Next Article in Journal
Chemical Analysis of Dietary Constituents in Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis Fruits
Next Article in Special Issue
Design, Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Coumarin Ring-Opening Derivatives
Previous Article in Journal
Immobilization of α-Amylase from Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4 on ReliZyme and Immobead Supports
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Characterization of Half-Calycanthaceous Alkaloid Derivatives

1
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
2
Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China
3
Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R & D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2016, 21(9), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091207
Submission received: 3 July 2016 / Revised: 6 September 2016 / Accepted: 6 September 2016 / Published: 9 September 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Product Inspired Scaffolds Designs)

Abstract

:
A total of 29 novel tetrahydropyrroloindol-based calycanthaceous alkaloid derivatives were synthesized from indole-3-acetonitrile in good yields. The synthesized compounds were evaluated against nine strains of bacteria and a wide range of plant pathogen fungi. Bioassay results revealed that majority of the compounds displayed similar or higher in vitro antimicrobial activities than the positive control. The biological activities also indicated that substituents at R4 and R5 significantly affect the activities. Notably, compound c4 was found to be most active among the tested calycanthaceous analogues and might be a novel potential leading compound for further development as an antifungal agent. The results could pave the way for further design and structural modification of calycanthaceous alkaloids as antimicrobial agents.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

As a part of conventional agriculture, agrochemicals play an important role in the protection of vegetable and cereal crops. However, the unrestricted usage of highly toxic agrochemicals over the past several decades had caused negative effects on environment and poisoned non-targeted species. Therefore, to reduce the negative impacts of agrochemicals, new compounds with high efficacy against target species are desired. Natural-product-based libraries provide a rich source for new agrochemical discovery [1,2,3,4]. Calycanthaceous alkaloids [5,6] (Figure 1), mainly distributed in China, North America and Australia [7,8], are an important class of alkaloids that can be isolated from the roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits of Chimonanthus praecox [9], and have demonstrated widespread biological activities such as anticonvulsant, antifungal, antiviral, analgesic, antitumor, and inhibition of melanogenesis properties [10,11,12,13]. Due to their broad spectrum of biological properties, a number of studies towards the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of calycanthaceous alkaloids have been reported [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. However, the core structure of calycanthaceous alkaloids is underexplored. Therefore, we focused on the structural optimization of tetrahydropyrroloindole. It was hoped that a leading compound could be identified for the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents. Herein, a series of novel calycanthaceous alkaloids analogs were designed and synthesized using indole-3-acetonitrile as the starting material.
To the best of our knowledge, the antimicrobial activities of the synthetic derivatives are reported herein for the first time.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Design and Synthesis of Calycanthaceous Alkaloids Analogues

The synthetic route is outlined in Scheme 1. Intermediates 18 were synthesized according to the corresponding references and their spectral data were consistent with literature values [26,27,28]. The analogs of calycanthaceous alkaloids were synthesized using indole-3-acetonitrile as the starting material via acylation at the N3 position. Twenty nine derivatives were synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS.

