C while other structures did not show any response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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1975 KiB  
Article
Thermography and Sonic Anemometry to Analyze Air Heaters in Mediterranean Greenhouses
by Alejandro López, Diego L. Valera, Francisco Molina-Aiz and Araceli Peña
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13852-13870; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013852 - 16 Oct 2012
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6991
Abstract
The present work has developed a methodology based on thermography and sonic anemometry for studying the microclimate in Mediterranean greenhouses equipped with air heaters and polyethylene distribution ducts to distribute the warm air. Sonic anemometry allows us to identify the airflow pattern generated [...] Read more.
The present work has developed a methodology based on thermography and sonic anemometry for studying the microclimate in Mediterranean greenhouses equipped with air heaters and polyethylene distribution ducts to distribute the warm air. Sonic anemometry allows us to identify the airflow pattern generated by the heaters and to analyze the temperature distribution inside the greenhouse, while thermography provides accurate crop temperature data. Air distribution by means of perforated polyethylene ducts at ground level, widely used in Mediterranean-type greenhouses, can generate heterogeneous temperature distributions inside the greenhouse when the system is not correctly designed. The system analyzed in this work used a polyethylene duct with a row of hot air outlet holes (all of equal diameter) that expel warm air toward the ground to avoid plant damage. We have observed that this design (the most widely used in Almería’s greenhouses) produces stagnation of hot air in the highest part of the structure, reducing the heating of the crop zone. Using 88 kW heating power (146.7 W∙m−2) the temperature inside the greenhouse is maintained 7.2 to 11.2 °C above the outside temperature. The crop temperature (17.6 to 19.9 °C) was maintained above the minimum recommended value of 10 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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1530 KiB  
Article
Frequency Identification of Vibration Signals Using Video Camera Image Data
by Yih-Nen Jeng and Chia-Hung Wu
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13871-13898; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013871 - 16 Oct 2012
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8070
Abstract
This study showed that an image data acquisition system connecting a high-speed camera or webcam to a notebook or personal computer (PC) can precisely capture most dominant modes of vibration signal, but may involve the non-physical modes induced by the insufficient frame rates. [...] Read more.
This study showed that an image data acquisition system connecting a high-speed camera or webcam to a notebook or personal computer (PC) can precisely capture most dominant modes of vibration signal, but may involve the non-physical modes induced by the insufficient frame rates. Using a simple model, frequencies of these modes are properly predicted and excluded. Two experimental designs, which involve using an LED light source and a vibration exciter, are proposed to demonstrate the performance. First, the original gray-level resolution of a video camera from, for instance, 0 to 256 levels, was enhanced by summing gray-level data of all pixels in a small region around the point of interest. The image signal was further enhanced by attaching a white paper sheet marked with a black line on the surface of the vibration system in operation to increase the gray-level resolution. Experimental results showed that the Prosilica CV640C CMOS high-speed camera has the critical frequency of inducing the false mode at 60 Hz, whereas that of the webcam is 7.8 Hz. Several factors were proven to have the effect of partially suppressing the non-physical modes, but they cannot eliminate them completely. Two examples, the prominent vibration modes of which are less than the associated critical frequencies, are examined to demonstrate the performances of the proposed systems. In general, the experimental data show that the non-contact type image data acquisition systems are potential tools for collecting the low-frequency vibration signal of a system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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97 KiB  
Article
Organic Electroluminescent Sensor for Pressure Measurement
by Yu Matsuda, Kaori Ueno, Hiroki Yamaguchi, Yasuhiro Egami and Tomohide Niimi
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13899-13906; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013899 - 16 Oct 2012
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7108
Abstract
We have proposed a novel concept of a pressure sensor called electroluminescent pressure sensor (ELPS) based on oxygen quenching of electroluminescence. The sensor was fabricated as an organic light-emitting device (OLED) with phosphorescent dyes whose phosphorescence can be quenched by oxygenmolecules, and with [...] Read more.
