Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Potential Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Four Seaweeds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Comparison of Different Extraction Methods
2.2. Optimization of Extraction Parameters and Validation of the Model
2.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) Analysis
2.4. Molecular Weight Analysis
2.5. Monosaccharide Composition
2.6. Antioxidant Activities In Vitro
2.6.1. ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
2.6.2. Scavenging Activities of Hydroxyl Radical
2.6.3. Nitrite Scavenging Activity
2.6.4. Determination of Reducing Power
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials and Chemicals
4.2. Extraction of Polysaccharides
4.3. Purification of Polysaccharides by Radial Flow Chromatography
4.4. IR Spectra Analysis
4.5. Molecular Weight Determination
4.6. Analysis of Monosaccharide Composition
4.7. Antioxidant Activity
4.7.1. ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
4.7.2. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Assay
4.7.3. Nitrite Scavenging Assay
4.7.4. Determination of the Reducing Power
4.7.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extraction Method | Hot-Water Extract | Ultrasound-Assisted Extract | Microwave-Assisted Extract |
---|---|---|---|
Ratio of water to raw material (w/w) | 1:20 | 1:20 | 1:20 |
Extraction time (min) | 60 | 60 | 20 |
Extraction temperature (°C) | 70 | - | 70 |
Extraction power (W) | - | 500 | 500 |
Polysaccharides yield (%) | 9.143 ± 0.723 | 8.523 ± 0.574 | 9.618 ± 0.731 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 14.36 | 9 | 1.60 | 15.05 | 0.0009 | *** |
A-ratio | 0.56 | 1 | 0.56 | 5.32 | 0.0544 | |
B-time | 0.64 | 1 | 0.64 | 6.07 | 0.0433 | * |
C-temperature | 0.087 | 1 | 0.087 | 0.82 | 0.3960 | |
AB | 0.93 | 1 | 0.93 | 8.73 | 0.0213 | * |
AC | 0.035 | 1 | 0.035 | 0.33 | 0.5845 | |
BC | 0.12 | 1 | 0.12 | 1.12 | 0.3251 | |
A2 | 3.99 | 1 | 3.99 | 37.63 | 0.0005 | *** |
B2 | 2.47 | 1 | 2.47 | 23.26 | 0.0019 | ** |
C2 | 4.29 | 1 | 4.29 | 40.46 | 0.0004 | *** |
Residual | 0.74 | 7 | 0.11 | |||
Lack of fit | 0.62 | 3 | 0.21 | |||
Pure error | 0.12 | 4 | 0.031 | |||
Total | 15.11 | 16 |
GLP a | SCP a | DAP a | ULLP a | Characteristic Peaks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wavenumber (cm−1) | ||||
3200–3400 | 3200–3400 | 3200–3400 | 3200–3400 | O–H stretch vibration |
2927.1 | - | 2891.6 | - | C–H stretch vibration |
1638.4 | 1598.6 | 1608.2 | 1597.0 | Asymmetric and symmetric stretching of carboxylate anions group (C=O) |
- | 1410.4 | 1415.5 | 1411.2 | |
- | 1247.8 | 1249.5 | 1257.4 | Stretching vibration of S–O of sulfate |
1150.7 | 1134.8, 1198.3 | - | 1137.7, 1103.3 | C–O stretch vibration of secondary alcohol |
1038.9 | 1030.0 | 1028.6 | 1032.1 | The pyranose ring and glycosidic bond C–O stretching vibrations |
890.7 | 881.5 | 891.0 | 882.3 | An absorption peak at 891 cm−1 indicated the presence of β-d-glucan, and 880 cm−1 attributed to the β-mannose absorption peak, with pyran group |
- | - | 816.2 | 817.0 |
Samples a | Total Sugar (%) | Neutral Sugar (Mole Ratio) | MW (kD) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuc | Glc | Gal | Ara | Rha | Xyl | Man | Sor | Fru | |||
GLP | 45.73 ± 1.89 | 0 | 4.48 | 18.76 | 0 | 0 | 1.811 | 0 | 0 | 5.968 | 591 |
DAP | 63.76 ± 2.12 | 1.060 | 26.238 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.892 | 2.936 | 2.704 | 0 | 482 |
SCP | 22.91 ± 1.21 | 0 | 5.339 | 0 | 1.213 | 0 | 0 | 14.367 | 2.829 | 0 | 404 |
ULLP | 23.71 ± 1.29 | 0.194 | 1.931 | 0.222 | 0.519 | 0 | 0.277 | 6.659 | 0.461 | 0 | 466 |
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He, J.; Xu, Y.; Chen, H.; Sun, P. Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Potential Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Four Seaweeds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121988
He J, Xu Y, Chen H, Sun P. Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Potential Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Four Seaweeds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(12):1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121988
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Jinzhe, Yaoyang Xu, Hongbo Chen, and Peilong Sun. 2016. "Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Potential Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Four Seaweeds" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 12: 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17121988