1. Introduction

ijms

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Int. J. Mol. Sci.

1422-0067

Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)

10.3390/ijms12063553

ijms-12-03553

Article

The Hildebrand Solubility Parameters of Ionic Liquids—Part 2

Marciniak

Andrzej

Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; E-Mail: a.marciniak@ch.pw.edu.pl; Tel.: +48-222-345-816; Fax: +48-226-282-741

2011

3 6 2011

12 6 3553 3575 6 4 2011 19 5 2011 26 5 2011

2011

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

The Hildebrand solubility parameters have been calculated for eight ionic liquids. Retention data from the inverse gas chromatography measurements of the activity coefficients at infinite dilution were used for the calculation. From the solubility parameters, the enthalpies of vaporization of ionic liquids were estimated. Results are compared with solubility parameters estimated by different methods.

ionic liquid Hildebrand solubility parameter enthalpy of vaporization

1. Introduction

Ionic liquids (ILs) are a relatively new class of salts with a melting temperature below 373.15 K. In general, ILs are composed of organic cations with either inorganic or organic anions. Ionic liquids have unique properties, namely, a wide liquid range, stability at high temperatures and negligible vapor pressure. Because of the last mentioned property, the inverse gas chromatography (IGC) is a suitable method for measuring thermodynamic properties of pure substances and their mixtures [1]. From the IGC measurements, the activity coefficients at infinite dilution, Flory-Huggins interaction parameters as well as the Hildebrand solubility parameters can be determined. By this method the solubility parameters were determined previously for different ionic liquids [2–6].

The Hildebrand solubility parameters have numerous applications including gas-liquid solubility, solvent extraction and many others as described in detail in the literature [7,8]. The solubility parameter is the square root of the cohesive energy density, which is defined as the ratio of the energy of vaporization, Δ_vapU, to the molar volume, υ:

(1) δ = Δ vap U υ = Δ vap H - R T υ

Because ILs have negligible vapor pressure, experimental measurements of their energy of vaporization are difficult. For this reason, experimental data of Δ_vapU are unavailable. Alternative methods have been considered for estimation of the solubility parameters of ionic liquids: From melting temperatures of ILs [9], from intrinsic viscosity measurements [10], from the activation energy of viscosity [11,12], from surface tension measurements [13], from Kamlet-Taft equation [14], using non random hydrogen bonding (NRHB) and PC-SAFT models [15], from lattice energy density [16].

This paper provides information on the Hildebrand solubility parameters determined for eight ionic liquids as a function of temperature and the enthalpies of vaporization calculated from the values of the solubility parameters. The solubility parameters were calculated using the experimental data from the activity coefficients at infinite dilution measurements. The list of investigated ionic liquids is shown in Table 1. The values of the activity coefficients at infinite dilution for the investigated ionic liquids were published earlier [17–24].

2. Results and Discussion

The Hildebrand solubility parameters were calculated for the ionic liquids presented (with abbreviations and structures) in Table 1. The results are presented in Table 2. For ionic liquids based on [FAP]⁻ and [NTf₂]⁻ anions with the same cation, [N-C₃OHPY]⁺, the solubility parameter is higher for IL with [NTf₂]⁻ anion. Estimated enthalpy of vaporization is higher for [N-C₃OHPY][FAP] than for [N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂], the higher molar mass and more complex structure of [FAP]⁻ anion causes higher enthalpy of vaporization. For ionic liquids [bmPIP][SCN] and [bmPIP][NTf₂] the solubility parameter as well as the enthalpy of vaporization is higher for ionic liquid with [SCN]⁻ anion. In this case the structure of [SCN]⁻ anion is much simpler than for [NTf₂]⁻ and the molar mass is lower, but very strong interaction of thiocyanate group increases the enthalpy of vaporization. With an increase of the alkyl chain in the cation structure of an ionic liquid the solubility parameter decreases. Due to increase of molar mass and alkyl chain length the enthalpy of vaporization also increases. This is typical behavior observed with increasing of alkyl chain length for example in linear alkanes or alkylbenzenes. This effect is visible in two pairs of ionic liquids, namely [emim][TCB]⁻[dmim][TCB] and [pmPIP][NTf₂]⁻[bmPIP][NTf₂].

Table 3 presents comparison of the Hildebrand solubility parameters determined by different methods for selected ionic liquids based on [NTf₂]⁻ anion. Camper et al. presents different values of δ for ionic liquid [emim][NTf₂] estimated from the IL melting point [9] and from lattice energy density [16]. These values differ about 2.4 times and are inconsistent with δ obtained by other methods. Solubility parameters determined from enthalpy of vaporization are in good agreement with values of δ obtained by IGC for [emim][NTf₂] and [hmim][NTf₂] and with values of δ estimated from surface tension for [bmim][NTf₂] and [bmPYR][NTf₂]. Kilaru et al. estimated solubility parameters from activation energy of viscosity using the equation presented below [11]:

(2) δ = [ K v R T υ ln ( 10 - 9 μ υ h N A ) ] 0.5

where: μ is the dynamic viscosity of IL (in units of mPa·s), υ is the molar volume (in units of cm³·mol⁻¹), h is Planck constant (in units of J·s), N_A is Avogadro constant (in units of mol⁻¹), and K_v is a proportionality constant. They calculated K_v value of 7.8 for ILs based on [NTf₂]⁻ anion from solubility parameters determined from intrinsic viscosity [10]. Consequently the solubility parameters estimated from Equation 2 are consistent with those estimated from intrinsic viscosity. In this work K_v value of 5.23 was obtained from the solubility parameters determined from experimental enthalpy of vaporization (the procedure is described in Supporting Information). Based on this value the solubility parameters were determined for [N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂], [pmPIP][NTf₂] and [bmPIP][NTf₂] ionic liquids for which the molar volumes and viscosities were determined (see Table 3S). Results are presented in Table 4. The differences in results are in the range from 3 to 10%.

3. Calculation of Solubility Parameters 3.1. Experimental Procedure

On the basis of the experimental data from the activity coefficients at infinite dilution measurements, the Hildebrand solubility parameters have been calculated using the equations presented below. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution for all investigated ionic liquids were measured using inverse gas chromatography. Detailed descriptions of materials, apparatus and methods used in each experiment are presented in the relevant papers [17–24].