We have proposed a novel concept of a pressure sensor called electroluminescent pressure sensor (ELPS) based on oxygen quenching of electroluminescence. The sensor was fabricated as an organic light-emitting device (OLED) with phosphorescent dyes whose phosphorescence can be quenched by oxygenmolecules, and with a polymer electrode which permeates oxygen molecules. The sensor was a single-layer OLED with Platinum (II) octaethylporphine (PtOEP) doped into poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as an oxygen sensitive emissive layer and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) mixed with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as an oxygen permeating polymer anode. The pressure sensitivity of the fabricated ELPS sample was equivalent to that of the sensor excited by an illumination light source. Moreover, the pressure sensitivity of the sensor is equivalent to that of conventional pressure-sensitive paint (PSP), which is an optical pressure sensor based on photoluminescence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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2091 KiB  
Article
Implementation of Obstacle-Avoidance Control for an Autonomous Omni-Directional Mobile Robot Based on Extension Theory
by Neng-Sheng Pai, Hung-Hui Hsieh and Yi-Chung Lai
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13947-13963; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013947 - 16 Oct 2012
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8446
Abstract
The paper demonstrates a following robot with omni-directional wheels, which is able to take action to avoid obstacles. The robot design is based on both fuzzy and extension theory. Fuzzy theory was applied to tune the PMW signal of the motor revolution, and [...] Read more.
The paper demonstrates a following robot with omni-directional wheels, which is able to take action to avoid obstacles. The robot design is based on both fuzzy and extension theory. Fuzzy theory was applied to tune the PMW signal of the motor revolution, and correct path deviation issues encountered when the robot is moving. Extension theory was used to build a robot obstacle-avoidance model. Various mobile models were developed to handle different types of obstacles. The ultrasonic distance sensors mounted on the robot were used to estimate the distance to obstacles. If an obstacle is encountered, the correlation function is evaluated and the robot avoids the obstacle autonomously using the most appropriate mode. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was verified through several tracking experiments, which demonstrates the feasibility of a fuzzy path tracker as well as the extensible collision avoidance system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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1201 KiB  
Article
Floating Chip Mounting System Driven by Repulsive Force of Permanent Magnets for Multiple On-Site SPR Immunoassay Measurements
by Tsutomu Horiuchi, Tatsuya Tobita, Toru Miura, Yuzuru Iwasaki, Michiko Seyama, Suzuyo Inoue, Jun-ichi Takahashi, Tsuneyuki Haga and Emi Tamechika
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13964-13984; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013964 - 17 Oct 2012
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6343
Abstract
We have developed a measurement chip installation/removal mechanism for a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunoassay analysis instrument designed for frequent testing, which requires a rapid and easy technique for changing chips. The key components of the mechanism are refractive index matching gel coated [...] Read more.
We have developed a measurement chip installation/removal mechanism for a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunoassay analysis instrument designed for frequent testing, which requires a rapid and easy technique for changing chips. The key components of the mechanism are refractive index matching gel coated on the rear of the SPR chip and a float that presses the chip down. The refractive index matching gel made it possible to optically couple the chip and the prism of the SPR instrument easily via elastic deformation with no air bubbles. The float has an autonomous attitude control function that keeps the chip parallel in relation to the SPR instrument by employing the repulsive force of permanent magnets between the float and a float guide located in the SPR instrument. This function is realized by balancing the upward elastic force of the gel and the downward force of the float, which experiences a leveling force from the float guide. This system makes it possible to start an SPR measurement immediately after chip installation and to remove the chip immediately after the measurement with a simple and easy method that does not require any fine adjustment. Our sensor chip, which we installed using this mounting system, successfully performed an immunoassay measurement on a model antigen (spiked human-IgG) in a model real sample (non-homogenized milk) that included many kinds of interfering foreign substances without any sample pre-treatment. The ease of the chip installation/removal operation and simple measurement procedure are suitable for frequent on-site agricultural, environmental and medical testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors)
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1287 KiB  
Article
Physically-Based Reduced Order Modelling of a Uni-Axial Polysilicon MEMS Accelerometer
by Aldo Ghisi, Stefano Mariani, Alberto Corigliano and Sarah Zerbini
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13985-14003; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013985 - 17 Oct 2012
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6943
Abstract
In this paper, the mechanical response of a commercial off-the-shelf, uni-axial polysilicon MEMS accelerometer subject to drops is numerically investigated. To speed up the calculations, a simplified physically-based (beams and plate), two degrees of freedom model of the movable parts of the sensor [...] Read more.
