TPS Genes Silencing Alters Constitutive Indirect and Direct Defense in Tomato
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Development of Transgenic Tomato Lines and Confirmation of TPS Genes Silencing
2.2. TPS Genes Silencing Compromises Indirect Defence
2.3. Transcriptomic Analyses
2.4. TPS Genes Silencing Influences Direct Defence
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Genetic Construct and Tomato Transformation
4.2. RNA Extraction, cDNA Synthesis and Real-Time RT-PCR Analysis
4.3. Indirect Defence Bioassay
4.4. VOC Collection and Analysis
4.5. Microarray and Functional Analysis
4.6. Direct Defence Biossay
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Standards Used for the Identification of Volatiles Collected by Air-Entrainment of Head Space from Tomato Plants
References
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Mean Value of Volatiles Organic Compounds VOC (ng mg−1 fr wt) ± SE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compound Groups | Compound | dSST26 | dSST33 | Red Setter |
Norisoprenes | 2,4 dimethyl 1 heptene | 8.21 ± 1.32 | 8.32 ± 1.35 | 8.27 ± 1.55 |
6 methyl 5 hepten 2 one | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.11 | 0.15 ± 0.08 | |
8.25 ± 1.35 | 8.45 ± 1.46 | 8.42 ± 1.63 | ||
Aldehydes | nonanal | 0.33 ± 0.08 | 0.39 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.07 |
Monoterpenes | linalool | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.3 ± 0.04 |
α pinene | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | |
limonene | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | |
β phellandrene | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | |
p cymene | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | |
camphor | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | |
0.83 ± 0.14 | 0.68 ± 0.15 | 0.78 ± 0.14 | ||
Hydrocarbons | dodecene | 1.02 ± 0.41 | 1.31 ± 0.37 | 2.32 ± 0.37 |
4 methyl nonane | 0.4 ± 0.14 | 0.62 ± 0.17 | 0.51 ± 0.17 | |
1.42 ± 0.55 | 1.93 ± 0.54 | 2.83 ± 0.54 | ||
Alcohols | 2 ethyl 1 hexanol | 0.84 ± 0.4 | 1.05 ± 0.36 | 1.04 ± 0.28 |
benzil alcol | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.31 ± 0.13 | 0.07 ± 0.07 | |
0.89 ± 0.45 | 1.36 ± 0.49 | 1.11 ± 0.35 | ||
Benzenoids | ethylbenzene | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.61 ± 0.14 | 0.52 ± 0.1 |
benzaldehyde | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.26 ± 0.11 | 0.61 ± 0.22 | |
4 methyl benzaldehyde | 3.6 ± 0.81 | 3.36 ± 0.81 | 2.01 ± 0.46 | |
2,4 dimethyl benzaldehyde | 0 ± 0 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | |
2,5-dimethyl benzaldehyde | 0 ± 0 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0 ± 0 | |
trimethyl benzene | 0.09 ± 0.06 | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 0.26 ± 0.1 | |
1,4 dichlorobenzene | 0.29 ± 0.25 | 0.62 ± 0.38 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | |
benzothiazole | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.06 | 0.13 ± 0.05 | |
methyl benzoate | 0.22 ± 0.1 | 0.38 ± 0.08 | 0.35 ± 0.07 | |
acetophenone | 0.49 ± 0.12 | 0.47 ± 0.11 | 0.41 ± 0.06 | |
naphthalene | 2.52 ± 1.4 | 3.06 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 0.31 | |
4 vinylphenol | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | |
2 phenoxyethanol | 0.24 ± 0.17 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.11 | |
pXylene | 1.66 ± 0.26 | 1.6 ± 0.31 | 1.98 ± 0.28 | |
9.73 ± 3.35 | 10.72 ± 3.44 | 8.18 ± 1.89 | ||
Total VOC | 21.45 ± 5.92 | 23.53 ± 6.13 | 21.79 ± 4.62 | |
Plant Weight (g) | 2.43 ± 0.24 | 2.35 ± 0.29 | 2.50 ± 0.12 |
Primers | Sequence 5′ to 3′ | Ta (°C) | Lenght (base pairs) | Gene or Expressed Sequence Tag | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCSFw GCSRw | TTGGTGAAGCCTTAACTCAGCC GCAAATGGTGGTGTGCATCAT | 60 | 101 | GCS | AF035630 |
PcEF1FwRt PcEF1RwRt | CTCCATTGGGTCGTTTTGCT GGTCACCTTGGCACCAGTTG | 60 | 101 | EF1α | X14449 |
PcFPSFwRt PcFPSRwRt | GCAAAGCAGTACAGGCAGTGC TCCCAATGGGAGAATGAAGTTC | 60 | 101 | LeFPS1 | AF048747 |
TDC-F TDC-R | ACTGTTAGCTCCGCTGCGTTT CCATTTCCAACTCCGTGCAT | 60 | 105 | TDC | AA824781 |
ArgE-F ArgE-R | ACAACCCACCGGATCTTATCC TGATGATCAATGCTCCGCC | 60 | 102 | ArgE | AW737876 |
ACoC-F ACoC-R | CAAAGAGGCGGAAGTTCACAAA CCAAAGTTTCACCTCCCACTCA | 60 | 114 | ACoC | AW928749 |
ES895666–F ES895666-R | TACACAGTTTGGCCCGGTACA CAGGAGCGGAGAGTTGGATAGT | 60 | 103 | ES895666 | ES895666 |
PAL-F PAL-R | GCTGAGCAACACAACCAAGATG TGGCAAAGAGCCACGAGATAG | 60 | 116 | PAL | M83314 |
BF097728-F BF097728-R | GGTTTTATGGTGCTGCTTCACT GCAAATCGGAAAAGCCCAC | 60 | 172 | BF097728 | BF097728 |
RO-F RO-R | CAGAAGCTGTAATGGAGCCAGG GCAAAGTTCATGCCTTCCCAG | 60 | 102 | RO | BP881050 |
ACS-F ACS-R | CGACGAAATATACGCTGGCAC TGCCAACTCTGAAACCTGGAA | 60 | 161 | ACS | M83322 |
AY348872-F AY348872-R | TGCTGGTGCACGCTTTGTT CGCAGTAAGCCAATTCGTGAG | 60 | 102 | AY348872 | AY348872 |
PXD-F PXD-R | CCCCGGCATTGTTTCTTGT GGCATCTCTTCTGCCCAATTTT | 60 | 88 | PXD | AK320453 |
F35H-F F35H-R | ACGTTCGTGCCAATGAGCTAG CCATCGCAAACGTTAACACATC | 60 | 103 | F35H | EU626067 GQ904194 |
ACS3-R ACS3-F | CGCAAAAAAGCGCAACCTT GTGAATGCCTTTTTCGTCGATG | 60 | 109 | ACS3 | U17972.1 |
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Coppola, M.; Cascone, P.; Bossi, S.; Corrado, G.; Garonna, A.P.; Maffei, M.; Rao, R.; Guerrieri, E. TPS Genes Silencing Alters Constitutive Indirect and Direct Defense in Tomato. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092748
Coppola M, Cascone P, Bossi S, Corrado G, Garonna AP, Maffei M, Rao R, Guerrieri E. TPS Genes Silencing Alters Constitutive Indirect and Direct Defense in Tomato. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(9):2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092748
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoppola, Mariangela, Pasquale Cascone, Simone Bossi, Giandomenico Corrado, Antonio Pietro Garonna, Massimo Maffei, Rosa Rao, and Emilio Guerrieri. 2018. "TPS Genes Silencing Alters Constitutive Indirect and Direct Defense in Tomato" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9: 2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092748