2.2. Antimicrobial Acitivity

Antibacterial results are shown in Table 1. MIC and MBC values were determined using the microdilution method, with gentamicin and streptomycin as positive controls to evaluate the biological activities of analogues against Gram-positive bacteria (B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis).
Table 1 and Table 2 show which of the synthesized compounds exhibited potent in vitro antimicrobial activities against B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis. Compounds a3, a7a12, a16, a20, b1b4 and c1c4 showed higher degrees of activity against B. cereus than gentamicin, with b3 and a12 being the most effective, with MIC values of 7.81 µg·mL−1 and 15.63 µg·mL−1, respectively. Compound a4 showed comparable control efficacy against S. epidermidis to that of gentamicin. Noticeably, compound c4 revealed potent activity against B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis, with MIC values of 62.5 µg·mL−1, 31.25 µg·mL−1, and 31.25 µg·mL−1, respectively.
As for inhibitory effects of the synthesized compounds against gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria, 23 compounds exhibited high degrees of activity against E. coli, S. typhimurium, and S. flexneri. 28 compounds showed high degrees of activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and R. solanacearum. Compounds a1, a8, a11, a19, b1b3, and c3c4 exhibited high degrees of activity against more than two kinds of Gram-negative bacteria than that of gentamicin and streptomycin. Noticeably, compound c4 showed a broad spectrum and remarkably high activity against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. flexneri, Escherichia sp., P. aeruginosa, and R. solanacearum, with MIC values of 31.25 µg·mL−1, 62.5 µg·mL−1, 31.25 µg·mL−1, 16.5 µg·mL−1, 62.5 µg·mL−1, and 1.96 µg·mL−1, respectively.
Inhibitory effects of calycanthaceous alkaloid analogues against a wide range of plant pathogen fungi are listed in Table 3. MIC and MFC were examined with amphotericin B and carbendazim as a positive controlx, to evaluate the activities of the synthesized calycanthaceous alkaloid analogues against P. capsici, V. dahliae, F. oxysperium sp. vasinfectum, C. orbiculare, P. citrinum, Cytospora juglandis, A. sflavu, A. solani, C. lunaia, F. oxysporum, and A. niger.
It is observed that this series of compounds generally exhibits more effective antimicrobial activity than the positive control. Twenty three compounds exhibited high degrees of activity against P. capsici, V. dahliae, F. oxysperium sp. vasinfectum, and C. orbiculare. Nineteen compounds showed high degrees of activity against P. citrinum, A. sflavu, and A. solani. Nine of the synthesized compounds manifested high degrees of activity against C. lunaia. 27 compounds illustrated high degrees of activity against F. oxysporum. Twenty eight compounds manifested high degrees of activity against A. niger. Compounds a11, b2, b3, and c4 manifested higher degrees of activity against V. dahliae than amphotericin B and carbendazim, with c4 being the most effective with a MIC value of 62.5 µg·mL−1. Compounds a3, a4, a7a8, a18, b2b3, and c1c2 displayed better degrees of activity against C. lunaia than that of carbendazim, with b3 and a12 being the most effective with MIC values of 62.5 µg·mL−1. Compounds a4, a7, a8, a12, a15, c1, c2, and c4 illustrated higher degrees of activity against F. oxysporum than that of amphotericin B, with a4 being the most effective with MIC value of 15.63 µg·mL−1.
Compounds a4, a8, c1, and c2 indicated higher degrees of activity against C. lunaia and F. oxysporum than that of amphotericin B and carbendazim. Compound a7 displayed higher degrees of activity against Cytospora juglandis, C. lunaia and F. oxysporum than amphotericin B and carbendazim. Compound a8 illustrated higher degrees of activity against, C. lunaia and F. oxysporum than amphotericin B and carbendazim. Compound b2 manifested higher degrees of activity against V. dahliae, C. lunaia and Cytospora juglandis than amphotericin B and carbendazim. Compound b3 illustrated higher degrees of activity against V. dahliae, and C .lunaia than amphotericin B and carbendazim. Especially, compound c4 displayed higher degrees of activity against C. orbiculare, and C. lunaia than amphotericin B and carbendazim.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Instruments and Chemicals

All reagents and solvents were reagent grade or purified according to standard methods before use. Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed with silica gel plates using silica gel 60 GF254 (Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China). Melting points were measured on an Electrothermal digital apparatus (Beijing, China) and were uncorrected. The 1H-NMR (500 MHz), and 13C−NMR (125 MHz) were obtained on an AM-500 FT-NMR spectrometer (Bruker Corporation, Switzerland) with CDCl3 as the solvent and TMS as the internal standard. MS were recorded under ESI conditions using a LCQ Fleet instrument (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). Optical rotation was measured by an Autopol II polarimeter (Rudolph, Hackettstown, NJ, USA). Yields were not optimized. The title compounds were synthesized under a nitrogen atmosphere.