In this paper, the mechanical response of a commercial off-the-shelf, uni-axial polysilicon MEMS accelerometer subject to drops is numerically investigated. To speed up the calculations, a simplified physically-based (beams and plate), two degrees of freedom model of the movable parts of the sensor is adopted. The capability and the accuracy of the model are assessed against three-dimensional finite element simulations, and against outcomes of experiments on instrumented samples. It is shown that the reduced order model provides accurate outcomes as for the system dynamics. To also get rather accurate results in terms of stress fields within regions that are prone to fail upon high-g shocks, a correction factor is proposed by accounting for the local stress amplification induced by re-entrant corners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Italy 2012)
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1148 KiB  
Article
Temperature and Relative Humidity Estimation and Prediction in the Tobacco Drying Process Using Artificial Neural Networks
by Víctor Martínez-Martínez, Carlos Baladrón, Jaime Gomez-Gil, Gonzalo Ruiz-Ruiz, Luis M. Navas-Gracia, Javier M. Aguiar and Belén Carro
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14004-14021; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014004 - 17 Oct 2012
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8821
Abstract
This paper presents a system based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for estimating and predicting environmental variables related to tobacco drying processes. This system has been validated with temperature and relative humidity data obtained from a real tobacco dryer with a Wireless [...] Read more.
This paper presents a system based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for estimating and predicting environmental variables related to tobacco drying processes. This system has been validated with temperature and relative humidity data obtained from a real tobacco dryer with a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). A fitting ANN was used to estimate temperature and relative humidity in different locations inside the tobacco dryer and to predict them with different time horizons. An error under 2% can be achieved when estimating temperature as a function of temperature and relative humidity in other locations. Moreover, an error around 1.5 times lower than that obtained with an interpolation method can be achieved when predicting the temperature inside the tobacco mass as a function of its present and past values with time horizons over 150 minutes. These results show that the tobacco drying process can be improved taking into account the predicted future value of the monitored variables and the estimated actual value of other variables using a fitting ANN as proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor-Based Technologies and Processes in Agriculture and Forestry)
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614 KiB  
Article
A Hybrid Sensing Approach for Pure and Adulterated Honey Classification
by Norazian Subari, Junita Mohamad Saleh, Ali Yeon Md Shakaff and Ammar Zakaria
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14022-14040; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014022 - 17 Oct 2012
Cited by 74 | Viewed by 9438
Abstract
This paper presents a comparison between data from single modality and fusion methods to classify Tualang honey as pure or adulterated using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) statistical classification approaches. Ten different brands of certified pure Tualang honey were [...] Read more.
This paper presents a comparison between data from single modality and fusion methods to classify Tualang honey as pure or adulterated using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) statistical classification approaches. Ten different brands of certified pure Tualang honey were obtained throughout peninsular Malaysia and Sumatera, Indonesia. Various concentrations of two types of sugar solution (beet and cane sugar) were used in this investigation to create honey samples of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% adulteration concentrations. Honey data extracted from an electronic nose (e-nose) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were gathered, analyzed and compared based on fusion methods. Visual observation of classification plots revealed that the PCA approach able to distinct pure and adulterated honey samples better than the LDA technique. Overall, the validated classification results based on FTIR data (88.0%) gave higher classification accuracy than e-nose data (76.5%) using the LDA technique. Honey classification based on normalized low-level and intermediate-level FTIR and e-nose fusion data scored classification accuracies of 92.2% and 88.7%, respectively using the Stepwise LDA method. The results suggested that pure and adulterated honey samples were better classified using FTIR and e-nose fusion data than single modality data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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397 KiB  
Article
Thermoresponsive Magnetic Nano-Biosensors for Rapid Measurements of Inorganic Arsenic and Cadmium
by Mohammad Shohel Rana Siddiki, Shun Shimoaoki, Shunsaku Ueda and Isamu Maeda
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14041-14052; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014041 - 18 Oct 2012
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8119
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein-tagged sensor proteins, ArsR-GFP and CadC-GFP, have been produced as biosensors for simple and low-cost quantification of As(III) or Cd(II). In this study, the sensor protein-promoter DNA complexes were reconstructed on the surfaces of magnetic particles of different sizes. After the [...] Read more.
Green fluorescent protein-tagged sensor proteins, ArsR-GFP and CadC-GFP, have been produced as biosensors for simple and low-cost quantification of As(III) or Cd(II). In this study, the sensor protein-promoter DNA complexes were reconstructed on the surfaces of magnetic particles of different sizes. After the surface modification all the particles could be attracted by magnets, and released different amounts of GFP-tagged protein, according to the metal concentrations within 5 min, which caused significant increases in fluorescence. A detection limit of 1 µg/L for As(III) and Cd(II) in purified water was obtained only with the nanoparticles exhibiting enough magnetization after heat treatment for 1 min. Therefore, thermoresponsive magnetic nano-biosensors offer great advantages of rapidity and sensitivity for the measurement of the toxic metals in drinking water. Full article
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677 KiB  
Article
Cooperative Suction by Vertical Capillary Array Pump for Controlling Flow Profiles of Microfluidic Sensor Chips
by Tsutomu Horiuchi, Katsuyoshi Hayashi, Michiko Seyama, Suzuyo Inoue and Emi Tamechika
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14053-14067; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014053 - 18 Oct 2012
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8120
Abstract
A passive pump consisting of integrated vertical capillaries has been developed for a microfluidic chip as an useful component with an excellent flow volume and flow rate. A fluidic chip built into a passive pump was used by connecting the bottoms of all [...] Read more.