3.2. Theoretical Basis

Retention data were used for the calculation of Hildebrand solubility parameters, δ₂. According to the Flory-Huggins theory the interaction parameter at infinite dilution can be determined using the following expression:

(3) χ 12 ∞ = ln ( 273.15 R P 1 * V g M 1 ) - P 1 * ( B 11 - V 1 * ) R T + ln ( ρ 1 ρ 2 ) - ( 1 - V 1 * V 2 * )

where R denotes the gas constant, T the temperature, P₁^* the saturated vapor pressure of the solute at temperature T, B₁₁ the second virial coefficient of pure solute, V₁^* and V₂^* the molar volume of the solute and solvent respectively, M₁ the molar mass of solute, ρ₁ and ρ₂ density of solute and solvent respectively, V_g specific retention volume which is given by:

(4) V g = 273.15 V N T m 2

where m₂ denotes the mass of the solvent on the column packing and V_N the net retention volume of the solute given by:

(5) V N = J 2 3 U o ( t R - t G )

where t_R and t_G are the retention times for the solute and an unretained gas, respectively, U_o is the column outlet flow rate, J₂³ the pressure correction term given by:

(6) J 2 3 = 2 3 ( P i / P o ) 3 - 1 ( P i / P o ) 2 - 1

where P_i and P_o denote the inlet and the outlet pressure, respectively. The column outlet flow rate corrected for the vapor pressure of water U_o is given by:

(7) U o = U ( 1 - P w P o ) T T f

where T_f is the temperature at the column outlet, P_w is the vapor pressure of water at T_f and U is the flow rate measured with the flow meter. The interaction parameter χ₁₂^∞ may be expressed as a function of δ₁ and δ₂ which denote the solubility parameters of the solute and of the solvent, respectively, by:

(8) χ 12 ∞ = V 1 * ( δ 1 - δ 2 ) 2 R T

Equation 8 can be rewritten as:

(9) ( δ 1 2 R T - χ 12 ∞ V 1 * ) = ( 2 δ 2 R T ) δ 1 - δ 2 2 R T

The solubility parameters δ₁ of the solutes were calculated using following equation:

(10) δ 2 = Δ vap H - R T υ

where Δ_vapH denotes enthalpy of vaporization and υ the molar volume. The thermophysical properties required in calculations were calculated using equations and constants taken from the literature [30].

Values of χ₁₂^∞ were determined from Equation 2 and are presented in Table 1S. If the left side of Equation 9 is plotted against δ₁, a straight line having a slope of 2δ₂/RT and an intercept of −δ₂² /RT is obtained. The solubility parameter of the solvent δ₂ (ionic liquid) can be calculated from the slope. Example of calculations is presented in the Supporting Information. Hildebrand solubility parameters of the investigated ionic liquids and the estimated enthalpies of vaporization calculated using Equation 10 are listed in Table 2.

4. Conclusions

The Hildebrand solubility parameters estimated by different methods are divergent. The most reliable results are from the experiment especially from the enthalpies of vaporization. As presented in Table 3, solubility parameters calculated from enthalpies of vaporization and determined by IGC are in good consistency for [emim][NTf₂] and [hmim][NTf₂] ionic liquids. Therefore, the inverse gas chromatography is an appropriate method to determine Hildebrand solubility parameters of ionic liquids. While the ionic liquids have negligible vapor pressure, experimental measurements of their enthalpy of vaporization are difficult; therefore, this property can be estimated from the solubility parameters.

Acknowledgements

Funding for this research was provided by the Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education in years 2008–2011 (Grant No. N209 096435).

Appendix Electronic Supporting Information

Table S1, interaction parameters, χ₁₂^∞ Example of calculation of the solubility parameter. Calculation of the K_v constant from Equation 2; Table S2, data used in calculation of K_v constant; Table S3, densities and viscosities for [N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂], [pmPIP][NTf₂] and [bmPIP][NTf₂] ionic liquids.

Table S1

Interaction parameters, χ ₁₂^∞.

χ ₁₂^∞
[N-C₃OHPY][FAP]

T/K	n-pentane	n-hexane	n-heptane	n-octane	n-nonane	n-decane
308.15	3.62	3.96	4.32	4.68	5.04	5.42
318.15	3.50	3.83	4.17	4.52	4.86	5.24
328.15	3.39	3.71	4.04	4.38	4.72	5.08
338.15	3.27	3.58	3.91	4.24	4.57	4.93
348.15	3.18	3.48	3.78	4.11	4.44	4.78
358.15	3.09	3.37	3.67	3.99	4.30	4.64
T/K	cyclopentane	cyclohexane	cycloheptane	cyclooctane	1-pentene	1-hexene
308.15	3.19	3.55	3.81	4.08	2.75	3.07
318.15	3.08	3.42	3.67	3.93	2.66	2.97
328.15	2.97	3.29	3.54	3.80	2.58	2.88
338.15	2.86	3.17	3.42	3.67	2.50	2.80
348.15	2.75	3.05	3.30	3.55	2.43	2.72
358.15	2.67	2.94	3.19	3.43	2.36	2.64
T/K	1-heptene	1-octene	1-hexyne	1-heptyne	1-octyne	benzene
308.15	3.40	3.79	2.01	2.33	2.69	0.482
318.15	3.31	3.68	1.96	2.28	2.63	0.495
328.15	3.22	3.58	1.92	2.23	2.57	0.505
338.15	3.14	3.48	1.87	2.18	2.51	0.519
348.15	3.06	3.38	1.83	2.13	2.45	0.528
358.15	2.97	3.29	1.79	2.08	2.40	0.537
T/K	toluene	ethylbenzene	o-xylene	m-xylene	p-xylene	methanol
308.15	0.732	1.12	0.944	1.01	1.06	1.01
318.15	0.743	1.12	0.950	1.02	1.07	0.979
328.15	0.751	1.12	0.955	1.03	1.07	0.944
338.15	0.761	1.12	0.961	1.04	1.08	0.913
348.15	0.769	1.12	0.966	1.04	1.08	0.882
358.15	0.777	1.11	0.971	1.05	1.09	0.855
T/K	ethanol	1-propanol	1-butanol	water	thiophene	tetrahydrofuran
308.15	0.873	1.01	1.20	2.95	0.557	−0.967
318.15	0.832	0.965	1.14	2.85	0.564	−0.859
328.15	0.796	0.916	1.08	2.77	0.572	−0.776
338.15	0.761	0.878	1.03	2.69	0.578	−0.683
348.15	0.730	0.836	0.974	2.61	0.585	−0.601
358.15	0.699	0.803	0.926	2.54	0.591	−0.529
T/K	methyl tert-butyl ether	diethyl ether	di-n-propyl ether	di-n-butyl ether	2-pentanone	3-pentanone
308.15	−0.0104	0.168	1.29	2.14
318.15	0.083	0.245	1.32	2.15	−1.09	−0.988
328.15	0.170	0.324	1.36	2.15	−1.01	−0.907
338.15	0.262	0.390	1.39	2.16	−0.933	−0.831
348.15	0.335	0.450	1.43	2.16	−0.860	−0.759
358.15	0.414	0.504	1.45	2.16	−0.792	−0.694
T/K	acetone
308.15	−1.66
318.15	−1.56
328.15	−1.47
338.15	−1.38
348.15	−1.30
358.15	−1.23

