1. Introduction
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), the most common type of alopecia, is a problem in men over the age of 40. Hair loss is a growing trend in the world, however, the prevention of this condition is not simple [1]. Numerous possibilities have been discussed to treat hair loss [2]. Nevertheless, only two FDA-approved drugs have been available for AGA patients, i.e., finasteride and minoxidil [3,4]. Finasteride is a type II 5α-reductase inhibitor. It can be used in prostatic hypertrophy [5] as well as in hair loss [6]. Minoxidil was used as a drug to treat high blood pressure [7]. However, it was also found to promote hair growth [8,9], although the mechanism of minoxidil-induced hair growth is not fully understood. In a previous study, minoxidil was shown to have proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on dermal papilla cells [10]. Moreover, it was also found to stimulate hair growth by the opening of ATP-sensitive K+-channel [11,12], the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [13] and the activation of the β-catenin pathway [14] in dermal papilla cells (DPC). The DPC consist of a cluster of specialized fibroblasts that play important roles in the regulation of the hair cycle through the secretion of diffusible proteins, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) [15], hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) [16], VEGF [13] and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) [17,18].
Ecklonia cava, a brown alga, grows in the regions of Jeju Island in Korea. In previous reports, E. cava has been found to have effects such as anti-bacterial [19] and anti-inflammatory activity [20]. E. cava has been reported to contain various phlorotannins—such as eckol, 8,8′-bieckol, 8,4″-dieckol, phlorofucofuroeckol A, triphlorethol-A, phloroglucinol, dioxinodehydroeckol, fucodiphlorethol G [21–24]. Eckol was reported to have radioprotective activities [25], dieckol to have anti-inflammatory effects [26], and triphlorethol-A to have antioxidant activity [22,23]. Recently, it has been found that phloroglucinol induced apoptosis [24]. However, the effect and the underlying mechanisms of E. cava on hair growth have not been described. In this study, we examined the promotion effects and the mechanisms of E. cava extract and its components (eckol, dieckol, triphlorethol-A and phloroglucinol) on hair growth.
2. Results
2.1. The Effect of <italic>Ecklonia cava</italic> Enzymatic Extract on the Hair-Fiber Elongation of Rat Vibrissa Follicle
To determine whether E. cava enzymatic extract could induce hair growth, we examined the effect of E. cava enzymatic extract with the use of an organ culture of the rat vibrissa follicle. When the rat vibrissa follicles were treated with various concentrations of E. cava enzymatic extract for three weeks, in particular, the hair-fiber length with 1 μg/mL of E. cava enzymatic extract treatment showed a significant increase when compared to the control group (Figure 1). The result indicates that E. cava enzymatic extract contains components promoting hair growth.
2.2. The Effect of <italic>Ecklonia cava</italic> Enzymatic Extract on the Anagen Induction in C57BL/6 Mice
To investigate whether anagen induction was promoted by E. cava enzymatic extract, we used C57BL/6 mice, since the dorsal hair is known to have a time-synchronized hair growth cycle [27]. Shaved skin of telogen C57BL/6 mice is pink, which then darkens along with anagen initiation. As shown in Figure 2, the area of black skin was significantly larger (p < 0.05) in the 0.5% E. cava enzymatic extract treated group than in the control group at 26 days after depilation. Induction of the anagen phase in the 0.5% E. cava enzymatic extract treated group was observed to be faster than in the control group. The 5% Minoxidil (MINOXYLTM) treated group, a positive control group, showed gray skin from 13 days after depilation.
2.3. The Effects of <italic>Ecklonia cava</italic> Enzymatic Extract and Its Isolated Compounds on the Proliferation of Dermal Papilla Cells
We examined the effects of E. cava enzymatic extract and its isolated compounds on the proliferation of DPC. When DPC were treated with E. cava enzymatic extract in the concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/mL, E. cava enzymatic extract significantly promoted the proliferation of DPC compared with the vehicle-treated control at all the concentrations, except the 100 μg/mL (Figure 3). We evaluated whether the isolated compounds from E. cava enzymatic extract such as eckol, dieckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A, could promote the proliferation of DPC. DPC were treated with eckol, dieckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A, individually, at 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 10 μg/mL for 4 days. The dieckol increased the proliferation of DPC by 100.5%, 103.9%, 113.5%, 106.1%, 108.1%, 98.5% and 97.3%, respectively (Table 1). The eckol also promoted the proliferation of DPC by 100.8%, 106.1%, 120.3%, 108.5%, 107.8%, 105.4% and 104.1%, respectively (Table 1). However, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A did not affect the proliferation of DPC (Table 1).