A passive pump consisting of integrated vertical capillaries has been developed for a microfluidic chip as an useful component with an excellent flow volume and flow rate. A fluidic chip built into a passive pump was used by connecting the bottoms of all the capillaries to a top surface consisting of a thin layer channel in the microfluidic chip where the thin layer channel depth was smaller than the capillary radius. As a result the vertical capillaries drew fluid cooperatively rather than independently, thus exerting the maximum suction efficiency at every instance. This meant that a flow rate was realized that exhibited little variation and without any external power or operation. A microfluidic chip built into this passive pump had the ability to achieve a quasi-steady rather than a rapidly decreasing flow rate, which is a universal flow characteristic in an ordinary capillary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidic Devices)
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636 KiB  
Article
FPGA-Based Multiprocessor System for Injection Molding Control
by Benigno Muñoz-Barron, Luis Morales-Velazquez, Rene J. Romero-Troncoso, Carlos Rodriguez-Donate, Miguel Trejo-Hernandez, Juan P. Benitez-Rangel and Roque A. Osornio-Rios
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14068-14083; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014068 - 18 Oct 2012
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 11774
Abstract
The plastic industry is a very important manufacturing sector and injection molding is a widely used forming method in that industry. The contribution of this work is the development of a strategy to retrofit control of an injection molding machine based on an [...] Read more.
The plastic industry is a very important manufacturing sector and injection molding is a widely used forming method in that industry. The contribution of this work is the development of a strategy to retrofit control of an injection molding machine based on an embedded system microprocessors sensor network on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device. Six types of embedded processors are included in the system: a smart-sensor processor, a micro fuzzy logic controller, a programmable logic controller, a system manager, an IO processor and a communication processor. Temperature, pressure and position are controlled by the proposed system and experimentation results show its feasibility and robustness. As validation of the present work, a particular sample was successfully injected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)
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966 KiB  
Article
Refractive Index Compensation in Over-Determined Interferometric Systems
by Josef Lazar, Miroslava Holá, Ondřej Číp, Martin Čížek, Jan Hrabina and Zdeněk Buchta
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14084-14094; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014084 - 19 Oct 2012
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6432
Abstract
We present an interferometric technique based on a differential interferometry setup for measurement under atmospheric conditions. The key limiting factor in any interferometric dimensional measurement are fluctuations of the refractive index of air representing a dominating source of uncertainty when evaluated indirectly from [...] Read more.
We present an interferometric technique based on a differential interferometry setup for measurement under atmospheric conditions. The key limiting factor in any interferometric dimensional measurement are fluctuations of the refractive index of air representing a dominating source of uncertainty when evaluated indirectly from the physical parameters of the atmosphere. Our proposal is based on the concept of an over-determined interferometric setup where a reference length is derived from a mechanical frame made from a material with a very low thermal coefficient. The technique allows one to track the variations of the refractive index of air on-line directly in the line of the measuring beam and to compensate for the fluctuations. The optical setup consists of three interferometers sharing the same beam path where two measure differentially the displacement while the third evaluates the changes in the measuring range, acting as a tracking refractometer. The principle is demonstrated in an experimental setup. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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480 KiB  
Article
Detection of Interference Phase by Digital Computation of Quadrature Signals in Homodyne Laser Interferometry
by Simon Rerucha, Zdenek Buchta, Martin Sarbort, Josef Lazar and Ondrej Cip
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14095-14112; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014095 - 19 Oct 2012
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8655
Abstract
We have proposed an approach to the interference phase extraction in the homodyne laser interferometry. The method employs a series of computational steps to reconstruct the signals for quadrature detection from an interference signal from a non-polarising interferometer sampled by a simple photodetector. [...] Read more.