[N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂]

T/K	n-pentane	n-hexane	3-methylpentane	2,2-dimethylbutane	n-heptane	n-octane
318.15	3.67	4.04	3.90	3.81	4.45	4.86
328.15	3.59	3.94	3.80	3.71	4.34	4.73
338.15	3.50	3.84	3.70	3.61	4.22	4.61
348.15	3.43	3.76	3.62	3.53	4.13	4.50
358.15	3.35	3.67	3.54	3.44	4.03	4.40
T/K	2,2,4-trimethylpentane	n-nonane	n-decane	cyclopentane	cyclohexane	methylcyclohe xane
318.15	4.40	5.27	5.70	3.08	3.45	3.78
328.15	4.30	5.13	5.54	2.99	3.35	3.68
338.15	4.20	5.00	5.41	2.91	3.26	3.58
348.15	4.11	4.89	5.29	2.84	3.18	3.49
358.15	4.03	4.77	5.16	2.78	3.10	3.41
T/K	cycloheptane	cyclooctane	1-pentene	1-hexene	cyclohexene	1-heptene
318.15	3.73	4.03	2.89	3.28	2.75	3.67
328.15	3.63	3.92	2.83	3.20	2.68	3.59
338.15	3.53	3.81	2.76	3.12	2.62	3.51
348.15	3.44	3.71	2.71	3.06	2.57	3.44
358.15	3.36	3.63	2.65	3.00	2.52	3.38
T/K	1-octene	1-decene	1-hexyne	1-heptyne	1-octyne	benzene
318.15	4.09	4.91	2.10	2.48	2.89	0.886
328.15	4.00	4.80	2.08	2.45	2.84	0.887
338.15	3.91	4.70	2.05	2.41	2.79	0.888
348.15	3.83	4.61	2.03	2.39	2.76	0.888
358.15	3.75	4.51	2.01	2.35	2.71	0.888
T/K	toluene	ethylbenzene	o-xylene	m-xylene	p-xylene	methanol
318.15	1.18	1.62	1.38	1.51	1.51	0.896
328.15	1.18	1.61	1.38	1.51	1.51	0.850
338.15	1.18	1.60	1.38	1.51	1.51	0.805
348.15	1.18	1.58	1.38	1.51	1.51	0.761
358.15	1.18	1.58	1.38	1.51	1.51	0.719
T/K	ethanol	1-propanol	1-butanol	water	acetic acid	thiophene
318.15	0.885	1.02	1.23	2.21	−0.614	0.754
328.15	0.836	0.968	1.17	2.13	−0.534	0.756
338.15	0.788	0.918	1.11	2.06	−0.464	0.756
348.15	0.745	0.868	1.05	1.99	−0.397	0.757
358.15	0.698	0.822	0.995	1.94	−0.334	0.756
T/K	tetrahydrofuran	1,4-dioxane	methyl tert-butyl ether	methyl tert-pentyl ether	diethyl ether	di-n-propyl ether
318.15	0.125	−0.205	1.26	1.69	1.34	2.43
328.15	0.166	−0.157	1.29	1.70	1.35	2.40
338.15	0.201	−0.112	1.31	1.71	1.36	2.38
348.15	0.230	−0.070	1.33	1.73	1.37	2.36
358.15	0.260	−0.032	1.35	1.74	1.38	2.35
T/K	di-n-butyl ether	acetone	2-pentanone	3-pentanone
318.15	3.30	−0.351	0.193	0.253
328.15	3.25	−0.314	0.217	0.277
338.15	3.20	−0.284	0.242	0.301
348.15	3.16	−0.255	0.261	0.322
358.15	3.12	−0.229	0.281	0.341

[emim][TCB]