3.2. Synthesis

3.2.1. Synthesis of 2-(2-Oxoindolin-3-yl)acetonitrile (2)

To a stirred solution of indole-3-acetonitrile (3.12 g, 20 mmol) in DMSO (30 mL) was added hydrogen chloride (37% HCl, VDMSO:VHCl = 1:5) dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. Then the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The solvents were removed to obtain the white solid. The solid was crystallized from acetone to provide the desired product 2 (3.20 g, 93% yield).

3.2.2. Synthesis of 2-(1,3-Dibenzyl-2-oxoindolin-3-yl)acetonitrile (3)

To a solution of NaH (1.8 g, 75 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added the compound 2 (2.58 g, 15 mmol) in THF (10 mL) dropwise at 0 °C. To the resulting mixture was added benzyl chloride (34.5 mmol, 2.3 eq) in THF (5 mL) dropwise at 0 °C. Then the reaction mixture was quenched with ammonium chloride (1 mL), and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica (petroleum ether–ethyl acetate = 4:1) gel afforded compound 3 (3.84 g, 73% yield).

3.2.3. Synthesis of 3a,8-Dibenzyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole (4)

To compound 3 (3.52 g, 10 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added LiAlH4 (60 mmol, 7.5 eq) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 2 h, then, it was allowed to reach room temperature and stirred for another 1 h, quenched with H2O (1 mL), and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography (petroleum ether–ethyl acetate = 2:1) on silica gel afforded compound 4 (2.17 g, 63% yield).

3.2.4. Synthesis of Compounds a1a21

To compound 4 in pyridine (10 mL) was added the corresponding desired reagent at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 2 h. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and then stirred for a 1 h. Then, the reaction mixture was quenched with methanol (1 mL), and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel afforded the compounds a1a21 in yields from 80% to 96%. (Characterization data see Supplementary Materials)

3.2.5. Synthesis of 2-(1-Ethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetonitrile (5)

To a solution of NaH (1.8 g, 75 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added indole-3-acetonitrile (3.12 g, 20 mmol) in DMSO (30 mL) dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was allowed to reach room temperature for a further 30 min. Then, the resulting mixture was added the compound RBr in THF (5 mL) dropwise at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was quenched with ammonium chloride (1 mL), and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography (petroleum ether–ethyl acetate = 4:1) on silica gel afforded the compound 5 (1.47 g, 47% yield).

3.2.6. Synthesis of 2-(1-Ethyl-2-oxoindolin-3-yl)acetonitrile (6)

To a stirred solution of 5 (3.12 g, 20 mmol) in DMSO (30 mL) was added hydrogen chloride (37% HCl, VDMSO:VHCl = 1:5) dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and then stirred for 1 h. Then, the solvent was removed. Purification by flash chromatography (petroleum ether–ethyl acetate = 2.5:1) on silica gel afforded the compound 6 (1.17 g, 73% yield).

3.2.7. Synthesis of 2-(1,3-Diethyl-2-oxoindolin-3-yl)acetonitrile (7)

To a solution of NaH (1.8 g, 75 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added compound 6 (2.58 g, 15 mmol) in THF (10 mL) dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was added the compound RX in THF (5 mL) dropwise at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was quenched with ammonium chloride (1 mL), and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography (petroleum ether–ethyl acetate = 3:1) on silica gel afforded the compound 7 (1.09 g, 82% yield).

3.2.8. Synthesis of 3a,8-Diethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole (8)

To compound 7 (0.8 g, 2.8 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added LiAlH4 (21 mmol,7.5 eq) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 2 h, then allowed to warm to room temperature for a further 1 h. Then, the reaction mixture was quenched with H2O (1 mL), and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography (petroleum ether–ethyl acetate = 1.5:1) on silica gel afforded compound 8 (0.45 g, 47% yield).