We have proposed an approach to the interference phase extraction in the homodyne laser interferometry. The method employs a series of computational steps to reconstruct the signals for quadrature detection from an interference signal from a non-polarising interferometer sampled by a simple photodetector. The complexity trade-off is the use of laser beam with frequency modulation capability. It is analytically derived and its validity and performance is experimentally verified. The method has proven to be a feasible alternative for the traditional homodyne detection since it performs with comparable accuracy, especially where the optical setup complexity is principal issue and the modulation of laser beam is not a heavy burden (e.g., in multi-axis sensor or laser diode based systems). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Sensing and Imaging)
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1141 KiB  
Article
Automatic Suppression of Intense Monochromatic Light in Electro-Optical Sensors
by Gunnar Ritt and Bernd Eberle
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14113-14128; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014113 - 19 Oct 2012
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7545
Abstract
Electro-optical imaging sensors are widely distributed and used for many different tasks. Due to technical improvements, their pixel size has been steadily decreasing, resulting in a reduced saturation capacity. As a consequence, this progress makes them susceptible to intense point light sources. Developments [...] Read more.
Electro-optical imaging sensors are widely distributed and used for many different tasks. Due to technical improvements, their pixel size has been steadily decreasing, resulting in a reduced saturation capacity. As a consequence, this progress makes them susceptible to intense point light sources. Developments in laser technology have led to very compact and powerful laser sources of any wavelength in the visible and near infrared spectral region, offered as laser pointers. The manifold of wavelengths makes it difficult to encounter sensor saturation over the complete operating waveband by conventional measures like absorption or interference filters. We present a concept for electro-optical sensors to suppress overexposure in the visible spectral region. The key element of the concept is a spatial light modulator in combination with wavelength multiplexing. This approach allows spectral filtering within a localized area in the field of view of the sensor. The system offers the possibility of automatic reduction of overexposure by monochromatic laser radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Germany 2012)
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1585 KiB  
Article
An Embedded Real-Time Red Peach Detection System Based on an OV7670 Camera, ARM Cortex-M4 Processor and 3D Look-Up Tables
by Mercè Teixidó, Davinia Font, Tomàs Pallejà, Marcel Tresanchez, Miquel Nogués and Jordi Palacín
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14129-14143; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014129 - 22 Oct 2012
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 10878
Abstract
This work proposes the development of an embedded real-time fruit detection system for future automatic fruit harvesting. The proposed embedded system is based on an ARM Cortex-M4 (STM32F407VGT6) processor and an Omnivision OV7670 color camera. The future goal of this embedded vision system [...] Read more.
This work proposes the development of an embedded real-time fruit detection system for future automatic fruit harvesting. The proposed embedded system is based on an ARM Cortex-M4 (STM32F407VGT6) processor and an Omnivision OV7670 color camera. The future goal of this embedded vision system will be to control a robotized arm to automatically select and pick some fruit directly from the tree. The complete embedded system has been designed to be placed directly in the gripper tool of the future robotized harvesting arm. The embedded system will be able to perform real-time fruit detection and tracking by using a three-dimensional look-up-table (LUT) defined in the RGB color space and optimized for fruit picking. Additionally, two different methodologies for creating optimized 3D LUTs based on existing linear color models and fruit histograms were implemented in this work and compared for the case of red peaches. The resulting system is able to acquire general and zoomed orchard images and to update the relative tracking information of a red peach in the tree ten times per second. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor-Based Technologies and Processes in Agriculture and Forestry)
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1344 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Opto-Fluidic Ring Resonators for Biosensor Applications
by Han Keun Cho and Jinwoo Han
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14144-14157; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014144 - 22 Oct 2012
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5963
Abstract
The opto-fluidic ring resonator (OFRR) biosensor is numerically characterized in whispering gallery mode (WGM). The ring resonator includes a ring, a waveguide and a gap separating the ring and the waveguide. Dependence of the resonance characteristics on the resonator size parameters such as [...] Read more.