T/K	n-pentane	n-hexane	n-heptane	n-octane	2,2,4-trimethylpentane	n-nonane
298.15	3.26	3.63	4.05	4.46	4.14	4.90
308.15	3.16	3.54	3.94	4.34	4.03	4.76
318.15	3.11	3.47	3.86	4.25	3.96	4.65
328.15	3.02	3.38	3.75	4.14	3.87	4.52
338.15	2.96	3.30	3.67	4.04	3.78	4.41
348.15	2.90	3.24	3.60	3.95	3.71	4.31
358.15	2.84	3.18	3.52	3.86	3.63	4.21
T/K	n-decane	cyclopentane	cyclohexane	methylcyclohe xane	cycloheptane	cyclooctane
298.15	5.32	2.64	3.01	3.35	3.23	3.49
308.15	5.18	2.57	2.92	3.24	3.13	3.38
318.15	5.06	2.52	2.86	3.17	3.07	3.31
328.15	4.92	2.44	2.77	3.08	2.98	3.21
338.15	4.81	2.39	2.70	3.00	2.90	3.14
348.15	4.69	2.34	2.64	2.94	2.83	3.06
358.15	4.58	2.28	2.57	2.88	2.77	2.98
T/K	1-pentene	1-hexene	cyclohexene	1-heptene	1-octene	1-hexyne
298.15	2.42	2.80	2.21	3.18	3.61	1.50
308.15	2.37	2.73	2.16	3.10	3.52	1.49
318.15	2.34	2.69	2.14	3.06	3.46	1.49
328.15	2.29	2.62	2.09	2.99	3.37	1.48
338.15	2.25	2.57	2.04	2.92	3.30	1.48
348.15	2.22	2.53	2.01	2.89	3.24	1.47
358.15	2.15	2.48	1.98	2.83	3.18	1.47
T/K	1-heptyne	1-octyne	benzene	toluene	ethylbenzene	o-xylene
298.15	1.86	2.23	0.433	0.710	1.10	0.922
308.15	1.84	2.21	0.443	0.721	1.10	0.927
318.15	1.83	2.18	0.455	0.730	1.10	0.933
328.15	1.81	2.16	0.462	0.739	1.10	0.937
338.15	1.80	2.14	0.471	0.747	1.10	0.943
348.15	1.78	2.12	0.477	0.757	1.09	0.949
358.15	1.77	2.11	0.483	0.762	1.09	0.950
T/K	m-xylene	p-xylene	methanol	ethanol	1-propanol	1-butanol
298.15	1.08	1.02	0.968	1.04	1.11	1.29
308.15	1.08	1.03	0.886	0.944	1.01	1.17
318.15	1.09	1.03	0.812	0.856	0.909	1.06
328.15	1.09	1.04	0.739	0.770	0.816	0.953
338.15	1.10	1.05	0.674	0.693	0.734	0.861
348.15	1.10	1.06	0.612	0.620	0.660	0.780
358.15	1.10	1.06	0.553	0.551	0.591	0.701
T/K	water	thiophene	tetrahydrofuran	methyl tert-butyl ether	methyl tert-pentyl ether	diethyl ether
298.15	2.39	0.316	−0.0164	1.19	1.53	1.21
308.15	2.27	0.325	0.0104	1.20	1.54	1.21
318.15	2.19	0.331	0.0335	1.21	1.54	1.21
328.15	2.10	0.337	0.0458	1.22	1.55	1.21
338.15	2.01	0.345	0.0626	1.23	1.55	1.21
348.15	1.92	0.348	0.0878	1.24	1.56	1.21
358.15	1.85	0.355	0.101	1.24	1.56	1.20
T/K	di-n-propyl ether	di-n-butyl ether	acetone	2-pentanone	3-pentanone	2-hexanone
298.15	2.24	3.06	−0.445	−0.0425	−0.0790	0.210
308.15	2.21	2.99	−0.421	−0.0239	−0.0528	0.225
318.15	2.18	2.94	−0.398	−0.0018	−0.0208	0.238
328.15	2.14	2.87	−0.379	0.0155	0.0047	0.247
338.15	2.12	2.83	−0.358	0.0298	0.0266	0.261
348.15	2.09	2.78	−0.344	0.0427	0.0464	0.272
358.15	2.06	2.73	−0.325	0.0601	0.0678	0.283
T/K	3-hexanone
298.15	0.276
308.15	0.294
318.15	0.314
328.15	0.330
338.15	0.343
348.15	0.355
358.15	0.371

[dmim][TCB]

T/K	n-pentane	n-hexane	n-heptane	n-octane	2,2,4-trimethylpentane	n-nonane
328.15	1.98	2.11	2.27	2.44	2.35	2.62
338.15	1.94	2.07	2.23	2.39	2.30	2.57
348.15	1.90	2.03	2.18	2.34	2.25	2.52
358.15	1.85	1.99	2.13	2.30	2.21	2.47
368.15	1.81	1.94	2.09	2.25	2.17	2.42
T/K	n-decane	cyclopentane	cyclohexane	methylcyclohe xane	cycloheptane	cyclooctane
328.15	2.82	1.58	1.73	1.84	1.78	1.88
338.15	2.76	1.54	1.68	1.79	1.73	1.83
348.15	2.71	1.50	1.63	1.75	1.69	1.79
358.15	2.65	1.46	1.59	1.71	1.65	1.74
368.15	2.60	1.42	1.54	1.67	1.61	1.70
T/K	1-pentene	1-hexene	cyclohexene	1-heptene	1-octene	1-hexyne
328.15	1.49	1.63	1.28	1.78	1.96	0.853
338.15	1.47	1.59	1.25	1.75	1.93	0.857
348.15	1.45	1.56	1.23	1.73	1.90	0.860
358.15	1.42	1.53	1.21	1.70	1.87	0.859
368.15	1.40	1.51	1.18	1.68	1.84	0.861
T/K	1-heptyne	1-octyne	benzene	toluene	ethylbenzene	o-xylene
328.15	0.983	1.14	0.0698	0.182	0.382	0.266
338.15	0.987	1.14	0.0826	0.201	0.396	0.283
348.15	0.990	1.14	0.0957	0.218	0.409	0.302
358.15	0.991	1.14	0.105	0.233	0.421	0.318
368.15	0.992	1.14	0.114	0.247	0.429	0.330
T/K	m-xylene	p-xylene	methanol	ethanol	1-propanol	1-butanol
328.15	0.361	0.343	0.997	0.835	0.682	0.635
338.15	0.381	0.366	0.929	0.759	0.613	0.565
348.15	0.402	0.386	0.870	0.693	0.555	0.507
358.15	0.416	0.401	0.803	0.625	0.497	0.452
368.15	0.437	0.422	0.752	0.566	0.441	0.392
T/K	water	acetic acid	butyric acid	thiophene	tetrahydrofuran	methyl tert-butyl ether
328.15	2.78	−0.332	0.118	0.0626	−0.338	0.547
338.15	2.68	−0.284	0.116	0.0761	−0.307	0.565
348.15	2.57	−0.238	0.114	0.0845	−0.279	0.585
358.15	2.49	−0.198	0.111	0.0968	−0.255	0.605
368.15	2.42	−0.164	0.109	0.107	−0.230	0.619
T/K	methyl tert-pentyl ether	diethyl ether	di-n-propyl ether	di-n-butyl ether	acetone	2-pentanone
328.15	0.711	0.626	1.15	1.49	−0.450	−0.462
338.15	0.728	0.635	1.14	1.48	−0.428	−0.431
348.15	0.746	0.641	1.13	1.47	−0.409	−0.404
358.15	0.760	0.646	1.13	1.46	−0.394	−0.380
368.15	0.772	0.649	1.12	1.45	−0.378	−0.353
T/K	3-pentanone
328.15	−0.497
338.15	−0.460
348.15	−0.426
358.15	−0.395
368.15	−0.364