2.4. The Effects of <italic>Ecklonia cava</italic> Enzymatic Extract and Its Isolated Compounds on the Proliferation of NIH3T3 Fibroblasts
Minoxidil, a hair-growth promoting agent, has a mitotic effect on NIH3T3 fibroblasts via KATP channel opening. Whether E. cava enzymatic extract, eckol, dieckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A could act as an opener of KATP channel, proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts was examined. NIH3T3 fibroblasts were treated with E. cava enzymatic extract, eckol, dieckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 10 μg/mL. The E. cava enzymatic extract significantly increased the proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts by 119.6%, 118.8%, 116.3%, 113.7% and 77.4%, respectively (Figure 4A). To evaluate whether the E. cava-induced proliferation was mediated through KATP channel opening, NIH3T3 fibroblasts were pretreated with tolbutamide, a non-selective blocker of K+ channels. Tolbutamide inhibited the E. cava-induced proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts (Figure 4B). Nevertheless, it is important to note that dieckol, a major component of the E. cava enzymatic extract, did not alter the proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts (data not shown). Eckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A slightly increased the proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts compared with the control group (data not shown).
2.5. The Effects of <italic>Ecklonia cava</italic> Enzymatic Extract and Its Isolated Compounds on 5α-Reductase Activities
5α-reductase activity is known to be important for preventing hair loss. We investigated the effects of E. cava enzymatic extract, eckol, dieckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A on the 5α-reductase activity using rat prostatic enzyme. As shown in Figure 5, the E. cava enzymatic extract, eckol and dieckol significantly inhibited 5α-reductase activities in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 5A–C). Especially, when the reaction mixture was incubated with 100 μg/mL of dieckol, its inhibition activity was similar to that of the finateride treated group, a positive control group (Figure 5C). However, phloroglucinol did not affect 5α-reductase activities (Figure 5D). 5α-Reductase activities in the triphlorethol-A treated group showed a slight inhibition (Figure 5E).
3. Discussion
In this study, the hair growth promoting effect of E. cava enzymatic extract, which contains more than 35% of dieckol, was investigated in vitro and in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that E. cava enzymatic extract and dieckol, a component of E. cava, have the potential to promote hair growth via the proliferation of dermal papilla cells and/or the inhibition of 5α-reductase activity.
The hair growth cycles, in hair follicle organ cultures of the rat vibrissa follicles, have been reported to be synchronized according to their age [28] and the isolated rat vibrissa follicles could be maintained in vitro up to 23 days [29]. Use of the organ culture methods to evaluate hair follicle growth is thought to be correlated with in vivo systems because the extent of hair growth can be observed as the sum of the function of each cell [30]. We found that the E. cava enzymatic extract increased the hair-fiber length of follicles by 12.4% at 1 μg/mL, compared with the vehicle-treated control. To evaluate the in vivo effect of E. cava enzymatic extract on the induction of the anagen phase, the hair growth promoting effect on C57BL/6 mouse was examined. The hair growth stimulating in vitro effect of E. cava enzymatic extract was also observed in vivo using C57BL/6 mice.
The hair follicle consists of several distinct epithelial cells and DPC [31,32]. Regulation of hair growth depends on the balance between proliferation and apoptosis in the DPC [10]. As shown in figure 3, E. cava enzymatic extract significantly increased the proliferation of DPC. We also examined whether the isolated compounds of E. cava extracts such as eckol, dieckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A, could increase the proliferation of DPC. We observed that eckol and dieckol increased the proliferation of DPC, whereas phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A did not affect proliferation of DPC (Table 1).
K+ channel opening is involved in not only mitogenesis [33], but also hair growth [34]. In previous studies, minoxidil was able to potentiate the mitogenic effects on NIH3T3 fibroblasts through the KATP channel opening [35]. As shown in Figure 4, the E. cava enzymatic extract could promote the proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts, which was inhibited by tobutamide, a non-selective blocker of K+ channels. The result indicates that the E. cava enzymatic extract can promote hair growth via the KATP channel opening.