The opto-fluidic ring resonator (OFRR) biosensor is numerically characterized in whispering gallery mode (WGM). The ring resonator includes a ring, a waveguide and a gap separating the ring and the waveguide. Dependence of the resonance characteristics on the resonator size parameters such as the ring diameter, the ring thickness, the waveguide width, and the gap width between the ring and the waveguide are investigated. For this purpose, we use the finite element method with COMSOL Multiphysics software to solve the Maxwell’s equations. The resonance frequencies, the free spectral ranges (FSR), the full width at half-maximum (FWHM), finesse (F), and quality factor of the resonances (Q) are examined. The resonant frequencies are dominantly affected by the resonator diameter while the gap width, the ring thickness and the waveguide width have negligible effects on the resonant frequencies. FWHM, the quality factor Q and the finesse F are most strongly affected by the gap width and moderately influenced by the ring diameter, the waveguide width and the ring thickness. In addition, our simulation demonstrates that there is an optimum range of the waveguide width for a given ring resonator and this value is between ~2.25 μm and ~2.75 μm in our case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors)
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876 KiB  
Article
Developing a Reading Concentration Monitoring System by Applying an Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm to E-Books in an Intelligent Classroom
by Chia-Cheng Hsu, Hsin-Chin Chen, Yen-Ning Su, Kuo-Kuang Huang and Yueh-Min Huang
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14158-14178; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014158 - 22 Oct 2012
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 7946
Abstract
A growing number of educational studies apply sensors to improve student learning in real classroom settings. However, how can sensors be integrated into classrooms to help instructors find out students’ reading concentration rates and thus better increase learning effectiveness? The aim of the [...] Read more.
A growing number of educational studies apply sensors to improve student learning in real classroom settings. However, how can sensors be integrated into classrooms to help instructors find out students’ reading concentration rates and thus better increase learning effectiveness? The aim of the current study was to develop a reading concentration monitoring system for use with e-books in an intelligent classroom and to help instructors find out the students’ reading concentration rates. The proposed system uses three types of sensor technologies, namely a webcam, heartbeat sensor, and blood oxygen sensor to detect the learning behaviors of students by capturing various physiological signals. An artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization approach is applied to the data gathered from these sensors to help instructors understand their students’ reading concentration rates in a classroom learning environment. The results show that the use of the ABC algorithm in the proposed system can effectively obtain near-optimal solutions. The system has a user-friendly graphical interface, making it easy for instructors to clearly understand the reading status of their students. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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1047 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Color Vision System for Ripeness Classification of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunch
by Norasyikin Fadilah, Junita Mohamad-Saleh, Zaini Abdul Halim, Haidi Ibrahim and Syed Salim Syed Ali
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14179-14195; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014179 - 22 Oct 2012
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 12007
Abstract
Ripeness classification of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) during harvesting is important to ensure that they are harvested during optimum stage for maximum oil production. This paper presents the application of color vision for automated ripeness classification of oil palm FFB. Images [...] Read more.
Ripeness classification of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) during harvesting is important to ensure that they are harvested during optimum stage for maximum oil production. This paper presents the application of color vision for automated ripeness classification of oil palm FFB. Images of oil palm FFBs of type DxP Yangambi were collected and analyzed using digital image processing techniques. Then the color features were extracted from those images and used as the inputs for Artificial Neural Network (ANN) learning. The performance of the ANN for ripeness classification of oil palm FFB was investigated using two methods: training ANN with full features and training ANN with reduced features based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) data reduction technique. Results showed that compared with using full features in ANN, using the ANN trained with reduced features can improve the classification accuracy by 1.66% and is more effective in developing an automated ripeness classifier for oil palm FFB. The developed ripeness classifier can act as a sensor in determining the correct oil palm FFB ripeness category. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor-Based Technologies and Processes in Agriculture and Forestry)
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706 KiB  
Article
Mobile Mapping of Sporting Event Spectators Using Bluetooth Sensors: Tour of Flanders 2011
by Mathias Versichele, Tijs Neutens, Stephanie Goudeseune, Frederik Van Bossche and Nico Van de Weghe
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14196-14213; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014196 - 22 Oct 2012
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6712
Abstract
Accurate spatiotemporal information on crowds is a necessity for a better management in general and for the mitigation of potential security risks. The large numbers of individuals involved and their mobility, however, make generation of this information non-trivial. This paper proposes a novel [...] Read more.
Accurate spatiotemporal information on crowds is a necessity for a better management in general and for the mitigation of potential security risks. The large numbers of individuals involved and their mobility, however, make generation of this information non-trivial. This paper proposes a novel methodology to estimate and map crowd sizes using mobile Bluetooth sensors and examines to what extent this methodology represents a valuable alternative to existing traditional crowd density estimation methods. The proposed methodology is applied in a unique case study that uses Bluetooth technology for the mobile mapping of spectators of the Tour of Flanders 2011 road cycling race. The locations of nearly 16,000 cell phones of spectators along the race course were registered and detailed views of the spatiotemporal distribution of the crowd were generated. Comparison with visual head counts from camera footage delivered a detection ratio of 13.0 ± 2.3%, making it possible to estimate the crowd size. To our knowledge, this is the first study that uses mobile Bluetooth sensors to count and map a crowd over space and time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
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560 KiB  
Article
Handmade Task Tracking Applied to Cognitive Rehabilitation
by José M. Cogollor, Charmayne Hughes, Manuel Ferre, Javier Rojo, Joachim Hermsdörfer, Alan Wing and Sandra Campo
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 14214-14231; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121014214 - 22 Oct 2012
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8772
Abstract
This article presents research focused on tracking manual tasks that are applied in cognitive rehabilitation so as to analyze the movements of patients who suffer from Apraxia and Action Disorganization Syndrome (AADS). This kind of patients find executing Activities of Daily Living (ADL) [...] Read more.