[bmPIP][SCN]

T/K	n-hexane	n-heptane	n-octane	n-nonane	n-decane	cyclopentane
318.15	4.90	5.19	5.49	5.82	6.19	3.55
328.15	4.73	5.00	5.36	5.69	6.07	3.42
338.15	4.57	4.89	5.24	5.60	5.97	3.32
348.15	4.44	4.75	5.11	5.46	5.84	3.21
358.15	4.30	4.67	5.03	5.37	5.74	3.15
T/K	cyclohexane	cycloheptane	cyclooctane	1-hexene	1-heptene	1-octene
318.15	3.85	3.91	4.17	3.82	4.16	4.54
328.15	3.74	3.84	4.07	3.71	4.08	4.46
338.15	3.64	3.74	3.97	3.64	4.00	4.38
348.15	3.54	3.65	3.88	3.56	3.92	4.30
358.15	3.46	3.60	3.81	3.49	3.87	4.24
T/K	1-hexyne	1-heptyne	1-octyne	benzene	toluene	ethylbenzene
318.15	1.94	2.30	2.66	0.907	1.32	1.76
328.15	1.94	2.30	2.66	0.916	1.33	1.76
338.15	1.95	2.30	2.66	0.924	1.33	1.75
348.15	1.95	2.30	2.66	0.930	1.33	1.75
358.15	1.95	2.30	2.66	0.938	1.34	1.74
T/K	o-xylene	m-xylene	p-xylene	methanol	ethanol	water
318.15	1.54	1.77	1.72	−0.187	0.103	0.413
328.15	1.55	1.77	1.73	−0.190	0.0822	0.429
338.15	1.55	1.77	1.73	−0.191	0.0600	0.445
348.15	1.56	1.77	1.73	−0.196	0.0405	0.460
358.15	1.56	1.77	1.74	−0.198	0.0241	0.476
T/K	thiophene	tetrahydrofuran	methyl tert-butyl ether	diethyl ether	di-n-propyl ether	di-n-butyl ether
318.15	0.434	1.14	2.70	2.67	3.63	4.39
328.15	0.459	1.15	2.66	2.62	3.56	4.31
338.15	0.486	1.16	2.63	2.57	3.50	4.24
348.15	0.504	1.16	2.59	2.54	3.44	4.17
358.15	0.525	1.17	2.57	2.50	3.39	4.12
T/K	acetone	2-pentanone	3-pentanone
318.15	0.795	1.29	1.30
328.15	0.794	1.29	1.30
338.15	0.792	1.29	1.30
348.15	0.790	1.29	1.30
358.15	0.789	1.29	1.30

[pmPIP][NTf₂]

T/K	n-pentane	n-hexane	n-heptane	n-octane	n-nonane	n-decane
308.15	3.31	3.40	3.58	3.81	4.08	4.38
318.15	3.02	3.21	3.44	3.70	3.98	4.30
328.15	2.98	3.14	3.35	3.60	3.88	4.18
338.15	2.85	3.06	3.29	3.53	3.80	4.09
348.15	2.75	2.95	3.19	3.43	3.70	3.99
358.15	2.72	2.93	3.14	3.37	3.63	3.91
T/K	cyclopentane	cyclohexane	cycloheptane	cyclooctane	1-pentene	1-hexene
308.15	2.72	2.93	3.05	3.23	2.48	2.64
318.15	2.52	2.77	2.94	3.15	2.30	2.52
328.15	2.47	2.71	2.86	3.04	2.27	2.48
338.15	2.38	2.62	2.78	2.98	2.32	2.41
348.15	2.29	2.51	2.70	2.89	2.13	2.34
358.15	2.26	2.48	2.64	2.82	2.13	2.31
T/K	1-heptene	1-octene	1-hexyne	1-heptyne	1-octyne	benzene
308.15	2.84	3.11	1.47	1.71	1.98	0.418
318.15	2.76	3.04	1.46	1.70	1.98	0.427
328.15	2.71	2.96	1.45	1.68	1.95	0.430
338.15	2.65	2.92	1.46	1.69	1.94	0.433
348.15	2.59	2.85	1.44	1.67	1.95	0.444
358.15	2.55	2.81	1.44	1.67	1.91	0.456
T/K	toluene	ethylbenzene	o-xylene	m-xylene	p-xylene	methanol
308.15	0.615	0.913	0.752	0.822	0.812	1.62
318.15	0.619	0.915	0.772	0.851	0.845	1.54
328.15	0.635	0.932	0.775	0.849	0.849	1.44
338.15	0.642	0.930	0.787	0.865	0.864	1.36
348.15	0.655	0.936	0.795	0.875	0.876	1.28
358.15	0.668	0.942	0.811	0.892	0.894	1.20
T/K	ethanol	1-propanol	1-butanol	water	thiophene	tetrahydrofuran
308.15	1.54	1.55	1.64	3.36	0.377	0.355
318.15	1.45	1.46	1.56	3.27	0.386	0.363
328.15	1.35	1.35	1.42	3.14	0.389	0.370
338.15	1.26	1.26	1.32	3.04	0.401	0.385
348.15	1.18	1.17	1.23	2.90	0.404	0.384
358.15	1.10	1.10	1.15	2.78	0.416	0.398
T/K	methyl tert-butyl ether	diethyl ether	di-n-propyl ether	di-n-butyl ether	acetone	2-pentanone
308.15	1.38	1.47	2.16	2.78	−0.0329	0.181
318.15	1.37	1.41	2.12	2.72	−0.0217	0.200
328.15	1.36	1.41	2.10	2.68	−0.0151	0.209
338.15	1.35	1.39	2.07	2.63	0.0007	0.225
348.15	1.34	1.36	2.02	2.57	−0.0029	0.229
358.15	1.33	1.36	2.01	2.53	0.0071	0.244
T/K	3-pentanone
308.15	0.161
318.15	0.178
328.15	0.208
338.15	0.225
348.15	0.235
358.15	0.256

[bmPIP][NTf₂]