Inhibition of 5α-reductase activity is important in preventing hair loss in AGA [36,37]. E. cava enzymatic extract significantly inhibited 5α-reductase activity in a dose dependent manner. Among the isolated compounds from E. cava enzymatic extract—eckol, dieckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A—dieckol was the most active. The results suggest that E. cava enzymatic extract and dieckol could have the potential for the treatment of AGA via the inhibition of 5α-reductase activities. Previous studies propose that AGA may be caused by DHT in different ways: The miniaturization of dermal papilla and hair follicles is induced by DHT, which leads to transition from anagen to catagen [38]. DHT increases the levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and TGF-β2 in dermal papilla cells, which leads to decreased proliferation of epithelial cells [39,40]. Up-regulation of dickkopf related protein-1 (DKK-1) by DHT can cause repression of the growth of epithelial cells in hair follicles [41]. In further studies, we need to examine whether that E. cava enzymatic extract and dieckol can regulate the levels of TGF-β1/β2 and DKK-1 in dermal papilla cells. The androgen action and gene expressions in dermal papilla cells (DPCs) from the human beard are known to be different from those in DPCs of the human scalp. In the future, therefore, although the structure of hair follicle in the human scalp is very similar to that of hair follicle in rat vibrissa, we need to examine whether E. cava extract and dieckol can promote hair growth of the human scalp.
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Alga Material
The brown alga, E. cava, was collected along the coasts of Jeju Island in Korea, between February and May 2010 and taxonomically identified by Professor Ki Wan Lee. The samples were washed three times in tap water to remove any attached salt, epiphytes, and sand. Then, they were rinsed carefully with fresh distilled water, and maintained in a medical refrigerator at −20 °C. The frozen samples were then lyophilized and homogenized using a grinder prior to extraction.
4.2. Preparation of <italic>E. cava</italic> Enzymatic Extract
We followed the methods reported in previous studies for the preparation of E. cava enzymatic extract [42]. To briefly state the preparation procedure, fifty grams of E. cava were homogenized with water (2 L), and mixed with 500 μL of carbohydrate enzyme (celluclast 1.5L FG, Novozyme Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark). E. cava enzymatic extract was adjusted to be within the optimum pH and temperature range of the carbohydrate enzyme and enzymatic reactions were performed for 24 h. Following extraction, the extract was boiled for 10 min at 100 °C to inactivate the enzymes. Then, E. cava enzymatic extract was clarified by centrifugation (3000 rpm, for 20 min at 4 °C) to remove the residue. E. cava enzymatic extract was adjusted to pH 7.0.
4.3. Extraction and Isolation of Phlorotannins from <italic>Ecklonia cava</italic>
Eckol, dieckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A were isolated from E. cava as previously described [43]. In short, the dried E. cava was extracted three times with 80% aqueous EtOH, and was evaporated in a vacuum. The EtOH extract was then partitioned with EtOAc. The EtOAc fraction was subjected to silica and LH-20 column chromatography. The active compounds were finally purified by reversed-phase HPLC (ThermoFisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA), and the purified compounds were then confirmed by comparing their LC/MS, 1H NMR data to those in the existing literature [43].
Eckol: LC/MS data (M+, m/z: 372.0 calcd for C18H12O9). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.54 (1H, s, OH-9), 9.45 (1H, s, OH-4), 9.21 (2H, s, OH-2,7) 9.16 (2H, s, OH-3′,5′), 6.14 (1H, s, H-3), 5.96 (1H, d, J = 2.8 Hz, H-8), 5.80 (1H, d, J = 1.7 Hz, H-4′), 5.78 (1H, d, J = 2.8 Hz, H-6), 5.72 (2H, J = 1.7 Hz, H-2′,6′).
Dieckol: LC/MS data (M+, m/z: 742.0 calcd for C36H22O18). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.71(1H, s, OH-9), 9.61 (1H, s, OH-9″), 9.51 (1H, s, OH-4″), 9.46 (1H, s, OH-4), 9.36 (2H, s, OH-3″,5″), 9.28 (1H, s, OH-2″), 9.23 (1H, s, OH-2), 9.22 (1H, s, OH-7″), 9.15 (2H, s, OH-3′,5′) 6.17 (1H, s, H-3″), 6.14 (1H, s, H-3), 6.02 (1H, d, J = 2.7 Hz, H-8), 5.98 (1H, d, J = 2.7 Hz, H-8″), 5.95 (1H, s, H-2′, 6″′), 5.82 (1H, d, J = 2.7 Hz, H-6), 5.81 (1H, d, J = 2.7 Hz, H-6″), 5.80 (1H, t, J = 2.0 Hz, H-4′), 5.78 (2H, d, J = 2.0 Hz, H-2′,6′).
Phloroglucinol: LC/MS data (M+, m/z: 126 calcd for C6H6O3). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.97 (3H, s, OH-1,3,5), 5.66 (3H, s, H-2,4,5).
Triphlorethol-A: LC/MS data (M+, m/z: 374.0 calcd for C18H14O9). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 5.7 (1H, d, J = 2.7, H-3), 6.0 (1H, d, J = 2.9, H-5), 5.8 (1H, S, H-3′), 5.8 (1H, S, H-5′), 6.0 (1H, d, J = 2.2, H-2″), 5.9 (t, J = 2.2, H-4″), 6.0 (1H, d, J = 2.2, H-6″).