This article presents research focused on tracking manual tasks that are applied in cognitive rehabilitation so as to analyze the movements of patients who suffer from Apraxia and Action Disorganization Syndrome (AADS). This kind of patients find executing Activities of Daily Living (ADL) too difficult due to the loss of memory and capacity to carry out sequential tasks or the impossibility of associating different objects with their functions. This contribution is developed from the work of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Technical University of Munich in collaboration with The University of Birmingham. The KinectTM for Windows© device is used for this purpose. The data collected is compared to an ultrasonic motion capture system. The results indicate a moderate to strong correlation between signals. They also verify that KinectTM is very suitable and inexpensive. Moreover, it turns out to be a motion-capture system quite easy to implement for kinematics analysis in ADL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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Review

Jump to: Research

2662 KiB  
Review
The Use of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors in Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Applications: The State-of-the-Art and Ongoing Research Topics
by Ebrahim Al-Fakih, Noor Azuan Abu Osman and Faisal Rafiq Mahamd Adikan
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 12890-12926; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121012890 - 25 Sep 2012
Cited by 125 | Viewed by 15278
Abstract
In recent years, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are becoming increasingly attractive for sensing applications in biomechanics and rehabilitation engineering due to their advantageous properties like small size, light weight, biocompatibility, chemical inertness, multiplexing capability and immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI). They also offer [...] Read more.
In recent years, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are becoming increasingly attractive for sensing applications in biomechanics and rehabilitation engineering due to their advantageous properties like small size, light weight, biocompatibility, chemical inertness, multiplexing capability and immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI). They also offer a high-performance alternative to conventional technologies, either for measuring a variety of physical parameters or for performing high-sensitivity biochemical analysis. FBG-based sensors demonstrated their feasibility for specific sensing applications in aeronautic, automotive, civil engineering structure monitoring and undersea oil exploration; however, their use in the field of biomechanics and rehabilitation applications is very recent and its practicality for full-scale implementation has not yet been fully established. They could be used for detecting strain in bones, pressure mapping in orthopaedic joints, stresses in intervertebral discs, chest wall deformation, pressure distribution in Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs), forces induced by tendons and ligaments, angles between body segments during gait, and many others in dental biomechanics. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of all the possible applications of FBG sensing technology in biomechanics and rehabilitation and the status of ongoing researches up-to-date all over the world, demonstrating the FBG advances over other existing technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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1316 KiB  
Review
Ion-Specific Nutrient Management in Closed Systems: The Necessity for Ion-Selective Sensors in Terrestrial and Space-Based Agriculture and Water Management Systems
by Matthew Bamsey, Thomas Graham, Cody Thompson, Alain Berinstain, Alan Scott and Michael Dixon
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13349-13392; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013349 - 01 Oct 2012
Cited by 71 | Viewed by 14279
Abstract
The ability to monitor and control plant nutrient ions in fertigation solutions, on an ion-specific basis, is critical to the future of controlled environment agriculture crop production, be it in traditional terrestrial settings (e.g., greenhouse crop production) or as a component of bioregenerative [...] Read more.
The ability to monitor and control plant nutrient ions in fertigation solutions, on an ion-specific basis, is critical to the future of controlled environment agriculture crop production, be it in traditional terrestrial settings (e.g., greenhouse crop production) or as a component of bioregenerative life support systems for long duration space exploration. Several technologies are currently available that can provide the required measurement of ion-specific activities in solution. The greenhouse sector has invested in research examining the potential of a number of these technologies to meet the industry’s demanding requirements, and although no ideal solution yet exists for on-line measurement, growers do utilize technologies such as high-performance liquid chromatography to provide off-line measurements. An analogous situation exists on the International Space Station where, technological solutions are sought, but currently on-orbit water quality monitoring is considerably restricted. This paper examines the specific advantages that on-line ion-selective sensors could provide to plant production systems both terrestrially and when utilized in space-based biological life support systems and how similar technologies could be applied to nominal on-orbit water quality monitoring. A historical development and technical review of the various ion-selective monitoring technologies is provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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1134 KiB  
Review
Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open Issues
by Mohammadreza Eslaminejad and Shukor Abd Razak
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13508-13544; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013508 - 09 Oct 2012
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7424
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks basically consist of low cost sensor nodes which collect data from environment and relay them to a sink, where they will be subsequently processed. Since wireless nodes are severely power-constrained, the major concern is how to conserve the nodes’ energy [...] Read more.