T/K	n-pentane	n-hexane	3-methylpentane	2,2-dimethylbutane	n-heptane	n-octane
308.15	2.62	2.85	2.74	2.66	3.13	3.42
318.15	2.51	2.72	2.62	2.54	3.00	3.27
328.15	2.39	2.62	2.50	2.42	2.89	3.16
338.15	2.34	2.56	2.45	2.37	2.82	3.09
348.15	2.29	2.51	2.40	2.33	2.76	3.02
358.15	2.23	2.47	2.35	2.28	2.69	2.95
T/K	2,2,4-trimethylpentane	n-nonane	n-decane	cyclopentane	cyclohexane	methylcyclohe xane
308.15	3.03	3.71	4.01	2.22	2.48	2.67
318.15	2.92	3.55	3.84	2.11	2.36	2.54
328.15	2.81	3.42	3.71	2.02	2.26	2.44
338.15	2.74	3.35	3.63	1.96	2.20	2.38
348.15	2.69	3.28	3.54	1.90	2.12	2.31
358.15	2.63	3.20	3.47	1.87	2.09	2.27
T/K	cycloheptane	cyclooctane	1-pentene	1-hexene	cyclohexene	1-heptene
308.15	2.70	2.91	2.00	2.26	1.95	2.51
318.15	2.57	2.78	1.91	2.16	1.87	2.41
328.15	2.47	2.67	1.83	2.08	1.79	2.33
338.15	2.40	2.60	1.81	2.03	1.75	2.29
348.15	2.32	2.51	1.76	1.97	1.70	2.23
358.15	2.28	2.47	1.73	1.94	1.64	2.21
T/K	1-octene	1-hexyne	1-heptyne	1-octyne	benzene	toluene
308.15	2.80	1.28	1.52	1.79	0.304	0.486
318.15	2.70	1.24	1.47	1.72	0.315	0.498
328.15	2.60	1.20	1.43	1.67	0.317	0.508
338.15	2.55	1.20	1.42	1.66	0.324	0.518
348.15	2.49	1.18	1.40	1.65	0.338	0.534
358.15	2.46	1.20	1.40	1.63	0.354	0.550
T/K	ethylbenzene	o-xylene	m-xylene	p-xylene	methanol	ethanol
308.15	0.793	0.632	0.702	0.698	1.60	1.49
318.15	0.800	0.646	0.723	0.716	1.52	1.40
328.15	0.795	0.644	0.718	0.719	1.42	1.31
338.15	0.797	0.650	0.729	0.733	1.34	1.21
348.15	0.807	0.667	0.748	0.747	1.25	1.12
358.15	0.816	0.671	0.759	0.758	1.16	1.04
T/K	1-propanol	1-butanol	water	thiophene	tetrahydrofuran	methyl tert-butyl ether
308.15	1.47	1.54	3.49	0.299	0.206	1.06
318.15	1.38	1.42	3.34	0.302	0.215	1.06
328.15	1.28	1.33	3.21	0.301	0.205	1.05
338.15	1.18	1.22	3.07	0.306	0.207	1.04
348.15	1.09	1.12	2.94	0.308	0.207	1.04
358.15	1.01	1.04	2.81	0.323	0.219	1.04
T/K	diethyl ether	di-n-propyl ether	di-n-butyl ether	acetone	2-pentanone	3-pentanone
308.15	1.19	1.86	2.46	−0.0841	0.0558	0.0284
318.15	1.18	1.85	2.43	−0.0782	0.0667	0.0492
328.15	1.11	1.75	2.33	−0.0764	0.0885	0.0770
338.15	1.12	1.75	2.29	−0.0739	0.0943	0.0842
348.15	1.11	1.73	2.25	−0.0732	0.106	0.114
358.15	1.10	1.70	2.21	−0.0706	0.115	0.124

[OQuin][NTf₂]

T/K	n-pentane	n-hexane	n-heptane	n-octane	n-nonane	n-decane
328.15	1.90	2.00	2.17	2.30	2.46	2.65
338.15	1.86	1.97	2.12	2.26	2.42	2.60
348.15	1.82	1.93	2.07	2.21	2.37	2.54
358.15	1.79	1.90	2.03	2.18	2.33	2.50
368.15	1.75	1.87	1.99	2.14	2.29	2.45
T/K	cyclopentane	cyclohexane	cycloheptane	cyclooctane	1-pentene	1-hexene
328.15	1.57	1.70	1.76	1.85	1.50	1.60
338.15	1.54	1.66	1.72	1.81	1.48	1.58
348.15	1.50	1.61	1.68	1.76	1.46	1.55
358.15	1.47	1.58	1.64	1.72	1.43	1.53
368.15	1.43	1.54	1.61	1.68	1.41	1.51
T/K	1-heptene	1-octene	1-hexyne	1-heptyne	1-octyne	benzene
328.15	1.74	1.89	0.977	1.09	1.22	0.188
338.15	1.72	1.87	0.982	1.09	1.22	0.194
348.15	1.70	1.84	0.981	1.09	1.21	0.206
358.15	1.68	1.82	0.983	1.09	1.22	0.216
368.15	1.66	1.80	0.987	1.08	1.22	0.224
T/K	toluene	ethylbenzene	o-xylene	m-xylene	p-xylene	methanol
328.15	0.247	0.471	0.255	0.386	0.399	1.62
338.15	0.267	0.485	0.282	0.402	0.416	1.54
348.15	0.285	0.495	0.303	0.419	0.424	1.43
358.15	0.302	0.505	0.322	0.430	0.437	1.35
368.15	0.320	0.517	0.340	0.445	0.447	1.27
T/K	ethanol	1-propanol	1-butanol	1-pentanol	water	thiophene
328.15	1.43	1.29	1.24	1.15	3.53	0.215
338.15	1.32	1.20	1.14	1.07	3.40	0.223
348.15	1.22	1.10	1.02	0.979	3.24	0.227
358.15	1.14	1.02	0.943	0.896	3.12	0.231
368.15	1.06	0.942	0.865	0.827	2.98	0.236
T/K	tetrahydrofuran	methyl tert-butyl ether	diethyl ether	di-n-propyl ether	di-n-butyl ether	acetone
328.15	0.0326	0.778	0.879	1.33	1.65	−0.0485
338.15	0.0506	0.787	0.880	1.31	1.63	−0.0465
348.15	0.0653	0.793	0.881	1.30	1.60	−0.0456
358.15	0.0742	0.796	0.879	1.28	1.57	−0.0458
368.15	0.0853	0.803	0.877	1.26	1.54	−0.0465
T/K	2-pentanone	3-pentanone
328.15	−0.0778	−0.0596
338.15	−0.0694	−0.0483
348.15	−0.0621	−0.0372
358.15	−0.0521	−0.0285
368.15	−0.0461	−0.0216