3.2.9. Synthesis of Compounds b1c4

To a stirred solution of compound 8 in pyridine (10 mL) was added the corresponding desired reagents at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt. Then, the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with methanol (1 mL), and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel afforded the compounds b1c4 in yields, from 91% to 94%). (Characterization data see Supplementary Materials)

3.3. Biological Activity

The antimicrobial activity of calycanthaceous alkaloids analogues were measured according to the previously reported method [29,30].
The tested compounds dissolved in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), to a concentration of 1.02 mg/mL, 100 μL of the solutions were added to the first well and serially diluted from first well by taking 100 μL into second. This two-fold dilution was continued down the plate and 100 μL from the 8th column of the plated discarded. The 9th column of the plate was reserved for negative control wells (without inocula) and the 10th column, for the positive growth control wells (without antibacterial agent). The antibacterial concentrations were 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4 and 2 μg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial test plates were incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24 h, the antifungal test plates were incubated aerobically at 28 °C for 48 h. The MICs, MBC and MFC were examined. MBC and MFC were determined by plating 10 μL from each negative well and from the positive growth control on LB Agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. MBC and MFC were defined as the lowest concentration yielding negative subcultures or only on colony. All tests were performed in triplicate and repeated if the results differed.

4. Conclusions

Twenty nine novel tetrahydropyrroloindole-based calycanthaceous alkaloid derivatives were synthesized using indole-3-acetonitrile as the starting material via acylation at the N3 position, and their antimicrobial activity against nine strains of bacteria and a wide range of plant pathogen fungi were evaluated. According to the bioassay results, most of the title compounds showed moderate to excellent activities against the selected bacteria and a wide variety of plant pathogen fungi and were more effective than the positive controls. The compounds with substituted aliphatic groups at positions R4 and R5, showed higher antimicrobial activities than with the aromatic substituents. This suggested that substituents at R4 and R5 significantly affect the activities of title calycanthaceous alkaloid analogues. Notably, compound c4 displayed the broadest and most effective activities among the tested calycanthaceous analogues and might be a novel potential leading compound for further development of antifungal agents. These results will pave the way for further design, structural modification, and development of calycanthaceous alkaloids as antimicrobial agents.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/21/9/1207/s1.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31360079, 21372185 and 21502073), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grants No BK 20150465), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Ship Technology in Jiangsu Colleges and Universities/Marine Equipment and Technology Institute for Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (HZ2016012).