The purity of eckol, dieckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A was >95%, according to the peak area of all components absorbed at each specific wavelength in HPLC analysis. Their chemical structures are shown in Figure 6, and were freshly dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) for subsequent treatment. Further, minoxidil sulfate and minoxidil were also dissolved in DMSO for subsequent treatment. The final concentration of DMSO was adjusted to 0.2% (v/v) in the following experiment. Tolbutamide was made up as a 410 mM stock solution in ethanol and added to the culture media in a final concentration of 0.25% ethanol.
4.4. Animals
Male Wistar rats (3 weeks of age) were supplied from Orient Bio (Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Korea). Six-week-old female C57BL/6 mice and 8-week-old male spargue-Dawley (SD) rats were purchased from Dae-Han Biolink (Eumsung, Chungbuk, Korea) and were provided with a standard laboratory diet and water ad libitum. All animals were cared for by using protocols (20100031) approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Jeju National University.
4.5. Isolation and Culture of Rat Vibrissa Follicles
Isolation of rat vibrissa follicles was performed as described previously [29]. Briefly, rat vibrissa follicles were harvested from male Wistar rats that were 23 days old. To accomplish this, the rats were sacrificed under carbon dioxide (CO2). Next, both the left and right mystacial pads were removed from the rats and placed in a 1:1 (v/v) solution between Earle’s balanced salts solution (EBSS, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and PBS that contained 100 unit/mL of penicillin and 100 μg/mL of streptomycin. Anagen vibrissa follicles were then carefully dissected under a stereomicroscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) from posterior parts of the mystacial pads, with considerable caution to remove the surrounding connective tissue without damaging the vibrissa follicle. Using this method, we were able to routinely isolate more than 40 follicles from each animal. The isolated follicles were then placed in separate wells in 24-well plates that contained 500 μL of Williams medium E (GIBCO Inc, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco Inc, Grand Island, NY, USA), 10 μg/mL insulin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 50 nM hydrocortisone (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 100 unit/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin at 37 °C. They were cultivated in an atmosphere comprised of 5% CO2 and 95% air. The isolated follicles were then treated with vehicle (DMSO diluted 1:1000 in Williams medium E) as a control and E. cava enzymatic extract (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/mL). Minoxidil sulfate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as a positive control in the culture systems (Buhl et al., 1990). The culture medium was changed every 3 days and photographs of the cultured vibrissa follicles were taken using a stereomicroscope, for 3 weeks. The length of the hair follicles was measured using a DP controller (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
4.6. Hair Growth Activity <italic>in Vivo</italic>
Anagen was induced on the back skin of C57BL/6 mice that were in the telogen phase of the cycle by depilation, as described previously [27]. Briefly, 6-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were allowed to adapt to their new environment for one week. The anagen was then induced in the back skin of the 7-week-old female C57BL/6 mice by shaving, which led to synchronized development of anagen hair follicles. From the following day (day 1), 0.2 mL of 0.5% E. cava enzymatic extract in 50% ethanol was topically applied every day for 33 days. 5% Minoxidil (MINOXYLTM; Hyundai Pharm. Co. Ltd., Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea) was used as a positive control. The back skin of the mice was then observed and photographed at 1, 7, 13, 20, 26 and 33 days after shaving. For the quantitative assessment, dotmatrix planimetry was performed [44].
4.7. Culture and Proliferation Assay of Dermal Papilla Cells
Rat vibrissa immortalized dermal papilla cell line [45] was donated by the Skin Research Institute, Amore Pacific Corporation R & D Center, South Korea. The DPC were cultured in DMEM (Hyclone Inc., Logan, UT, USA), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY, USA) and penicillin/streptomycin (100 unit/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively), at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere under 5% CO2.
The proliferation of DPC was evaluated by measuring the metabolic activity using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) [46]. Briefly, DPC at 1.0×104 cells/mL were seeded into 96-well plate, then cultured for 24 h in a serum-free DMEM, and then treated with vehicle (DMSO diluted 1:1000 in serum-free DMEM) as a control, E. cava extract (0.001~100 μg/mL), eckol (0.005~10 μg/mL), dieckol (0.005~10 μg/mL), phloroglucinol (0.005~10 μg/mL), triphlorethol-A (0.005~10 μg/mL) and minoxidil sulfate (1 μM), for 4 days. After incubation, 0.1 mg (50 μL of a 2 mg/mL solution) of MTT (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to each well, and the cells were then incubated at 37 °C for 4 h. Next, the plates were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min at room temperature and the media was then carefully aspirated. 200 μL of DMSO was then added to each well to dissolve the formazan crystals and the absorbance of the plates, at 540 nm, was then read immediately on a microplate reader (BioTek Instrument, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA). All experiments were performed three times and the mean absorbance values were calculated. The results are expressed as a percentage of absorbance caused by treatment with the extract or the active component compared to those of the vehicle treated controls.