Example of Calculation of the Solubility Parameter

Experimental data for n-octane + [emim][TCB] system at T = 298.15 K:

T = 298.15 K

p_i = 137423 Pa

p_o = 97423 Pa

T_f = 297.15 K

U = 41.2 mL·min⁻¹

t_R − t_G = 270.66 s

m₂ = 2.1053 g

P_w (at T_f) = 2986.2 Pa (from [30])

U_o = 6.679·10⁻⁷ m³·s⁻¹ (from Equation 6)

J₂³ = 1.217 (from Equation 5)

V_N = 1.485·10⁻⁴ m³ (from Equation 4)

V_g = 6.464·10⁻⁵ m³·g⁻¹ (from Equation 3)

P₁^* = 1871.0 Pa (from [30])

M₁ = 114.2285 g·mol⁻¹ (from [30])

B₁₁ = −4.496·10⁻³ m³·mol⁻¹ (from [30])

V₁^* = 1.6256·10⁻⁴ m³·mol⁻¹ (from [30])

V₂^* = 2.1818·10⁻⁴ m³·mol⁻¹ (calculated from density from [19])

ρ₁ = 0.70268 g·cm⁻³ (from [30])

ρ₂ = 1.03627 g·cm⁻³ (from [19])

χ₁₂^∞ = 4.463 (from Equation 2)

δ₁ = 15486 (J·m³)_0.5 (from [30])

Analogous calculations were made for the rest of solutes. The results are presented in the Table 1S. Based on these values the Equation 7 can be plotted (see Figure S1).

Figure S1

An example of the determination of solubility parameter δ₂. Plot of δ 1 2 R T - χ 12 ∞ V 1 * versus δ₁ according to the Equation 7 for ionic liquid [emim][TCB] at T = 298.15 K. ( ) n-octane, ( ) rest of solutes.

From the slope (2δ₂/RT) the value of 20.874 is obtained. From this value the δ₂ is calculated giving value 25.9 MPa^0.5 (see Table 2).

Calculation of the <italic>K</italic><sub>v</sub> Constant from <xref rid="FD2" ref-type="disp-formula">Equation 2</xref>

Using data presented in the Table S2 and the K_v value of 7.8 the solubility parameters were determined using Equation 2. Then the K_v value was optimized using the objective function OF = ∑ i = 1 n ( δ experimental - δ calculated ) i 2 using MS Excel Solver. Densities and viscosities were taken from the ILThermo database available at http://ilthermo.boulder.nist.gov/ILThermo/. Solubility parameters were calculated from enthalpies of vaporization [25–29].

Table S2

Data used in calculation of K_v constant.

Ionic Liquid	ρ/g·cm⁻³	M/g·mol⁻¹	μ/mPa·s	υ/cm³·mol⁻¹	δ₂/MPa^0.5
[emim][NTf₂]	1.5192	391.32	34.29	257.6	21.3
	1.5192	391.32	34.29	257.6	22.6
	1.5192	391.32	34.29	257.6	22.7

[bmim][NTf₂]	1.4366	419.37	50.70	291.9	21.2
	1.4366	419.37	50.70	291.9	19.8
	1.4366	419.37	50.70	291.9	22.9

[hmim][NTf₂]	1.3706	447.42	70.96	326.5	20.5
	1.3706	447.42	70.96	326.5	19.0
	1.3706	447.42	70.96	326.5	22.9

[omim][NTf₂]	1.3206	475.48	92.51	360.1	20.2
	1.3206	475.48	92.51	360.1	20.2
	1.3206	475.48	92.51	360.1	23.0
	1.3206	475.48	92.51	360.1	18.9

[dmim][NTf₂]	1.2780	499.50	108.20	390.8	17.8

[bmPYR][NTf₂]	1.3940	422.41	76.92	303.0	22.2

Table S3

Densities and viscosities for [N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂], [pmPIP][NTf₂] and [bmPIP][NTf₂] ionic liquids.

Ionic Liquid	T/K	ρ/g·cm⁻³a	μ/m Pa·s b
[N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂]	308.15	1.5451	67.03
	318.15	1.5357	43.85
	328.15	1.5266	30.56
	338.15	1.5175	22.21
	348.15	1.5085	16.90

[pmPIP][NTf₂]	308.15	1.4010	86.70
	318.15	1.3923	55.24
	328.15	1.3837	37.75
	338.15	1.3751	27.17
	348.15	1.3666	20.32

[bmPIP][NTf₂]	308.15	1.3706	97.76
	318.15	1.3621	61.05
	328.15	1.3536	40.92
	338.15	1.3452	29.01
	348.15	1.3369	21.28

determined using Anton Paar DMA 4500 densitometer;

determined using Anton Paar AMVn viscometer.

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Tables

Table 1

Abbreviations, names, sources, purities and structures of investigated ionic liquids.