Author Contributions

S.Z., H.B. and J.Z. designed research; S.Z. and S.X. performed research; X.Z. and R.Z. performed statistical analysis; S.Z. wrote the paper; H.B. and J.Z. reviewed the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. He, D.; Jian, W.; Liu, X.; Shen, H.; Song, S. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship study of novel stilbene derivatives as potential fungicidal agents. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015, 63, 1370–1377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Lin, L.; Mulholland, N.; Wu, Q.Y.; Beattie, D.; Huang, S.W.; Irwin, D.; Clough, J.; Gu, Y.C.; Yang, G.F. Synthesis and antifungal activity of novel sclerotiorin analogues. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 4480–4491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Newman, D.J.; Cragg, G.M. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 461–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Walter, M.W. Structure-based design of agrochemicals. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 19, 278–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Xiang, L.; Zhao, K.; Chen, L. Molecular cloning and expression of Chimonanthus praecox farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene and its possible involvement in the biosynthesis of floral volatile sesquiterpenoids. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2010, 48, 845–850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Zhang, J.W.; Li, S.K.; Ji, Z.Q.; Hu, Z.N.; Wu, W.J. Synthesis and insecticidal activity of novel dimers of celangulin-V and podophyllotoxin. Chem. Nat. Compd. 2009, 45, 507–510. [Google Scholar]
  7. Kozomara, B.; Vinterhalter, B.; Radojevic, L.; Vinterhalter, D. In vitro propagation of Chimonanthus praecox (L.), a winter flowering ornamental shrub. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant 2008, 44, 142–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Zhang, J.; Cui, L.; Li, L.; Hu, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Hu, Z.; Wu, W. Synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel nitrogenous derivatives of celangulin-V. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014, 9, 745–748. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  9. Liu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Xiao, H.; Gao, R.; Tian, X. Synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel derivatives of podophyllotoxin: Part XII. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2008, 91, 116–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Lv, J.S.; Zhang, L.L.; Chu, X.Z.; Zhou, J.F. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the extracts of the flowers of the Chinese plant Chimonanthus praecox. Nat. Prod. Res. 2012, 26, 1363–1367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Gui, R.Y.; Liang, W.W.; Yang, S.X.; Llu, L.; Qin, J.C. Chemical composition, antifungal activity and toxicity of essential oils from the leaves of Chimonanthus praecox located at two different geographical origins. Asian J. Chem. 2014, 26, 4445–4448. [Google Scholar]
  12. Zhang, J.W.; Gao, J.M.; Xu, T.; Zhang, X.C.; Ma, Y.T.; Jarussophon, S.; Konishi, Y. Antifungal activity of alkaloids from the seeds of Chimonanthus praecox. Chem. Biodivers. 2009, 6, 838–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Araki, T.; Manabe, Y.; Fujioka, K.; Yokoe, H.; Kanematsu, M.; Yoshida, M.; Shishido, K. Total syntheses of (±)-folicanthine and (±)-chimonanthine via a double intramolecular carbamoylketene-alkene [2+2] cycloaddition. Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 1012–1014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Ruiz-Sanchis, P.; Savina, S.A.; Albericio, F.; Álvarez, M. Structure, bioactivity and synthesis of natural products with hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole. Chem. Eur. J. 2011, 17, 1388–1408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Hino, T.; Yamada, S.I. Total synthesis of (±)-folicanthine. Tetrahedron Lett. 1963, 4, 1757–1760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Hall, E.S.; McCapra, F.; Scott, A.I. Biogenetic-type synthesis of the calycanthaceous alkaloids. Tetrahedron 1967, 23, 4131–4141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Fang, C.L.; Horne, S.; Taylor, N.; Rodrigo, R. Dimerization of a 3-substituted oxindole at c-3 and its application to the synthesis of (±)-folicanthine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9480–9486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Li, Y.X.; Wang, H.X.; Ali, S.; Xia, X.F.; Liang, Y.M. Iodine-mediated regioselective C2-amination of indoles and a concise total synthesis of (±)-folicanthine. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 2343–2345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Peng, Y.; Luo, L.; Yan, C.S.; Zhang, J.J.; Wang, Y.W. Ni-catalyzed reductive homocoupling of unactivated alkyl bromides at room temperature and its synthetic application. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 10960–10967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Kim, J.; Movassaghi, M. Biogenetically-inspired total synthesis of epidithiodiketopiperazines and related alkaloids. Acc. Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 1159–1171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Xu, J.B.; Cheng, K.J. Studies on the alkaloids of the Calycanthaceae and their syntheses. Molecules 2015, 20, 6715–6738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Movassaghi, M.; Schmidt, M.A. Concise Total synthesis of (−)-calycanthine, (+)-chimonanthine, and (+)-folicanthine. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2007, 46, 3725–3728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Verotta, L.; Orsini, F.; Sbacchi, M.; Scheildler, M.A.; Amador, T.A.; Elisabetsky, E. Synthesis and antinociceptive activity of chimonanthines and pyrrolidinoindoline-type alkaloids. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2002, 10, 2133–2142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Overman, L.E.; Paone, D.V.; Stearns, B.A. Direct Stereo- and Enantiocontrolled synthesis of vicinal stereogenic quaternary carbon centers. Total syntheses of meso- and (−)-Chimonanthine and (+)-Calycanthine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 7702–7703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Overman, L.E.; Paone, D.V.; Stearns, B.A. ChemInform abstract: Direct stereo and enantiocontrolled synthesis of vicinal stereogenic quaternary carbon centers. Total syntheses of meso- and (−)-Chimonanthine and (+)-Calycanthine. Cheminform 2010, 30, 6905–6919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Ma, M.F.; Feng, J.L.; Li, R.X.; Chen, S.W. Synthesis of Hexahypyrrole[2,3-b]indole Derivatives. CN 104250254 A, 31 December 2014. [Google Scholar]
  27. Rivera-Becerril, E.; Joseph-Nathan, P.; Pérez-Álvarez, V.M.; Morales-Ríos, M.S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of (−)- and (+)-Debromoflustramine B and its analogues as selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 5271–5284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Kawasaki, T.; Ogawa, A.; Terashima, R.; Saheki, T.; Ban, N.; Sekiguchi, H.; Sakaguchi, K.; Sakamoto, M. Synthesis of diversely functionalized Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles using domino reactions, Olefination, isomerization and Claisen rearrangement followed by reductive cyclization. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 2957–2966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Feng, N.; Ye, W.; Wu, P.; Huang, Y.; Xie, H.; Wei, X. Two New Antifungal Alkaloids Produced by Streptoverticillium morookaense. J. Antibiot. 2007, 60, 179–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Zhang, C.; Ondeyka, J.; Guan, Z.; Dietrich, L.; Burgess, B.; Wang, J.; Singh, S.B. Isolation, structure an biological activities of platensimycin B4 from Streptomyces platensis. J. Antibiot. 2009, 62, 699–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
Figure 1. Structures of calycanthaceous alkaloids.
Figure 1. Structures of calycanthaceous alkaloids.
Molecules 21 01207 g001
Scheme 1. Synthetic route to the title compounds a1a21 and b1c4.
Scheme 1. Synthetic route to the title compounds a1a21 and b1c4.
Molecules 21 01207 sch001
Table 1. Antibacterial activity of calycanthaceous alkaloids derivatives against B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis.
Table 1. Antibacterial activity of calycanthaceous alkaloids derivatives against B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis.
CompoundsMIC μg/mLMBC μg/mL
B. cereusS. aureusS. epidermidisB. cereusS. aureusS. epidermidis
a125662.5125
a225662.5125
a3125256
a462.5125
a5
a6256
a731.2525662.562.5125
a862.5256125125256
a9125256
a10125256
a1131.2512562.562.5256125
a1215.6331.25
a13
a14256
a15256
a1662.5125
a17
a18
a1925662.5125
a20125256125256256
a21
b162.5125125125256256
b231.2512512562.5256256
b37.8112512515.63256256
b431.2525612562.5256
c162.512562.5125256125
c212512562.5256256125
c362.5125125125256256
c462.531.2531.2512562.562.5
gentamicin62.515.6312531.25
streptomycin1.9615.6331.253.931.2562.5