4.8. Culture and Proliferation Assay of NIH3T3 Fibroblasts
The mouse embryonic NIH3T3 fibroblasts were purchased from ATCC (Rockville, MD, USA) and cultured in ATCC-formulated Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-activated bovine calf serum (BCS), 100 unit/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin at 37 °C atmosphere and 5% CO2.
The proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts was also evaluated by measuring the metabolic activity using MTT assay [46]. NIH3T3 fibroblasts, at 1.0 × 104 cells/mL, were seeded into a 96-well plate. Cells were incubated for 24 h with DMEM supplemented with 10% BCS, then washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). The cells were maintained with DMEM supplemented with 10% BCS or 1.5% BCS and treated with vehicle (DMSO) as a control, E. cava extract (0.05~10 μg/mL), eckol (0.05~10 μg/mL), dieckol (0.05~10 μg/mL), phloroglucinol (0.05~10 μg/mL), triphlorethol-A (0.05~10 μg/mL) and minoxidil (75 μM), for 4 days. To clarify whether proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts is regulated by KATP channel opening, NIH3T3 fibroblasts were pretreated with tolbutamide (2 mM), a non-selective blocker of K+ channel, for 30 min prior to incubation with E. cava enzymatic extract for 4 days. All experiments were performed three times and the mean absorbance values were calculated. The results are expressed as the percentage in the absorbance caused by treatment with the extract or the active component compared to those of the vehicle untreated controls.
4.9. Assay of Rat Prostatic 5α-Reductase
Male SD rats (8 weeks) were sacrificed with carbon dioxide (CO2). The prostates of rats were dissected, freed of their capsules, then washed with saline, and stored at −80 °C. Frozen tissues were thawed on ice and procedures were carried out at 4 °C. The tissues were homogenized with Polytron homogenizer (Brinkman Instruments, Wesrbury, NY, USA) in 5–6 tissue volumes of medium A (0.32 M sucrose, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), and 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.6). The homogenates were centrifuged at 100,000 g for 60 min. The pellets were recovered, washed with three tissue volumes of medium A and centrifuged two additional times at 400 g at 0 °C for 10 min. The washed pellets were suspended in medium A and stored at −80 °C until use. The suspension (2.5 mg protein/mL for Rat prostates, determined by the Bradford method) was used as source of 5α-reductase.
5α-reductase activities were assayed as previously described [47]. The reaction mixture contained a final volume of 500 μL: one millimole DTT, 40 mM potassium phosphate buffers, 2 mM NADPH, Testosterone including 120 n Ci [1,2,6,7-3H]. The reaction in triplicate was started when it was added to the rat prostatic enzyme fraction (250 μg protein), 0.2% DMSO as a control, E. cava extract (10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 μg/mL), eckol (10, 70 and 100 μg/mL), dieckol (10, 70 and 100 μg/mL), phloroglucinol (10, 70 and 100 μg/mL) and triphlorethol-A (10, 70 and 100 μg/mL). Finasteride 2 nM (MERCK SHARP & DOHME, South Granville, Australia) was used as a positive control. The mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 60 min, and then stopped by adding 1 mL of ethyl acetate and mixing for 1 min. After centrifugation at 1000 g for 5 min, the organic phase was removed which then was dried under a heating plate, dissolved in 50 μL of ethyl acetate containing 500 μg/mL testosterone and 500 μg/mL dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and applied to a silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The plate was developed in a solvent system consisting of an ethyl acetate:cyclohexane (1:1) solution, the plate then was air dried. Testosterone was visibly seen under the UV light (254 nm) and DHT was detected using 10% H2SO4 solution via posteriorly heating the plate. Under these conditions, DHT will be shown as a dark yellow color. Areas containing androgen were removed and the strips were soaked in the 5 mL of ULTIMA GOLDTM Cocktails (PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) and the radioactivity level was then measured via a liquid scintillation counter (Packard Bioscience, Meriden, CT, USA). The activity of 5α-reductase was expressed as the ratio [DHT/(T + DHT)] × 100.
4.10. Statistical Analyses
Each experiment was performed at least in triplicate. Results are expressed as mean ± SD or mean ± SE from three separate experiments. The Student’s t test and one-way ANOVA test were used to determine the statistical significance.