Abbreviation, Name, Source, Purity	Structure	Reference
abbreviation: [N-C₃OHPY][FAP]name: 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium trifluorotris(perfluoroethyl)phosphatesource: MERCKpurity > 0.999 mass fractionwater content < 100 ppmhalide content < 100 ppm		[17]
abbreviation: [N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂]name: 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-amidesource: MERCKpurity > 0.999 mass fractionwater content < 100 ppmhalide content < 100 ppm		[18]
abbreviation: [emim][TCB]name: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoboratesource: MERCKpurity > 0.99 mass fractionwater content < 200 ppmhalide content < 100 ppm		[19]
abbreviation: [dmim][TCB]name: 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoboratesource: MERCKpurity > 0.9996 mass fractionwater content: < 100 ppmhalide content < 100 ppm		[20]
abbreviation: [bmPIP][SCN]name: 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium thiocyanatesource: IoLiTecpurity > 0.98 mass fractionwater content: < 100 ppmhalide content < 100 ppm		[21]
abbreviation: [pmPIP][NTf₂]name: 1-propyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-amidesource: IoLiTecpurity > 0.99 mass fractionwater content: < 100 ppmhalide content < 100 ppm		[22]
abbreviation: [bmPIP][NTf₂]name: 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-amidesource: IoLiTecpurity > 0.99 mass fractionwater content: < 250 ppmhalide content < 100 ppm		[23]
abbreviation: [OiQuin][NTf₂]name: N-octyl-isoquinolinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-amidesource: synthesizedpurity > 0.99 mass fractionwater content: < 180 ppmhalide content < 100 ppm		[24]

Table 2

Hildebrand solubility parameters, δ₂ and standard enthalpies of vaporization for the investigated ionic liquids.

Ionic Liquid	T/K	δ₂/MPa^0.5	Δ_vapH/kJ·mol⁻¹
[N-C₃OHPY][FAP]	298.15	25.0a	212.3
	308.15	24.7	209.6
	318.15	24.5	206.6
	328.15	24.2	203.3
	338.15	23.9	199.6
	348.15	23.6	196.2
	358.15	23.3	192.1

[N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂]	298.15	26.0a	186.1
	318.15	25.6	182.0
	328.15	25.3	179.5
	338.15	25.1	176.9
	348.15	24.8	174.2
	358.15	24.5	171.2

[emim][TCB]	298.15	25.9	149.5
	308.15	25.7	149.0
	318.15	25.5	147.9
	328.15	25.3	146.8
	338.15	25.1	145.6
	348.15	24.9	144.4
	358.15	24.6	142.6

[dmim][TCB]	298.15	24.0a	205.6
	328.15	23.6	201.9
	338.15	23.3	199.4
	348.15	23.1	197.1
	358.15	22.8	194.2
	368.15	22.5	190.5

[bmPIP][SCN]	298.15	30.7a	198.9
	318.15	30.1	193.4
	328.15	29.8	190.4
	338.15	29.5	187.2
	348.15	29.1	183.9
	358.15	28.8	180.5

[pmPIP][NTf₂]	298.15	23.8b	172.4
	308.15	23.6	170.9
	318.15	23.3	167.9
	328.15	23.2	166.5
	338.15	22.9	164.2
	348.15	22.7	162.6
	358.15	22.5	160.7

[bmPIP][NTf₂]	298.15	23.4b	175.1
	308.15	23.2	173.4
	318.15	23.0	171.7
	328.15	22.8	169.7
	338.15	22.6	168.0
	348.15	22.4	166.4
	358.15	22.2	164.6

[OiQuin][NTf₂]	298.15	22.5b	201.3
	328.15	21.9	195.5
	338.15	21.7	193.2
	348.15	21.6	192.1
	358.15	21.4	189.7
	368.15	21.2	187.6

Extrapolated values calculated using polynomial regression;

Extrapolated values calculated using linear regression.

Table 3

Hildebrand solubility parameters, δ₂ determined by different methods for selected ionic liquids based on [NTf₂]⁻ anion at T = 298.15 K.

Ionic Liquid	δ₂/MPa^0.5	Method, Reference
[emim][NTf₂]	16.2	melting temperature [9]
	19.3	activation energy of viscosity [12]
	21.3b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 120.6) [25]
	22.3	IGC [4]
	22.6b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 134) [26]
	22.7b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 136) [27]
	27.5a	activation energy of viscosity [11]
	27.6	intrinsic viscosity [10]
	38.4	lattice energy density [16]

[bmim][NTf₂]	19.8b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 118.5) [25]
	20.9	activation energy of viscosity [12]
	21.2b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 134) [26]
	21.3	surface tension [13]
	22.9b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 155) [27]
	25.5	Kamlet-Taft Equation [14]
	26.5a	activation energy of viscosity [11]
	26.7	intrinsic viscosity [10]

[hmim][NTf₂]	19.0b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 124.1) [25]
	19.5	activation energy of viscosity [12]
	20.3	IGC [2]
	20.5b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 139) [26]
	22.9b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 173) [27]
	25.2a	activation energy of viscosity [11]
	25.6	intrinsic viscosity [10]

[omim][NTf₂]	18.9b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 132.3) [25]
	20.2b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 149) [28]
	20.2b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 149) [26]
	23.0b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 192) [27]
	25.0	intrinsic viscosity [10]

[bmPY][NTf₂]	20.6	IGC [2]
[bmPY][NTf₂]	21.2	activation energy of viscosity [12]

[bmPYR][NTf₂]	21.1	from surface tension [13]
[bmPYR][NTf₂]	22.2b	enthalpy of vaporization (Δ_vapH_298.15/kJ·mol⁻¹ = 152) [29]

[N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂]	25.6c	IGC [this work]
[N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂]	23.0c	activation energy of viscosity [this work]

[pmPIP][NTf₂]	23.6c	IGC [this work]
	23.5c	NRHB [15]
	23.4c	PC-SAFT [15]
	22.2c	activation energy of viscosity [this work]

[bmPIP][NTf₂]	23.2c	IGC [this work]
[bmPIP][NTf₂]	21.8c	activation energy of viscosity [this work]

at T = 303.15 K;

calculated from experimental value of Δ_vapH_298.15;

at T = 308.15 K.

Table 4

Hildebrand solubility parameters, δ₂ determined by different methods for [N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂], [pmPIP][NTf₂] and [bmPIP][NTf₂] ionic liquids.

Ionic Liquid	T/K	IGC	Activation Energy of Viscosity
[N-C₃OHPY][NTf₂]	308.15	25.6	23.0
	318.15	25.3	22.8
	328.15	25.1	22.7
	338.15	24.8	22.6
	348.15	24.5	22.6

[pmPIP][NTf₂]	308.15	23.6	22.2
	318.15	23.3	22.0
	328.15	23.2	21.9
	338.15	22.9	21.8
	348.15	22.7	21.8

[bmPIP][NTf₂]	308.15	23.2	21.8
	318.15	23.0	21.6
	328.15	22.8	21.5
	338.15	22.6	21.4
	348.15	22.4	21.3