Wireless sensor networks basically consist of low cost sensor nodes which collect data from environment and relay them to a sink, where they will be subsequently processed. Since wireless nodes are severely power-constrained, the major concern is how to conserve the nodes’ energy so that network lifetime can be extended significantly. Employing one static sink can rapidly exhaust the energy of sink neighbors. Furthermore, using a non-optimal single path together with a maximum transmission power level may quickly deplete the energy of individual nodes on the route. This all results in unbalanced energy consumption through the sensor field, and hence a negative effect on the network lifetime. In this paper, we present a comprehensive taxonomy of the various mechanisms applied for increasing the network lifetime. These techniques, whether in the routing or cross-layer area, fall within the following types: multi-sink, mobile sink, multi-path, power control and bio-inspired algorithms, depending on the protocol operation. In this taxonomy, special attention has been devoted to the multi-sink, power control and bio-inspired algorithms, which have not yet received much consideration in the literature. Moreover, each class covers a variety of the state-of-the-art protocols, which should provide ideas for potential future works. Finally, we compare these mechanisms and discuss open research issues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)
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850 KiB  
Review
Italian Contributions to the Development of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors for Diabetes Management
by Giovanni Sparacino, Mattia Zanon, Andrea Facchinetti, Chiara Zecchin, Alberto Maran and Claudio Cobelli
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13753-13780; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013753 - 12 Oct 2012
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 11386
Abstract
Monitoring glucose concentration in the blood is essential in the therapy of diabetes, a pathology which affects about 350 million people around the World (three million in Italy), causes more than four million deaths per year and consumes a significant portion of the [...] Read more.
Monitoring glucose concentration in the blood is essential in the therapy of diabetes, a pathology which affects about 350 million people around the World (three million in Italy), causes more than four million deaths per year and consumes a significant portion of the budget of national health systems (10% in Italy). In the last 15 years, several sensors with different degree of invasiveness have been proposed to monitor glycemia in a quasi-continuous way (up to 1 sample/min rate) for relatively long intervals (up to 7 consecutive days). These continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors have opened new scenarios to assess, off-line, the effectiveness of individual patient therapeutic plans from the retrospective analysis of glucose time-series, but have also stimulated the development of innovative on-line applications, such as hypo/hyper-glycemia alert systems and artificial pancreas closed-loop control algorithms. In this review, we illustrate some significant Italian contributions, both from industry and academia, to the growth of the CGM sensors research area. In particular, technological, algorithmic and clinical developments performed in Italy will be discussed and put in relation with the advances obtained in the field in the wider international research community. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Italy 2012)
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1376 KiB  
Review
A Review on Architectures and Communications Technologies for Wearable Health-Monitoring Systems
by Víctor Custodio, Francisco J. Herrera, Gregorio López and José Ignacio Moreno
Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13907-13946; https://doi.org/10.3390/s121013907 - 16 Oct 2012
Cited by 115 | Viewed by 13696
Abstract
Nowadays society is demanding more and more smart healthcare services that allow monitoring patient status in a non-invasive way, anywhere and anytime. Thus, healthcare applications are currently facing important challenges guided by the u-health (ubiquitous health) and p-health (pervasive health) paradigms. New emerging [...] Read more.
Nowadays society is demanding more and more smart healthcare services that allow monitoring patient status in a non-invasive way, anywhere and anytime. Thus, healthcare applications are currently facing important challenges guided by the u-health (ubiquitous health) and p-health (pervasive health) paradigms. New emerging technologies can be combined with other widely deployed ones to develop such next-generation healthcare systems. The main objective of this paper is to review and provide more details on the work presented in “LOBIN: E-Textile and Wireless-Sensor-Network-Based Platform for Healthcare Monitoring in Future Hospital Environments”, published in the IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, as well as to extend and update the comparison with other similar systems. As a result, the paper discusses the main advantages and disadvantages of using different architectures and communications technologies to develop wearable systems for pervasive healthcare applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Sensor Networks for Healthcare and Pervasive Applications)
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