Note: The gentamicin and streptomycin were used as the positive controls; “−” means no inhibition effect. MIC: Minimal Inhibitory Concentration; MBC: Minimum Bactericidal Concentration.
Table 2. Antibacterial activity of calycanthaceous alkaloids derivatives against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. flexneri, Escherichia sp., P. aeruginosa, and R. solanacearum.
Table 2. Antibacterial activity of calycanthaceous alkaloids derivatives against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. flexneri, Escherichia sp., P. aeruginosa, and R. solanacearum.
CompoundsMIC μg/mLMBC μg/mL
E.c.S.t.S.f.E.s.P.a.R.s.E.c.S.t.S.f.E.s.P.a.R.s.
a112531.2562.562.525662.525662.5125125125
a2125125125125125256256256256250
a3125125250256
a41251251257.8125625625015.63
a5125125250256
a662.5256125
a762.512512562.57.8112525625612515.63
a862.512512512562.531.2512525625625612562.5
a912515.6325031.25
a1062.5125125256
a1162.512562.512562.515.6312525612525612531.25
a121251251257.8125625625015.63
a13125125256256
a1412512562.5256256256125
a15125125125256256256250
a1612525662.5125256125256
a1762.562.562.562.5125125125125
a187.8112515.63256
a1962.512562.512515.6325612525612525631.25
a2062.512512531.2562.512525625662.5125
a2112562.5125256125250
b162.512562.5125256125256125250
b262.5125125125125125256256256250
b362.512562.562.562.5125125256125125125265
b462.562.57.8112512512515.63256
c112512512531.2512525625625662.5256
c212512512515.6312525625625631.25256
c312562.562.515.6325625612512531.25
c431.2562.531.2516.562.51.9662.512562.531.251253.9
gentamicin125125256256256256
streptomycin12512562.57.811.963.925625612515.633.97.81
Note: The gentamicin and streptomycin were used as the positive control. “−” means no inhibition effect. E.c.: E. coli; S.t.: S. typhimurium; S.f.: S. flexneri; E.S.: Escherichia sp.; P.a.: P. aeruginosa and R.s.: R. solanacearum. MIC: Minimal Inhibitory Concentration; MBC: Minimum Bactericidal Concentration.
Table 3. Inhibitory effect of synthesized compounds against a wide variety of plant pathogen fungi.
Table 3. Inhibitory effect of synthesized compounds against a wide variety of plant pathogen fungi.
CompoundsMIC(µg/mL)MFC(µg/mL)
P.ca.V.d.F.s.C.o.P.c.C.j.A.sf.A.s.C.l.F.o.A.n.P.ca.V.d.F.s.C.o.P.c.C.j.A.sf.A.s.C.l.F.o.A.n.
a131.2525612512525625662.562.5256256125
a225625612562.5256256256125
a325625625662.5125256125256
a425625662.515.6325612531.25
a5256256
a6256125125256256
a725625612525612531.2525625625662.5
a825625612512562.5125256256125256
a9256256256
a10125125256256256
a11125256125256256256
a1225625662.5125125256
a13256125256
a14125256256
a1525662.5256125
a16256256125125256256
a17256125256256125256256
a1825625625625612512562.5256256125
a19256256256125256256
a2012525612562.5256256125
a21125125256256
b1125256256125256125125256256256256
b262.512525612512512525612512525662.5125256256256256256256125
b312512525612525612512562.5256256256256256125
b412525625612562.5256256125
c162.512512525612562.5125125256256 125256
c231.2512512562.525612531.2531.2562.525625612525662.562.5
c3256256256125125256125256256256
c431.2562.525662.562.515.6331.2512562.512512512531.2562.5256
A.3.962.525612515.632567.817.811250.977.8112525631.2515.6315.632561.93
C.1.952561250.970.9762.50.977.813.92561.951.951251.9515.63
Notes: “−” means no inhibition effect. Amphotericin B and Carbendazim were used as the positive control. P.ca.: P. capsici, V.d.: V. dahlia, F.s.: F. oxysperium sp. vasinfectum, C.o.: C. orbiculare, P.c.: P. citrinum, C.j.: Cytospora juglandis, A.sf.: A. sflavu, A.s.: A. solani, C.l.: C. lunaia, F.o.: F. oxysporum, A.n.: A. niger, A.: Amphotericin B, C.: Carbendazim. MIC: minimal inhibitory concentration; MBC: Minimum Bactericidal Concentration.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zheng, S.; Zhou, X.; Xu, S.; Zhu, R.; Bai, H.; Zhang, J. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Characterization of Half-Calycanthaceous Alkaloid Derivatives. Molecules 2016, 21, 1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091207

AMA Style

Zheng S, Zhou X, Xu S, Zhu R, Bai H, Zhang J. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Characterization of Half-Calycanthaceous Alkaloid Derivatives. Molecules. 2016; 21(9):1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091207

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zheng, Shaojun, Xinping Zhou, Shixun Xu, Rui Zhu, Hongjin Bai, and Jiwen Zhang. 2016. "Synthesis and Antimicrobial Characterization of Half-Calycanthaceous Alkaloid Derivatives" Molecules 21, no. 9: 1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091207

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop